Term
| Hormones that vary under physiologic conditions |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones that are constant under physiologic conditions |
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Definition
Thyroid hormone
Glucocorticoids |
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Term
| Adenohypophyseal apalasia |
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Definition
occurs in Guernsey, Jersey cattle
genetic hypofunction of pituitary
neurohypophysis develops normally
fetal growth stops at 7 months and stops secreting tropic hormones causing target organ hypoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
undifferentiated remnants of Rathke's pouch that is persistent in dorsal aspect of nasopharynx
obstruction of nares, ventral displacement of soft palate
failed development causes partial/complete lack of adenohypophysis
mucinous cysts form
slow growth, puppy coat |
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Term
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Definition
benign, slow growing tumor
derived from remnants of oropharyngeal epithelium of Rathke's pouch
compresses structure nearby
decreased secretion of pituitary tropic hormones, ADH, cranial nerve deficits, CNS dysfunction |
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Term
| Pituitary Adenoma in Horses |
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Definition
adenoma of pars intermedia
occurs more often in mares
large tumors that compress hypothalamus
Hirtuism, PU/PD, ravenous appetite, intermittent pyrexia, hyperhidrosis |
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Term
| Functional Pituitary Adenoma in Dogs |
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Definition
adenoma of pars distalis/intermedia
usually ACTH-secreting cells
magnitude of effect not related to tumor size
causes hyperplasia of adrenal cortex and Cushing's disease |
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Term
| Nonfunctional Pituitary Adenoma in Dogs |
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Definition
pars intermediate/distalis origin
compresses and effaces adjacent structures (pars nervosa, hypothalamus, optic chiasm) |
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Term
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Definition
disruption of ADH production due to:
compression/destruction of pars nervosa by cysts or neoplasia, inflammation, trauma
Or due to failure of response to ADH by kidneys (acquired/congenital)
PU/PD, hypotonic urine, no glucose in urine |
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Term
| Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome |
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Definition
adrenal gland failure due to hemorrhage into the adrenal glands, secondary to severe bacterial infection
see reddening of adrenal cortex, hemorrhage
due to Salmonella, E.coli |
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Term
| Hypoadrenocorticism Causes |
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Definition
Primary causes: adrenalitis, hemorrhage, idiopathic atrophy
Secondary causes: decreased ACTH, iatrogenic |
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Term
| Hypoadrenocorticism Signs |
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Definition
Mineralocoricoid deficiencyL
decrease sodium resorption leads to hyperkalemia and polyrua
hyperkalemia leads to bradycardia
Glucocorticoid deficiency:
hyperpigmentation of skin |
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Term
| Hyperadrenocorticism Causes |
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Definition
Primary: functional cortical neoplasia, idiopathic hyperplasia (certain breeds)
Secondary (most common): functional corticotroph adenoma of pituitary
cortisol increases protein catabolism and decreases protein synthesis |
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Term
| Hyperadrenocorticism Signs |
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Definition
PU/PD
Penduluous abdomen
Hepatomegaly (glycogen storage)
Alopecia of ventral abdomen, cutaneous atrophy
Calcinosis cutis |
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Term
| Nodular Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| in older dogs, cats, horses |
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Term
| Diffuse Adrenal Cortical Hyperplasia |
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Definition
| due to oversecretion of ACTH |
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Term
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Definition
in older dogs
usually incidental finding |
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Term
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Definition
in older dogs, cattle
often large, invasive, metastatic |
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Term
| Ferret Adrenal-Associated Endocrinopathy |
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Definition
associated with high estrogen levels with adrenal proliferation
zona reticularis produces androgens which may be converted to estrogen
alopecia, swollen vulva, pyometra, prostatic cysts, squamous metaplasia |
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Term
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Definition
originates from chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla
large, effacing, benign/malignant
often not functional
makes hormones to increase heart rate animal
Has a lot of vasculature and seen only in the medulla of the adrenals
can invade into vena cava and peritoneum |
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Term
| Functional Pheochromocytoma |
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Definition
Secretes Epinephrine
increases heart rate, blood pressure
increases lipid breakdown
peripheral vasoconstriction
coronary and bronchial dilation
uses glycogen storage
causes tachycardia, cardiac hypertrophy |
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Term
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Definition
Most cases come in with skin signs
decreased metabolic rate, lethargy, dullness, weight gain, cold interolerance
hyperkeratosis with alopecia on ventral chest
hypercholesterolemia causing atherosclerosis, hepatomegaly, glomerular lipidosis |
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Term
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Definition
idiopathic follicular collapse
lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto's)
secondary to pituitary neoplasia
Grave's disease-antibody mimics receptor of TSH and binds and blocks off receptors |
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Term
| Multifocal Nodular Hyperplasia of Thyroid |
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Definition
aging change in horses, dogs, cats
nonfunctional
incidental finding except in cats |
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Term
| Diffuse Hyperplastic and Colloid Goiter Causes |
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Definition
| due to iodine deficiency and toxic goitrogens |
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Term
| Diffuse Hyperplastic Goiter Signs |
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Definition
affects foals, lambs, kids, pigs
stillbirths, prolonged gestation
alopecia in lambs
palpable bilateral thyroid enlargement
poor coat quality, ram libido in adults |
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Term
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Definition
a large, soft goiter with distended spaces filled with colloid
as T3/T4 returns to normal, TSH levels drop which reduce the uptake of colloid from follicles
this causes accumulation of colloid in the follicles |
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Term
| Congenital Dyshormonogenetic Goiter |
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Definition
genetic recessive trait in sheep
due to thyroglobulin synthesis defect
not due to iodine deficiency or failure of uptake |
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism Signs in Cats |
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Definition
hyperactivity
weight loss despite increased appetite
PU/PD
moderate hyperthermia
tachycardia, cardiomegaly |
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism Causes in Cats |
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Definition
multinodular hyperplasia
Follicular cell adenoma/adenocarcinoma |
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism Signs in Dogs |
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Definition
PU/PD
muscle weakness/atrophy
decreased exercise intolerance
weight loss despite increased appetite
heat intolerance
pacing, nervous
tachycardia |
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Term
| Hyperthyroidism Causes in Dogs |
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Definition
| follicular cell adenoma/adenocarcinoma |
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Term
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Definition
common in cats as cause of hyperthyroidism
solitary mass
often functional |
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Term
| Follicular Cell Adenocarcinoma |
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Definition
common in dogs as cause of hyperthyroidism
invasive, metastatic to esophagus, trachia
often nonfunctional |
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Term
| Thyroid C-cell Adenoma/Adenocarcinoma |
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Definition
happens in bulls on high calcium diets
tumor produces calcitonin to decrease plasma calcium and increase bone deposition
compresses normal thyroid
Very pale in comparison to thyroid tumor
Will break through capsule often and invade surrounding tissue |
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Term
| Hypoparathyroidism Causes |
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Definition
usually lymphocytic parathyroiditis
destruction by neoplasia
burn out due to long term hypercalcemia |
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Term
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Definition
excitability, restlessness
ataxia, tremors progressing to tetany |
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Term
| Primary Hyperparathyroidism Causes |
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Definition
adenoma of chief cell origin
often functional tumor secreting PTH |
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Term
| Hyperparathyroidism Signs |
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Definition
fibrous osteodrystphy
hypercalcemia, PU/PD, depression, weakness
metastatic calcification |
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Term
| Secondary Nutritional Hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
common in most domestic animals except ruminants
diets are low in Ca, high in P, low in Vitamin D
feeding bran or insects which are high in P |
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Term
| Secondary Renal Hyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
reduced GFR-->retention of P-->decreased calcium--> increased PTH
decreased production of vitamin D3 leads to hypocalcemia |
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Term
| Pseudohyperparathyroidism |
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Definition
paraneoplastic syndrome
humoral hypercalcemia of malignancy
tumor produces PTH or PTH-like substance |
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Term
| Pseudohyperparathyroidism Causes |
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Definition
apocrine gland adenocarcinoma
lymphosarcoma |
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Term
| Pseudohyperparathyroidism Signs |
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Definition
persistent hypercalcemia and hyperphosphatemia
atrophy of parathyroids
thyroid C cell hyperplasia
reduction with removal of neoplasia |
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Term
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Definition
Alpha cells-glucagon
Beta cells- insulin
Gamma cells-somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
Type 1-failure to produce insulin
Type 2-failure to respond to insulin
Type 1 common in female dogs
Type 2 common in old, obese cats |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Older Dogs: inflammation, degeneration
Younger Dogs: idiopathic pancreatic atrophy, inflammation, agenesis/hypoplasia, autoimmune destruction |
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Term
| Diabetes Mellitus in Cats |
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Definition
associated with older, obese, male castrated cats
early hydropic change and later amyloidosis of islets
insulin resistance in muscle, liver |
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Term
| Extrapancreatic Lesions of Diabetes Mellitus |
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Definition
Hepatomegaly
Cataracts
Microangiopathy
Cystitis
Glycogen nephrosis |
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Term
| Functional B-cell Neoplasia |
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Definition
more likely to be carcinoma
causes hypoglycemia
weakness, ataxia, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
low blood sugar due to overproduction of insulin
Give sugar to fix this
Beta cell tumor |
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Term
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Definition
high blood sugar
Remove the tumor |
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Term
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Definition
| overproduction of acid in the stomach |
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