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Endocrine
N?A
50
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/04/2011

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Cards

Term
What does the endocrine system do
Definition

-growth and development and reproduction

-homeostasis (electrolytes, nutrients in blood, cellular metabolism, water balance)

-modulates energy resources to match our activity level

Term
Characteristics of Exocrine glands
Definition
secrete product onto surface of skin/mucous membrane through a duct
Term
Characteristic of Endocrine Glands
Definition

-ductless (exocytosis)

-highly vacularized

-secrete hormones into interstital fluid/bood to act on cells at a distance

0amino avids derivatives, peptides, steroid

Term
Where are target receptors located?
Definition

Membrane

Cytoplams/Nucleus

Term
Negative feedback mechanisms
Definition
most common, target tissue response dimishes the original stimulus
Term
Positive Freeback Mechanisms
Definition
Rare, target tissue response enhances the original stimulus
Term
Major Endocrine Glands
Definition

-hypothalamus

-pituitary gland

-thyroid gland

-thymus

-suprarenal gland

-parathyroid gland

-kidney

-pancreatic islet

-gonads

-ovary

Term
Hypothalamus and Neuroendocrine Functions
Definition

-controls adrenal medulla

-produces posterior lobe hormones (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone)

-regulates anterior pituitary(releasing and inhibiting hormones)

Term
Posterior lobe hormones
Definition
ADH and Oxytocin
Term
ADH
Definition
synthesized supraoptic nuclei, decreases in BP and volume, targets kidneys, effects decreases water lost, and dysfunctions are diabetes insipidus
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
synthesized paraventricular nuclei, regulates lacation, childbirth, and prostatic functions, targets smooth muscle in mammary/prostate ducts and uterus
Term
first capillary bed
Definition

releasing hormones

inhibiting hormones

Term
second capillary bed
Definition
anterior pit. hormones
Term
TSH
Definition

thyroid stimulation hormone

thyroid gland

Term
ACTH
Definition

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

adrenal cortex

Term
FSH
Definition

Follicle stimulating hormone

Gonads

Term
LH
Definition

Luteinizing hormone

Gonads

Term
Thyroid follicles
Definition

stimulates TSH

synthesizes T3 and T4

corrects low/high levles of T3/4 and body temp

targets all cells

effects adjustment of metabolism

Term
Thyroid parafollicular C-cells
Definition

synthesize calctinonin

corrects high levles calcium in body fluids

target tissues of osteoclast and kidneys

effects decrease osteoclast activity and kidney excretes calcium

Term
Parathyroid gland
Definition

Synthesize parathyroid hormone

corrects low levels of calcium in body fluids

targets tissues osteoclasts and kidneys

effects increase osteoclast activity and kidney conserve calcium

Term
Adrenal glands
Definition
steroid hormones
Term
Levels of the Adrenal Cortex
Definition

Zona Glomerulosa

Zona Fasciculata

Zona Reticularis

Term
Zona Glomerulosa
Definition

Stimulates CRH -> ATCH

targets kidneys

corrects low blood pressure

effects retaining sodium and water

Term
Zona Fasciculata
Definition

Stimulates CRH -> ATCH

targets most cells

effects moblizing stored energy during prolong/severe stress

Term
Chromaffin Cells
Definition

Stimulates by preganglionic sympathetics

releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

targets fight/flight organs

effects prolonged stress reponse

Term
Beta Cells of Islet of Langerhans
Definition

Synthesize insulin

corrects high blood glucose

targets body cells

effects uptake of glucose into cells

Term
Alpha Cells of Islets of Langerhands
Definition

Synthesizes glucagon

corrects low blood gluocse

targets body cells

effects mobilizes stored energy reserves

Term
Type 1 diabetes
Definition

Lack of insulin produced by beta cells

cells cannot absorb glucose

high glucose concentration in the blood and urine

kidney cannot conserve water

 

Term
Type 2 diabetes
Definition

decreased sensitivity to insulin or inadequate amount of insulin secretion

usually controlled by diet and exercise

Term
Growth Hormone
Definition

Stimulating hormone- GHRH, sleep and stress

targets all cells-especially muscle, bone

effects- builds proteins and cellular structures, mobilize fat stores for energy source, replace old cells

Term
Ovaries
Definition

GnRH-> FSH

-follicle cells produce estrogens (maturation of oocytes, stimulates growth of uterine lining)

-produces inhidbin

Term
Ovaries
Definition

GnRH->LH

-After ovulation, follicle cells remaining in ovary form the corpus luteum

-produce progesteron for implantation of fertilized ovum

Term
Endorine Functions of the Kidney
Definition

-renin(increase blood pressure)

-erythropoietin(red blood cells production by the bone marrow, increase blood pressure and oxygen levels)

-steroid hormone calcitriol (secreted with PTH increase calcium levels, increase calcium absorption in the digestive tract)

Term
Thymus
Definition
embedded in connective tissue of thoracic cavity or base of neck, hormones stimulate the development and maintenance of immunity
Term
Endocrine cells of endocrine glands
Definition
ductless, glandular secretory cells that release chemicals (hormones) directly into the blood
Term
Hormone
Definition
a compound secreted by one cell that travels through the circulatory system to affect the activities of cells in another part of the body
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
Connects hypothalamus and pituitary gland
Term
ADH
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone
Term
T3
Definition
Thiiodothyronine
Term
Y4
Definition
Thyroxin
Term
c-cells lower calcium concentration by
Definition

inhiting work of osteoclasts

stimulates calcium concentration loss by kidneys

Term
cretinism
Definition
hypothyroidism in infacnts- inadequate skeletal and nervous development
Term
Goiter
Definition
Enlargement of thyroid- increase in follicular size or increase production of thyroid hormones
Term
suprarenal cortext
Definition

outer part of adernal gland

secrets over 24 different steroid hormones

Term
Suprarenal medulla
Definition
inner part
Term
renin
Definition
involved with angiotension in the blood whichs timulates the secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal cortex
Term
erythopoietin
Definition
stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow
Term
calcitriol
Definition
secreted in response to presence of parathyroid hormone- stimulates calcium absorption in digestive tract
Term
Testosterone
Definition

most important

promotes production of sperm

maintains secretory glands of reproductive tract

influences secondary sexual characteristics

stimulates muscle growth

Term
inhibin
Definition

decrease secretion of FSH from pituitary

inhibin and FHS work together to maintain sperm production levels

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