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Endocrine System
Ch. 16 Endocrine- J. Moore- BIOL 431
94
Anatomy
Graduate
02/13/2013

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Term
4 tissues of the body
Definition
nerves, muscle, connective tissue, epithelial
Term
5 stages of negative feedback
Definition
stimulus, receptor, control center, effector, effect
Term
Direct Intercellular Communication
Definition
gap junctions- cardiomyocytes and ciliated epithelia
Term
Indirect intercellular communication
(3 types)
Definition
Chemical messangers (chemical synapse)
1. Autocrine factor (target cell releases it's own messanger)
2. Paracrine Factor (secretory cell-> receptor cell)
3. Hormone- arrives via bloodstream
Term
Pure Endocrine Glands (4)
Definition
Adenohypophysis, Thyroid, Parathyroid, Adrenal Cortex
Term
Neurosecretory (4)
Definition
Hypothalamus, Neurohypohysis, Pineal, Adrenal Medulla
Term
Mixed glands (3)
Definition
Pancreas, Ovaries, Testes
Term
Diffuse endocrine glands (9)
Definition
thymus, heart, liver, kidney, placenta, stomach, intestines, adipose, skin
Term
Peptide/Protein hormone (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport)
Definition
HYDROPHILIC / LIPIPOBIC
synthesis- protein synth pathway
storage- vesicles
secretion- exocytosis
transport- dissolved in blood
Term
Steroid Hormones (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport)
Definition
LIPOPHILIC / HYDROPHOBIC
synth- modification of cholesterol
storage- no, made on demand
secretion- simple diffusion
transport- bound to plasma carrier proteins
Term
Catecholamines / Amine Hormones (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport))
Definition
HYDROPHILIC / LIPIPHOBIC
synth- modification of tyrosine
storage- vesicles
secretion- exocytosis
transport- dissolved in plasma
Term
Thyroid Hormones (tyrosine) (synthesis, storage, secretion, transport)
Definition
LIPOPHILIC / HYDROPHOBIC (behaves like steroid)
synth & storage- special pathway
secretion- simple diffusion
transport- bound to plasma carrier proteins
Term
Hormone changes at target cell
Definition
open/close membrane channels
up/down enzyme activity
increase protein synthesis
increase secretory activity
increase mitosis
Term
Synergistic
Definition
Different H's produce same effect which is amplified
Glucagon + Epi = increase liver glycogenolysis
Term
Additive
Definition
Different H same effect. Combined effects =sum of individual effects
Term
Antagonist
Definition
One H opposes the effect of the other by producing opposite metabolic effects (Glucagon and Insulin)
Term
Permissive
Definition
One H must be present for the other to exert its full effects (TH)
Term
3 types of endocrine stimuli
Definition
humoral
hormonal
neural
Term
Functions of Hypothalamus (3)
Definition
1. secrete regulatory hormones that control release of hormones from anterior pituitary
2. produce neurohormones stores in posterior pituitary (ADH and Oxytocin)
3. Control secretion of Catecholamines from adrenal medulla
Term
Anterior Pituitary Hormones (6)
Definition
GH, PRL, TSH, LH, FSH, ACTH
Term
Anterior Pituitary (histological cell types, cell name, hormone)
Definition
-Acidophils
somatotropes (GH)
Mammotropes (PRL)
-Basophils
Thyrotropes (TSH)
Gonadotropes (LH, FSH)
Adrenocorticotropes (ACTH)
-Chromophobes
Term
Pars intermedia (H)
Definition
MSH
Term
Cell types of the posterior Pituitary and hormones released
Definition
pituicytes (glial cells)- OT and ADH
Term
Axons that run from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary along the infundibulum
Definition
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
Term
Paraventricular Nuclei (H)
Definition
Oxycontin (OT)
Term
Supraoptic Nuclei (H)
Definition
ADH (antidiuretic hormone) Vasopressin
Term
Ventral Hypothamalic Nuclei (Hormones)
Definition
TRH (reg TSH)
CRH (reg ACTH)
GnRH (reg FSH and LH)
GHRH & GHIH (reg GH)
PRH & PIH (reg PRL)
Term
TSH (cells and function)
Definition
Thyrotrope cells
regulates TH secretion from thyroid gland
Term
ACTH (cell and function)
Definition
Corticotrope cells
Regulates cortisol secretion from adrenal cortex
Term
LH & FSH (cell and function)
Definition
Gonadotrope cells
regulates secretion of gonadal sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, progestins
Term
PRL (cell and function)
Definition
lactotrope cells
regulates mammary gland development and milk production
Term
GH (cell and function)
Definition
somatotrope cells
regulates overall body growth (bone, cartilage, and muscle)
Directly regulates intermediary metabolism
Term
Pineal Gland (cells and H)
Definition
Pinealocytes - Melatonin
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
Located on trachea
bilobed- connected by isthmus
divided in lobules by septa
simple cuboidal cells
Term
Thyroid gland cell types
Definition
-Follicle cells- TH
move TH into the colloid of thyroid follicles
-Parafollicular cells (C-cells)- Calcitonin (CT)
Term
Parathyroid gland (cell type and H)
Definition
Chief cells and PTH
Term
Adrenal Gland (2 zones and secretions types)
Definition
Adrenal cortex- corticosteroids
Adrenal medulla- Catecholamines (E/NE)
Term
Adrenal Cortex (zones and H's)
Definition
Zona Glomerulosa- Mineralcorticoids (Aldosterone)
Zona Fasciculata- Glucocorticoids (Cortisol)
Zona Reticularis- Gonadocorticoids (Androgens)
Term
Adrenal Medulla (cells and H)
Definition
Chromaffin Cells (modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons)- E / NE (catecholamines)
Term
Pancreas (histological tissue)
Definition
Pancreatic Islets
Term
Pancreas
Cell types and hormones
Definition
alpha cells- glucagon
beta cells- insulin
Term
Corpus Luteum (H)
Definition
Progestins
Term
Placenta (H)
Definition
hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)
Term
Thymus (H)
Definition
Thymosins (T-lymphocyte development)
Term
Heart H
Definition
ANP and BNP
Term
Skin H
Definition
Cholecalciferol (inactive vit D)
Converted to Calcitriol (activ vit D3) in liver and kidneys
Term
Kidney H
Definition
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Calcitriol
Term
Stomach H's
Definition
Gastrin, Ghrelin
Term
Adipose Tissue H
Definition
Leptin and Resistin
Term
Leptin (function)
Definition
nutrient balance and appetite control (satiety)
Term
Resistin (function)
Definition
decrease insulin sensitivity of body cells
Term
Stomach and duodenum H
Definition
ghrelin- increase hunger (opposite of leptin)
Term
Stress response- Alarm Phase Hormones
Definition
SNS releases E / NE and Glucagon- prepare the body for physical action
Term
Stress response resistance phase hormones
Definition
-Cortisol and GH- maintain elevated blood glucose
-ADH and Aldosterone- conserve salt and water to maintain BP and BV
Term
Hormones involved in normal growth (6)
Definition
GH, TH, Insulin, Gonadal H's, PTH, Calcitriol
Term
Which steroids can bind to intracellular receptors?
Definition
Steroids and TH
Term
Which Hormones are involved in regulation of Blood Pressure (6)
Definition
1. ADH- increase BP
2. Aldosterone- increase BP
3. Epinephrine-increase BP
4. Norepithephrine- increase BP
5. ANP- decrease BP-increase BP
6. BNP- decrease BP
Term
Effects of ADH
Definition
increase BP by decreasing h20 secretion from kidneys
Term
Effect of Aldosterone
Definition
Increase BP by increasing Na reabsorption from kidneys
Term
Effect of E/NE on BP
Definition
Increase BP
Term
Effect of ANP and BNP
Definition
decrease BP by increasing excretion of salt and H20 from kidneys
Term
Which Hormones INCREASE blood glucose
Definition
GH, ACTH (under stress), Cortisol, E/NE, Glucagon
Term
Which hormone increase blood glucose but doesn't stimulate glycogenolysis?
Definition
Cortisol- Stimulates proteolysis instead
Term
which hormones increase blood calcium?
Definition
PTH- increase osteoclasts, decrease kidney secretion, increase absorption in the guy by stimulating calcitriol release
Cholecalciferol
Calcitriol- SI absorption
Term
Which hormone reduces blood calcium
Definition
Calcitonin- decreases osteoclast activity and increases calcium uptake by osteoblasts
Term
What cells to CD4's differentiate into
Definition
Helper T cells, Memory cells, and Suppressor T cells
Term
What MHC's do CD4 recognize
Definition
MHCII (exogenous)- recognized by Naive CD4s and Helper T cells
Term
What APCs do CD4's recognize
Definition
dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells
Term
What cells to CD8s differentiate into?
Definition
Cytotoxic T cells and Memory Cells
Term
What MHC's do CH8's recognize
Definition
MHCI- endogenous- Recognized by cytotoxic T cells and Naive CD8s
Term
What APC's do CD8s recognize
Definition
nucleated cells and dendritic cells
Term
Target cell activation is dependent on what 3 factors?
Definition
1. hormone concentration in blood
2. Receptor concentration
3. binding affinity
Term
Up regulation
Definition
increase in target cell sensitivity
Term
Down regulation
Definition
decrease in target cell sensitivity
Term
Pars tuberalis
Definition
located above the pituitary below the infundibulum
Term
Oxytocin (stimulus and function)
Definition
neuroendocrine stretch reflex
-milk ejection, uterine contractions
Term
ADH (vasopressin)- stimulus and function
Definition
stim- low blood pressure or high osmolarity (hypothalamic osmoreceptors)
-reduces excretion of water from kidneys
Term
Melatonin- stimulus and functions
Definition
stim- light/dark
functions
1. circadian rhythm
2. protect CNS from free radicals
3. suppress reproductive function until puberty
Term
TH actions
Definition
1. regulate (increase) overall metabolic rate of body cells (calorigenic effect)
2. Permissive for catecholamines
3. Essential for normal growth and nervous system development
Term
Grave's Disease (H and result)
Definition
hypersecretion of TH- autoimmune disease where TSI acts as TSH and overstimulates TH production (goiter)
Term
Myxedema and cretinism (H)
Definition
hyposecretion of TH
Term
Main metabolic hormone
Definition
TH (all body cells have TH receptors)
Term
Main stress hormone
Definition
Cortisol (permissive for normal vasoconstriction)
Term
Cushings disease
Definition
secondary hypersecretion of Cortisol via pituitary tumor which causes increase in ACTH production
Term
Cushings syndrome
Definition
primary hypersecretion of Cortisol via adrenal gland tumor
Term
Androgens (function)
Definition
related to onset of puberty and libido
Term
Which two glucose forming processes take place in the liver?
Definition
glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
Term
What stimulates Chromaffin cells to release E/ NE?
Definition
preganglionic fibers of the SNS release Ach
Term
Effects of E/NE
Definition
liver- increase glyconeolysis and gluconeogenesis
Adipose- lipolysis
increase skeletal muscle metabolism
increase cardiac output and dilate bronchioles
decrease GI and Urinary function
Term
Hyposecretion of Insulin causes what disease?
Definition
Type 1 diabetes (treated with insulin, hormone replacement therapy, exercise and diet)
Term
hypoactivity of insulin causes what disease
Definition
Type 2 diabetes
Term
Hormones secreted by the Male Gonads
Definition
Androgens (testosterone), and inhibin
Term
H's secreted by the female gonads
Definition
Estrogens, prgestins, inhibin
Term
Small intestine H's
Definition
Secretin and CCK
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