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Endocrine System
Anatomy 403
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
12/11/2012

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Cards

Term
Types of Regulatory Molecules
Definition

1) Hormones

2) Neurotransmitters

3) Neurohormones

Term
Autocrine
Definition

Message released & acts upon self

 

Ex) cytokines, growth factors

Term
Paracrine
Definition

message released & acts within same tissue (on neighboring cells)

 

prostaglandins: immunological like inflammation, pain, asprin

Reproduction: dilate cervix, menstrual cramps

Circulatory: dilate blood vessels

Term
Types of Hormones (4)
Definition

1) amines

2) peptides

3) proteins

4) steroids

Term
Amines (6)
Definition

1) melatonin

2) serotonin

3) catecholamines (epi, norepi)

4) T3, T4 (thyroid hormones)

Term
Proteins
Definition

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

luteinizing hormone (LH)

Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

Term
steroids
Definition

lipid soluble substances made from cholesterol

 

estradiol

testosterone

cortisol

aldosterone

Term
Mechanisms of Hormone Action (3)
Definition

Direct activation of gene transcription

 

Second messenger systems

 

Feedback loops

Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

"the master's master"

 

controls sex drive, thirst, hunger, sleep cycles, temperature, growth, smooth muscle contractions

 

produces "releasing hormones" which stimulate pitutiary

  

Term
Hormones released by Anterior Pituitary (6)
Definition

1) Thyroid Stimulation Hormone (TSH)

2) Human Growth Hormone (HGH)

3) Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

4) Follicular Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

5) Prolactin

6) Adenocorticotropic Hormone (ADCH)

 

 

Term
What does the Pineal gland secrete?
Definition

melatonin

 

sets body's biological clock

Term
Funcition of Thymus
Definition
Promote proliferation & maturation of T cells
Term
Thyroid Gland hormone secretions & what do they do? (3)
Definition

T3, T4 - O2 use, basal metabolic rate, growth and development

 

calcitonin - calcium homeostasis, helps to store calcium in the bone

Term
Primary Endocrine Glands (6)
Definition

1) Thyroid

2) Parathyroid

3) Adrenal Gland

4) Pineal Gland

5) Pancreas

6) Pituitary

 

Term
Blood vessels to and from Thyroid Gland
Definition

Superior & Inferior Thyroid Artery

 

Superior & Middle Thyroid Veins 

Term
Goiter
Definition

Insufficienct iodine in diet (No T3, T4)

 

TSH rises = increases colloid production

Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition

Adult: myexedema

 

Child: cretinism

Term
Hyperthyroidism
Definition
Grave's disease (immune disorder)
Term
Function of Parathyroid Gland
Definition

Increase serum calicum levels

 

Embedded in posterior aspect of thyroid gland (4)

Term
What does PTH stimulate? (3)
Definition

1) Osteoclasts - cleavage of bone

 

2) Kidneys - increase reabsorption of calcium

 

3) Intestines - increase absorption of calcium 

Term
Function of Thymus Gland
Definition

Produces thymosin & thymopoetin

 

Stimulate conversion of B-lymphocytes to T-lymphocytes

Term

Zones of Cortex of Renal Gland (3)

& what do they secrete

Definition

1) Zona Glomerulosa: aldosterone

2) Zona Fasciculate: cortisol

3) Zona Reticularis: androgen

Term

Adrenal Gland Medulla

what does it secrete and what does that do

Definition

Secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine

 

Speeds up HR, helps breathe better, increase BP

 

*modified sympathetic gangion of ANS

Term

Medulla- source of androgens

 

Testosterone

Definition

gets converted to estradiol- one way conversion

 

Typical "sports like behavior" in males comes from estradiol

 

Most common androgen (Testosterone)

Term
Cortisol
Definition

Important stress hormone

 

sick when stressed bc cortisol intereferes with WBC (works as anti inflammatory drugs)

 

Increases blood sugar

 

aid in fat, protein, fat metabolism

Term

Hypercortisolemia

 

Cushing's disease

Definition

tumor on adrenal gland that secretes cortisol or elsewhere to secrete ACTH

 

overproduction of CSH

 

Flush red cheeks, pear shape, skinny legs... weight comes off when treated

Term

Hypocortisolema

 

Addison's disease

Definition

Underactive adrenals, not enough cortisol

 

Adrenals under attack of immune system, all steroid hormones decrease

 

Little cortisol and aldoserone- hard to maintain Na+ balance, can be life threatening

 

Treated with salt tablets

Term
Aldosterone
Definition

works in kidneys by retaining Na+ and H20 and excreting K+ and H+

 

Works in increasing blood volume

 

Supportive role in raising blood pressure

Term
Renin- Angiotension- Aldosterone System (RAA)
Definition

Stimulated by decrease in blood pressure & fluid volume

 

Renin- from Kidneys

Angiotension- from Liver

Aldosterone- from Adrenal Gland

 

works to increase Na+/H2O reabsorption to increase BP and fluid volume

Term
Pancreas cells
Definition

Inslet cells- endocrine function

alpha: glucagon

beta: insulin

gamma: somatostation

f: pancreatic polypeptic

 

Acini- exocrine function

digestive enzymes- amalyse, lipase, peptidase?

Term
Hypo vs Hyper-glycemia
Definition

Hypoglycemia

Too little blood sugar, jittery, mean, hungry for fats and carbs

 

Hyperglycemia

too high blood sugar (diabetic)

Type 1- insulin dependent, cannot make enough

Type 2- insulin insensitive, need to increase to get same response

Term
Follicular cells
Definition
grow over time and produce more estradiol (especially during the first half of month)
Term
Thecal cells
Definition
Androgens (increase acne) and testosterone (increase sex drive)
Term
Granulosa cells
Definition

Take androgen and convert it to estradiol

 

grow endometrium (lining of uterus)

Term
Things that occur during the follicular phase
Definition

positive feedback of estrogen on hypothalamus and pituitary 3-4 days prior to ovulation

 

ovulation on day 14

 

fairly stable/ low levels of all hormones

Term
things that occur during the ovulatory phase
Definition

LH surge stimulates ovulation

 

3 days to menstruate

 

usually, estrogen levels are kept low by negative feedback, but follicular growth stimulates estrogen

Term
things that occur during the Luteal phase
Definition

last 14 days of cycle

 

dramatic shift from making estrogen to progesterone

 

when follicle ruptures and turns yellow, yellow granulosa cells make lots of progesterone

 

if not pregnant, progesterone levels decrease and endometrium is shed

 

if pregnanty, progesterone levels continue and granulosa cells continue

Term
Hormone pathway for male gonads
Definition

Hypothalamus (GnRH)

 

Pituitary (LH, FSH)

 

Leydig cells make testosterone (LH)

Sertoli cells make sperm (FSH)

Term
Embryo sexual differentiation
Definition

week 7 of gestation- no differentiation

 

lower 1/3 of vagina common in embryo in both males and females

 

PRESENCE OF ANDROGEN = MALE

NO PRESENSE OF ANDROGEN = FEMALE

Term
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
Definition

adrenal gland secretes too much androgen

 

female infants are masculinized 

 

cause: tumor on androgen on either adrenal or fetus of mother

Term
Guevodoces
Definition

"eggs by 12"

 

In Dominical Republic

 

boys with 5-alpha reductase dificiency raised as girls until puberty

Term
Testicular Feminiation Mutation (TFM)
Definition

No androgen receptors

 

taller than average, longer neck, genetically male, testes by kidneys, but look like female

Term
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome
Definition
Defective androgen receptors
Term
Kleinfelter's Syndrome (XXY)
Definition

No disjunction

 

chromosomes fail to sperate during meiosis

Term
Placenta
Definition

ultimate endocrine organ

 

hCG- detectible in pregnancy tests

Term
Oxytocin
Definition

stimulates milk contraction in ducts of mammalary glands

 

"let down"

 

also stimulates smooth muscle contraction of uterus

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