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Endocrine System
Lab III
87
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/15/2012

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Term
Where is the hypothalamus located?
Definition
Below the thalamus
Term
What are the nervous functions of the hypothalamus?
Definition
Regulating the activity of internal organs and in controlling sexual activity
Term
What is the first class of hormones released by the hypothalamus?
Definition
Releasing and inhibiting
Term
What is the second class of hormones secreted by the hypothalamus?
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Term
How many releasing/inhibiting hormones are there?
Definition
At least 6
Term
What do the releasing/inhibiting hormones target?
Definition
Stimulate/inhibit the secretion of various hormones by the anterior pituitiary
Term
What are the two second class hormones?
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin
Term
Where is antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin stored?
Definition
Posterior pituitary for storage and secretion into the blood stream
Term
Which lobe of the pituitary is an extension of the hypothalamus?
Definition
Posterior
Term
What are the other endocrine glands controlled by the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Thryoid, cortex of the adrenal gland, and gonads
Term
What is the anterior pituitary gland composed of?
Definition
Glandular tissue
Term
What is the posterior pituitary composed of?
Definition
Nervous tissue
Term
What connects the posterior pituitary with the hypothalamus?
Definition
Infundibulum
Term
Which tissue has a paler stain anterior or posterior pituitary?
Definition
Posterior
Term
Which tissue has a deeper stain anterior or posterior pituitary?
Definition
Anterior
Term
What are the three cells contained within the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Acidophils, basophils, and chromophobes
Term
How does one differ the cell types of the anterior pituitary?
Definition
Via the color of the cytoplasm stain
Term
If the cytoplasm stain is deeply pink/red the cell type is?
Definition
acidophils/alpha cells
Term
What do acidophils secrete?
Definition
Prolactin and growth hormone
Term
If the cytoplasm stain is violet-blue the cell type is?
Definition
Basophils or beta cells
Term
What do basopihls secrete?
Definition
The other anterior piuitary hormones
Term
If the cytoplasm stain is pale or lacking the cell type is?
Definition
Chromophobes
Term
What is the function of chromophobes?
Definition
Unknown
Term
Does the posterior pituitary gland produce any hormones?
Definition
No
Term
How are the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin produced?
Definition
Neurosecretory cells
Term
What are the neurosecretory cells?
Definition
cell bodies of modified neurons
Term
Where are the neurosecretory cells found?
Definition
the hypothalamus
Term
What does the posterior pituitary stain resemble?
Definition
pink or violet cottony material with occasional purple nuclei scatter through out.
Term
What does the "cottony material" consist of?
Definition
axons of numerous neurosecretory cells whose cell bodies are in the hypothalamus
Term
What are the purple nuclei in the posterior pituitary gland stain?
Definition
pituicytes
Term
What are pituicytes?
Definition
Supporting cells
Term
Where is the thyroid gland located?
Definition
In the neck around the trachea, just below the trachea
Term
What are the principal hormones secreted by the thyroid?
Definition
Thyrroxine, triiodothyronine, and clacitonin
Term
What is thyroxine's role?
Definition
Stimulates the metabolic activity of nearly all the body's cells
Term
What is calcitonin's role?
Definition
net effect of reducing the concentration of calcium and phosphate ions in the blood
Term
What are the round structures on the thyroid slide?
Definition
Follicles
Term
What is the wall of each follicle formed by?
Definition
A layer of simple cuboidal cells, known as follicle cells
Term
What do the follicle cells surround??
Definition
Cavity filled with colloid, a pink stained fluid
Term
How are follicle cells and colloid related?
Definition
Follicle cells secrete colloid into the cavity
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 1
Definition
Follicle cells secrete the protein thyroglubulin into the colloid
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 2
Definition
Tyrosine, which makes up part of thyroglobulin, joins with iodine atoms
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 3
Definition
Pairs of Tyrosine/Iodine combo join together to form thyroxine
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 4
Definition
Follicle cells take thyroglobulin molecules back out of the colloid and break them down
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 5
Definition
Breakdown releases the thyroxine molecules
Term
Formation of Thyroxine: Step 6
Definition
Thyroxine diffuse out of the follicle cells into the bloodstream
Term
Where are parafollicle cells found?
Definition
between follicles
Term
What do parafollicle cells secrete?
Definition
calcitonin
Term
Where is the adrenal gland found?
Definition
like a triangular cap on the kidney
Term
Where does the adrenal gland lie in cats?
Definition
Bean-shaped and lies a short distance away from the kidney
Term
What are the two parts of the adrenal gland?
Definition
Adrenal medulla, adrenal cortex
Term
Where is the adrenal medulla?
Definition
an endocrine gland in the central portion
Term
What surround the medulla?
Definition
The adrenal cortex
Term
Do the central portion and cortex secrete the same group of hormones?
Definition
No
Term
What are the secretory cells of the adrenal medulla composed of?
Definition
modified nerve cells
Term
What are chromaffin cells?
Definition
secretory cells of the adrenal medulla
Term
How is the secretory activity of the chromaffin cells controlled?
Definition
By neurons of the sympathetic division of the ANS
Term
What do the chromaffin cells secrete?
Definition
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
What is different about epinephrine and norepiephrone?
Definition
Act as hormones, but can as as neurotransmitters when produced by conventional nerve cells
Term
What are the secretory cells of the adrenal cortex composed of?
Definition
Glandular cells
Term
What does the adrenal cortex secrete?
Definition
Aldosterone, cortiso, some sex hormones
Term
What is the the role of aldosterone?
Definition
regulate the concentration of inorganic ions such as sodium and potassium
Term
What is the role of cortisol?
Definition
regulate the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
Term
What is the small, central, paler area of an adrenal gland slide?
Definition
The adrenal medulla
Term
What is the darker area surrounding the medulla of an adrenal gland slide?
Definition
The cortex
Term
What are the majority of the cells of the medulla?
Definition
Secretory chromaffin cells
Term
Is the adrenal gland vascular or avascular?
Definition
Heavily vascularized
Term
What do the large oval or irregular spaces on the adrenal medulla slide?
Definition
Venules and veins, may contain pink-colored red blood cells
Term
What do the cells of the adrenal cortex form?
Definition
Long columns/cords that are oriented perpendicularly to the outer surface of the gland
Term
What are the narrow spaces between the columns?
Definition
Sinusoids
Term
What are the roles of the sinusoids?
Definition
Act as capillaries, conducting blood past the secretory cells so that they can secrete their hormones into them
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
Beneath and behind the stomach
Term
How is the pancreas similar to the adrenal gland?
Definition
Consist of two different glands packaged in the same organ
Term
What is the majority of the tissue found in the pancreas?
Definition
exocrine
Term
What is the minority of the tissue found in the pancreas?
Definition
Endocrine
Term
What does the exocrine tissue of the pancreas secrete?
Definition
Producing digestive enzymes and bicarbonate ions that are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct
Term
How is the endocrine tissue of the pancreas organized?
Definition
In little patches throughout the exocrine tissue
Term
What are the patches of endocrine tissue within the pancreas called?
Definition
Islets of Langerhans
Term
What are h
Definition
Term
What are the hormones produced by the islets of langerhans?
Definition
insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, and pancreatic polypeptide.
Term
What are the most important functions of insulin and glucagon?
Definition
Regulate the storage and utilization of nutrients (especially glucose) by the body
Term
What is one function of pancreatic somatostatins?
Definition
To suppress the release of insulin and glucagon
Term
What is the role of pancreatic polypeptide?
Definition
Known to regulate the production of some pancreatic digestive enzymes and to inhibit gallbladder contractions
Term
Where does the pancreas attach to the small intestine? How?
Definition
Duodenum, via the pancreatic duct
Term
How do the Islets of Langerhans look like on a slide?
Definition
Small pale patches scattered among the rest of the tissue
Term
Where are G cells found?
Definition
the pyloric region of the stomach
Term
What do G cells produce?
Definition
the hormone, gastrin
Term
WHat is Gastrin's role?
Definition
stimulates the secretion of hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes by the gastric glands. Also stimulates contractions of the muscular layer of the stomach wall to increase mixing of the stomach contents
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