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endocrine system
test 3
73
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/08/2010

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Term
Hormones
Definition
chemicals released into blood and transported throughout body; widespread effects; controls reproduction; controls growth and development; works with body's defenses against stressors; regulates cellular metabolism and energy levels; balances electrolytes, water, and nutrients of blood
Term
Enodocrinology
Definition
study of hormones and the endocrine organs
Term
3 Classifications of Hormones
Definition
amino acid based molecules, steroids, and prostaglandin
Term
Target Cells or Target Organs
Definition
affected by hormones; must contain certain receptors; work by increasing or decreasing the rate of normal metabolic process
Term
Primary Means of Regulating Blood Levels of Hormones
Definition
negative feedback mechanism; levels vary within a narrow range
Term
3 Methods for Hormone Release
Definition
hormonal stimulus, humoral stimulus, neural stimulus
Term
Hormonal Stimuli
Definition
other hormones stimulate the release of other hormones
Term
Humoral Stimuli
Definition
varying blood levels of certain ions or nutrients stimulate hormone release
Term
Neural Stimuli
Definition
nerve fibers stimulate hormone release
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
part of nervous system; endocrine organ; produces several hormones
Term
Endocrine Organs that Function as Only Endocrine
Definition
thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals, anterior pituitary
Term
Endocrine Organs that Function as Both Endocrine and Exocrine
Definition
pancreas, ovaries, testes
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
ductless, release hormones directly in blood or lymph; have very rich blood supply
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
release hormones at body's surface or into body cavities via ducts
Term
Pituitary Gland
Definition
size of pea; surrounded by Turk's saddle of sphenoid bone; hangs from stalk called the infundibulum on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus; has both a posterior and an anterior lobe
Term
Infundibulum
Definition
stalk from which pituitary gland hangs
Term
Anterior Pituitary Gland Hormones
Definition
releases 6 hormones; effects on non-endocrine targets: growth hormone, prolactin; effects on other endocrine targets (tropic hormones): follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, thyrotropic hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
Tropic Hormones
Definition
have effect on other endocrine targets
Term
Growth Hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary; metabolic; growth of skeletal muscles and long bones; determines final body size
Term
Pituitary Dwarfism
Definition
hyposecretion of growth hormone as a child
Term
Gigantism
Definition
hypersecretion of growth hormone as a child
Term
Acreomegaly
Definition
hypersecretion of growth hormone as an adult
Term
Prolactin
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; stimulates and maintains milk production by mother's breast
Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; regulates endocrine activity of cortex portion of the adrenal gland
Term
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; also called thryotrophic hormone; influences growth and activity of thyroid gland
Term
Gonadtropic Hormones
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; regulate hormonal activity of testes and ovaries; includes follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
Term
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; gonadtropic hormone; females: stimulates follicle development in ovaries, produces estrogen, and readies eggs for ovulation; males: stimulates sperm development
Term
Luteining Hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary gland; gonadtropic hormone: females: triggers ovulation of egg from ovary and involved in production of progesterone and estrogen; males: stimulates testosterone production
Term
Anterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
controls the activities of many other endocrine glands; "master endocrine gland"; hypothalamus's hormones control the release of the anterior pituitary's hormones
Term
Posterior Pituitary Gland
Definition
NOT an endocrine gland; does not make hormones; stores hormones made by the hypothalamus (oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone)
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
stored in posterior pituitary gland; released only during childbirth and in nursing women; stimulates powerful uterine contractions during labor and stimulates milk production
Term
Pitocin
Definition
sythetic form of oxytocin that induces or speeds up labor
Term
Antidiuretic Hormone
Definition
stored in posterior pituitary gland; inhibits urine production; increases b.p. by constricting arterioles; inhibited by alcohol
Term
Diabetes Insipidus
Definition
hyposecretion of antidiuretic hormone
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
base of throat; inferior to larynx; two lobes connected by isthmus; produces two hormones: thyroid hormone and calcitonin
Term
Isthmus
Definition
connects two lobes of thyroid
Term
Thyroid Hormone
Definition
major metabolic hormone; made of thyroxine (T4) and triidothyronine (T3); controls rate of glucose metabolism; targets every cell; important in growth and development (esp reproductive and nervous systems)
Term
Cretinism
Definition
hyppsecretion of thyroxine in childhood causing dwarfism and mental retardation
Term
Myxedema
Definition
hypothyroidism in adults causing physical and mental sluggishness, fatigue, poor muscle tone, low body temp, facial puffiness, and obesity
Term
Grave's Disease
Definition
hyperthyroidism causing high metabolic rate, rapid heartbeat, heat intolerance, weight loss, agitation, nervousness, and enlarged/bulging eyes (exophthalomos)
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
thyroid; decreases blood calcium levels; antagonist of parathyroid hormone; released directly into blood in response to increasing levels of blood calcium; decreases with age
Term
Parathyroid Gland
Definition
tiny masses of glandular tissue found on posterior surface of the thyroid gland; usually total of four; produces parathyroid hormone (aka parathormone)
Term
Parathyroid Hormone
Definition
aka parathormone; most important regulator of blood calcium levels; stimulates bone destruction to break down bone matrix and release calcium into blood; stimulates kidneys and intestines to absorb more calcium
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
two; bean shaped; over kidneys; functions as two separate endocrine glands: adrenal cortex (glandular tissue) and adrenal medulla (neural tissue)
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
encloses adrenal medulla; 3 layers of cells; produces 3 steroid types called corticcosteroids (mineralcorticoids, glucocorticoids, and sex hormones)
Term
Corticosteroids
Definition
steroids produced by adrenal cortex
Term
Minearlcorticoids
Definition
aka aldosterone; adrenal cortex; corticosteroid; regulates mineral and salt content of blood; regulates water and electrolyte balance
Term
Glucocorticoids
Definition
cortisone and cortisol; adrenal cortex; corticosteroids; promotes cell metabolism and resists long term stressors; reduces inflammation and edema
Term
Sex Hormones
Definition
adrenal cortex; corticolsteroid; males: androgens; females: estrogens
Term
Addison's Disease
Definition
hype secretion of adrenal cortex; bronze skin tone; water and sodium loss (electrolyte imbalance); weak muscles, shock, immune system suppression
Term
Hyperaldosteronism
Definition
hyper secretion of adrenal cortex; excessive water and sodium retention; elevated blood pressure and edema; potassium loss that affects muscle and heart funtion
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
develops from nervous tissue; stimulated by sympathetic nervous system; helps body cope with alarming, short-term stressors; releases catecholamine (epinephrine and norepinephrin)
Term
Pancreas
Definition
located in abdominal cavity close to stomach; islets of Langerhans produce hormones; produces two hormones during feeding and fasting state (insulin and glucagon)
Term
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
masses of tissue in pancreas that produce hormones (insulin and glucagon)
Term
Insulin
Definition
released when there are elevated levels of glucose; acts on all cells to transport glucose across the plasma membrane; insulin release stops when blood sugar level drops; only hormone that decreases blood sugar levels; essential for cells to be able to use glucose
Term
Diabetes
Definition
high blood glucose levels
Term
Diabetes Mellitus (type 1)
Definition
body does not produce any insulin
Term
Diabetes Mellitus (type 2)
Definition
insulin is produced but receptors are unable to respond (insulin resistant)
Term
Glucogon
Definition
antagonist of insulin; regulates blood glucose levels; targets liver to break down stored glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
aka pineal body; small and cone shaped; hangs from roof of third ventricle; releases melatonin
Term
Melatonin
Definition
pineal gland; regulates sleep/wake cycles; regulates day/night cycles; coordinates fertility hormones; inhibits reproductive system development and sexual maturation before adult body size is reached
Term
Thymus Gland
Definition
located in upper thorax; posterior to sternum; large in children and small in adults; releases thymosis
Term
Thymosis
Definition
thymus gland; development of normal immune system and T lymphocytes or T cells
Term
Thyymectomy
Definition
performed to control autoimmune system
Term
Ovaries
Definition
paired; almond shaped; produces two hormones (estrogen and progesterone); stimulated by FSH and LH)
Term
Estrogen
Definition
ovaries; development of female sex characteristics; promotes menstral cycle and development of breasts
Term
Progesterone
Definition
ovaries; acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle; keeps muscles of uterus quiet during pregnancy
Term
Testes
Definition
produces androgens
Term
Testosterone
Definition
promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; promotes development of male sex characteristics; necessary for sperm production; stimulated by LH
Term
Placenta
Definition
temporary organ formed in uterus during pregnance; assists in respiratory, excretory, and nutrition of fetus
Term
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
Definition
placenta; produced by developing embryo and fetal portion of placenta to continue estrogen and progesterone production; keeps uterine lining intact
Term
Human Placental Lactogen
Definition
placenta; works with estrogen and progesterone to prepare breasts for lactation
Term
Relaxin
Definition
placenta; hormone that relaxes the pelvic ligaments and pubic symphasis to widen pelvis during delivery
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