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Endocrine system
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56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/30/2007

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Term
endocrine galnds
Definition
secrete the chemical substances called hormones,

endocrine galnds are ductless glands-they secrete the jormones directly into the blood and not into dects.
Term
hormone
Definition
a hormone is a chemical messenger that influences or controles the activities of other tissues or organs.
Term
endocrinology
Definition
the study of the endocrine sstem is called endocrinology
Term
target tissue or organ
Definition
each hormone binds to a specific tissue, called its target tissue or organ
Term

what is the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity?

Definition
the hormone-receptor relationship insures specificity, meaning that there is a specific hormone for each receptor.
Term
second messenger
Definition
cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)

the interaction of the hormone with its receptor stimulates the production of a second messenger such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)
Term
cAMP
Definition
cyclic adenosine monophosphate

the cAMP, in turn, helps activate the enzymes in the cell.
Term
three mechanisms control the secretion of hormones
Definition
megative feedback control
biorhythms
control by the central nervous system (CNS)
Term
negative feedback
Definition
many of the endocrine galnds maintain normal plasma levels of their hormones through a mechanism called megative feedback.

most common means of control within the endocrine system

infomation about the ormone or the effects of that hormone are fed back to the galnd that secrets the hormone.
Term
biorhythms
Definition
blood levels of most hormones are also controlled by boirhythms.
rhythmic alteration in a hormone's rate of secretion

circadian rhythm- 24hrs
Term
control via CNS
Definition
1.activationof the hypothalamus

2.stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
-hypophysis
-pea-size gland located in a depression of the sphenoid bone
-located under the hypothalamus by the infundibulum
-anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis)
-posterior pituitary(neurohypophysis)
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
-located below the thalamus
-secretes
    -releasing hormones
    -release-inhibiting hormones
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
adenohypophysis
-connects with the hypothalamus vis hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

6 major hormones
Term
hormones of the anterior pituitary
Definition
-adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
-thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
-growth hormine (GH)
-prolactin (lactogenic hormone)
-gonadtropic hormones
---follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
-luteinizing hormone (LH)
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone

stimulates adrenal gland to secrete steroids especially cortisol
Term
TSH
Definition
thyroid-stimulating hormone

stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones (T3 & T4)
Term

GH

Definition
growth hormone
stimulates the growth of bone and soft tissues
Term
prolactin
Definition
PRL also called lactogenic hormone

stimulates the breast to develop and produce milk
Term
FSH
Definition
follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulates development of ova and sperm
Term
LH
Definition
luteinizing hormone

causes ovulation in females, synthesizes and secretes testosterone in males
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
-neurohypophysis ( nerons connection)
-nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate release of posterior pituitary hormones
Term
tropic hormones
Definition
the remaining hormones of the anterior pituitary gland.
Term
hormones of the posterior pituitary
Definition
-antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-oxytocin
Term
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
 

-stimulates water reabsorbtion by the kidney and return it to the blood
-primary target organ: kidney
-dehydration
-elevates blood pressure

Term
oxytocin
Definition
-target organs: uterus and mannary glands
-stimulates the muscles of the uterus to contract during labor
-breastfeeding role: stimulates mammary glands to release breast milk (milk letdown reflex)
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
-located in the anterior neck
-in the front and sides of the trachea

is the largest of the endocrine glands and is located in the anterior nect, it is situated on the front and sides of the trachea.
the thyroid gland is butterfly-shaped and has two lobes connected by a band of tissue called the isthmus
Term
thyroid hormone
Definition
-T3 and T4
-regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins and fats
-increase the rate of metabolism of most cells
-normal aturation of the CNS and for normal growth and development.
Term
parathyroid glands
Definition
four tiny parathyroid glands lie along the posterior surface of the thyroid gland

the parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Term

PTH

Definition
parathyroid hormone

-increases the release of calcium from bone tissue called resorption

-stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb calcium from the urine

-working with vitamind D, PTH increase the absorption of calcium by e digestive tract (intestine)
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
two small glands located above the kidneys

two retions:
--an inner medulla
--an outer cortex
Term
adrenal cortex
Definition
outer region of the adrenal glands

secretes hormones called steroids.

three steroids:
--glucocorticoids = sugar
--mineralocorticoids = salt
--sex hormones = sex
Term
steroids
what are the three steroids?
Definition
-lipid-soluble hormones made from cholesterol

three steroids:
--glucocorticoids = sugar
--mineralocorticoids = salt
--sex hormones = sex
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
affect carbohydrates

thy convert amino acids into glucose and help maintain blood glucose levels between meals.

this action ensures a steady supply of glucose for the brain and other cells.
Term
cortisol
Definition
the chief glucocorticoid

is a stress hormone in that it is secreted in greater amountsduring times of stress
Term
what is the chief mineralocorticoid?
Definition
aldosterone.

aldosterone plays an inportant role in the regulation of blood volume and bolld pressure and in the concentration of electrolytes, especially salt NaCl.

aldosterone is often called the salt-remaining hormone.
prinary target organ of aldosterone is the kidney.
Term
what's with the CAT?
Definition
steroid CAT

 steroid cat secretes
Cortisol
Aldosterone
Testosterone
Term
pancreas
Definition
a long, slender organ that lies transversely across the upper abdomen, sxtending from the curve of the duodenum to the spleen.

the pancreas funtions as both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
Term
islets of langerhans
Definition
the hormone-secreting cells of the pancreas
islets of langerhans have two types of cells:
alpha cells = secrete glucagon
beta cells = secrete insulin
Term
insulin
Definition
released in response to increased blood levels of glucose as occures following a meal

the secretetion of insulin decrease as bolld levels of glucose decrease
Term
what insulin has effects on?
Definition
insulin helps transport glucose in the most cells.

helps control carbohydrate, protein, and fat metbolism in the cell

insulin promotes the making of fats from fatty acids.
Term
insuln and blood glucose
Definition
insulin is the only hormone that lowers blood glucose.
Term
hyperglycemia
Definition
excess glucose in the blood
Term
glucosuria or glycosuria
Definition
glucose in the urine
Term
polyuria
Definition
excretion of a large volume of urine
Term
polydipsia
Definition
excessive thirst
Term
polyphagia
Definition
refers to excessive eating
Term
acidosis
Definition
an excess of H+ in the blood cause it.
Term
fruity order to the breath
Definition
the rapid, incomplete breakdown of fatty acids causes the formation of acetone, a ketone body.
Term
glucagon
Definition
a second pancreatic hormone, is secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans.
its prinmary action is to increase blook glucose levels.
Term
gonads
Definition
the gonads are the sex glands and refer to the ovaries in the female and to the testes in the male.

the gonads not only produce ova and sperm but also secrete hormones. the gonads are therefore Glands.
Term
what's the location of the thymus gland?
Definition
lines in the thoacic cavity behind the sternum.

secretes hormones called thymosins, which play a role in the immune system.
Term
pineal gland
Definition
is a cone-shaped gland to located close to the thalamus in the brain.

body's "biological clock: controlling many of the biorhythms

it secretes a hormone called melatonin.
Term
melatonin
Definition
affects the reproductive cycle by influencing the secretion of hypothalamic-releasing hormones.
- secual maturation

sleep-wake cycle.

melatonin secretion is lowest during daylight hrs and highest at night.
Term
organ-specific hormones
KIDNEY
Definition
kidneys secrete erythropoietin, which helps regulate red blood cell production.
Term
prostaglandins
Definition
-hormones derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid.

-regulation of smooth-muscle contraction and the inflammatory response.

-also thought to increase the sensitivity of nerve endings to pain.
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