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Endocrine System
Glands and Hormones
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
07/16/2009

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Cards

Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
are ductless organs that secrete their molecular products directly into the bloodstream
Term
what is the target organ for the hormone prolactin
Definition

mammary gland

 

it has receptors to pick up and respond to the prolactin by producing milk to nourish an infant

Term
endocrinology
Definition
study of the structural components of the endocrine system, the hormones they produce, and the effects of those hormones on target organs
Term
Hormone's are classified into three distinct groups
Definition

1) Peptide hormones

2) Biogenic amines

3) Steroid hormones

Term
Peptide Hormones
Definition

are formed from chains of amino acids.

 

Ex:  Growth hormone

Term
Biogenic amines
Definition

are small molecules produced by altering the structure of a specific amino acid

 

Ex:  thyroid hormone

Term
Steroid hormones
Definition

are a type of lipid derived from cholesterol

 

Ex:  testosterone

Term
Negative feedback loop
Definition

a stimulus starts a process, and eventually either the hormone that is secreted or a product of its effects causes the process to slow down or turn off

 

Ex:  regulation of the blood glucose level in the body

Term
Positive feedback loop
Definition

accelerates the original process, either to ensure that the pathway continues to run or to speed up its activities

 

Ex:  the process of milk release from the mammary glands

Term
What controls most of the endocrine activity
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Neurotransmitters
Definition
are chemicals secreted by neurons that diffuse across a small gap to the target cell. 
Term
Autocrine signals
Definition
act on the same cell that secreted them
Term
Paracrine signals
Definition
are secreted by one cell and diffuse to adjacent cells
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition

Integrates functions that maintain chemical and temperature homeostasis

 

Functions with the limbic system

 

Controls the release of hormones from the anterior and posterior pituitary gland

Term
Regulatory hormones
Definition

special cells in the hypothalamus that secrete hormones that influence the secretory activity of the anterior pituitarty gland.

 

 

Term
Hypothalamus is also the master control center of the
Definition

ANS

autonomic nervous system

Term
The hypothalamus directly oversees the stimulation and hormone secretion of the
Definition

adrenal medulla

 

The adrenal medulla is an endocrine structure that secretes its hormones in response to stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system

Term
Parathyroid glands release their hormones without any input from __________instead they respond directly to what
Definition

hypothalamus

 

concentrations of chemical levels in the bloodstream

Term
Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system
Definition
is essentially a shunt that takes venous blood carrying regulatory hormones from the hypothalamus directly to the anterior pituitary before the blood returns to the heart
Term
How is the pituitary gland attached to the hypothalamus
Definition
a stalk called the infundibulum
Term

Growth Hormone

(GH, Somatotropin)

Definition
primary hormone responsible for regulating body growth, and is important in metabolism
Term
Thyroid-stimulating Hormone
Definition

(TSH)

stimulates secretion of thyroid homone from thyroid gland

Term
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
Definition

(ACTH)

stimulates cortisol secretion by the adrenal cortex

Term
Follicle-stimulating hormone
Definition

(FSH)

Females:  stimulates growth & develoment of ovarian follicles, promotes secretion of estrogen by ovaries

 

Males:  required for sperm production

Term
Luteinizing Hormone
Definition

(LH)

Females:  responsible for ovulation, formation of corpus luteum in the ovary, and regulation of ovarian secretion of female sex hormones

 

Males:  stimulates cells in the testes to secrete testosterone

Term
Prolactin
Definition

Females:  stimulates breast development and milk production

 

Males:  involved in testicular function

Term
How are ADH and oxytocin transported
Definition
from the hypothalamus to the posteror pituitary via the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract
Term
follicular cells
Definition

are instrumental in producing thyroid hormone

 

follicular cells synthesize a glycoprotein called thryoglobulin (TGB) and secrete it by exocytosis into the colloid

Term
Why is iodine added to our salt
Definition
Iodine is part of a hormone, thyroxin, which is responsible for maintaining a person's metabolic rate.
Term
Parafolliular cells
Definition

secrete the hormone calcitonin in response to an elevated level of blood calcium

 

calcitonin acts to reduce the blood calcium level and encourage deposition of calcium into the bone

Term
Chief cells
Definition

found in the parathyroid gland

 

source of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Term
Oxyphil cells
Definition

found in the parathyroid glands

 

function of the oxyphil cell is not known

Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
synthesize steroid hormone called corticosteroids
Term
Cushing syndrome
Definition

results from the chronic exposure of the body's tissues to excessive levels of glucocorticoid hormones.

 

Ex:  taking corticosteriods to help with Rheumatoid arthritisis

Term
Addison Disease
Definition
is a form of adrenal insufficiency  that develops when the adrenal glands fail resulting in a shortage of glucocorticoids and sometimes mineralocorticoids.
Term
The zana glomerulosa regulates the levels of
Definition
sodium and potassium ions in the blood, so it regulates salt
Term
zona fasciculata secretes
Definition
glucocorticoids, which keep blood glucose level up, so it regulates sugar
Term
Zona retiularis secretes
Definition
small amounts of androgens, so it regulates sex (hormones)
Term
The adrenal cortex regulates
Definition
salt, sugar and sex
Term
What hormones does the adrenal medulla secrete
Definition

epinephrine

norepinephrine

 

Term
Diabetes
Definition

is a metabolic condition marked by inadequate uptake of glucose from the blood

 

 

Term
Diabetes Type 1
Definition

is charaterized by absent or diminished productin and release of insulin by the pancreatic islet cells

 

children and young adults

genetic

daily injections

Term
Diabetes Type 2
Definition

results from either decreased insulin release by the pancreatic beta cells or decreased insulin effectiveness at peripheral tissues.

 

Obesity

can be treated by weight loss, diet, exercise

Term
Hormones secreted by endocrine cells in the kidney help regulate
Definition

electrolyte concentraiton in body fluids

the rate of blood cell production

and an increase in both blood volume and blood pressure

Term
Calcitriol
Definition

a form of vitamin D

synthesized by the kidneys

Term
Erythropoietin
Definition

released in the kidneys

stimulates erythrocyte production and maturation

Term
Atriopeptin
Definition

secreted by the heart

 

Atriopeptin reduces blood volumn by causing water loss and sodium excretion from the blood into the urine

With less blood volume, blood pressure drops

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