Term
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Definition
made of ductless glands that secrete directly into blood |
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Term
Endocrine gland includes: |
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Definition
- pituitary
- thyroid
- parathyroid
- adrenals
- pineals
- thymus
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Term
| Other glands containing endocrine tissue: |
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Definition
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
- kidney
- stomach
- small intestine
- placenta
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Term
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Definition
| secretions of endocrine glands |
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Term
| What cells that respond to hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones categorized according to location of |
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Definition
| receptor protein of target cells |
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Term
1) receptor proteins in nucleus (example) |
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Definition
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Term
| receptor proteins in cytoplasm |
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Definition
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Term
| receptor proteins in outer surface of membrane |
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Definition
| ex. epinephrine, polypeptide, and glycoprotein hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Steriods amines protein and peptides eicosanoids |
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Term
| What are sterioids derived from? |
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Definition
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Term
| steroids derived from cholesterol are |
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Definition
aldosterone, cortisol, androgen secreted by adrenal cortex testosterone, estrogen and progresterone - secreted by testes and ovaries |
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Term
| Are hormones derived from cholesterole fat soluable? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| structurally simplest group (simplest molecule). Most made from amino acid tyrosine |
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Term
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Definition
1. thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine & Tetraiodothyronine) 2. Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medullaand are water soluable. |
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Term
| Where do Serotonin and Melatonin come from? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oxytocin, insulin, anterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid secretions. |
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Term
What hormones are water soluble? |
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Definition
Protein and peptide hormones (oxytocin, insulin, anterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid secretions) |
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Term
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Definition
| 20 carbon fatty acid that forms local hormones such as prostaglandins and leukotrines |
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Term
| What exerts control over pituitary? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamous produces _________ which are stored in the neurophyophysis |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes ADH and oxytocin to be released from neurophypophysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypothalamus controls ______________ through hormone regulation. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone somatostatin |
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Term
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Definition
| thyrotropin releasing hormone |
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Term
| CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates release of ACTH form anterior pituitary |
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Term
| GnRH - gonadrtropin releasing hormone |
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Definition
| releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary |
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Term
PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone PRH - prolacting releasing hormone |
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Definition
PIH and PRH control the inhibition or release or prolactin from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) and growth releasing hormone (GHRH) control the inhibition or release of growth hormone (somatrotropin) from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
small, round gland that lies in sella turcica of sphenoid bone and attaches to hypothalamus by stem, 2 lobes 1. anterior pituitary 2. posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| adenohypophysis 75% of total weight and derived from ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| neurophypophysis derived from ectoderm also, but from outgrowth of hypothalamus therefore it contains axonic ends of nerve cells |
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Term
| What does anterior pituitary secrete? |
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Definition
TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone FSH - follicle stimulating hormone LH - luteinizing hormone prolactin - PRL somatotropin - growth hormone MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| small, round gland that lies in sella turcica of sphenoid bone and attaches to hypothalamus by stem. Has 2 lobes |
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Term
Name the 2 lobes of the pituitary |
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Definition
1. anterior pituitary 2. posterior pituitary |
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Term
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Definition
| adenohypophysis 75% of total weight and derived from ectoderm |
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Term
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Definition
| neurophypophysis derived from ectoderm also, but from outgrowth of hypothalamus therefore it contains axonic ends of nerve cells. |
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Term
| Anterior pituitary secretions |
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Definition
TSH ACTH FSH LH prolactin growth hormone MSH |
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Term
| TSH - thryoid stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone (T3 and T4) |
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Term
| ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids |
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Term
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Definition
| follicle stimulating hormone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| (PRL) initiates milk secretion |
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Term
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Definition
| growth hormone - turns on body cells to grow, creates protein anabolism and fat catabolism, stimulates rate glycogen converted to glucose, controlled by GHRF and GHIF from hypothalamus. |
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Term
| When is growth hormone released? |
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Definition
| when blood glucose is low |
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Term
What causes pituitary dwarfism? |
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Definition
hyposecretion of growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| hypersecretion of growth hormone if the epiphyseal plates have not closed |
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Term
What is the condition in adults who have too much GH? |
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Definition
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Term
| MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone |
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Definition
| stimulates dispersion of melanin granules |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| 2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary |
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Definition
OT - oxytocin ADH - antidiuretic hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates contraction of uterus, stimulates release of milk from ducts in mamary glands, stimulates dilation of cervix. Works on positive feedback system |
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Term
| ADH - antidiuretic hormone |
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Definition
causes collecting ducts of kidneys to be permeable to H2O creates a more concentrated urine raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles regulated by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
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Term
How does ADH raise blood pressure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does hypersecretion of ADH cause? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
called suprarenal glands, paired glands that cap superior border of kidney. 2" long by 1" wide and .4" deep. Pyramid shape |
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Term
what is structurally and functionally different of the adrenal gland? |
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Definition
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Term
The cortex is derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
the medulla is derived from what? |
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Definition
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Term
| Outer Zona glomerulosa produces what? |
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Definition
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Term
what is mineralocorticoid stimulated by what? |
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Definition
| is stimulated by angiotensin II and high K |
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Term
middle zona fasciculata secretes what? |
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Definition
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Term
What is stimulates glucocorticoid? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when blood glucose is low |
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Term
what does Zona reticularis produce? |
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Definition
| produces sex steriods and controls the female sex drive |
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Term
| What are the functions of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
| to secrete steriod hormones |
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Term
| What are the 3 functional categories of the steroid hormones? |
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Definition
1. mineralocorticoid
2. glucocorticoid
3. sex steroids |
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Term
| What does mineralocorticoid do? |
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Definition
regulates Na+ & K+ balance
causes Na+ to be reabsorbed and K+ to be secreted from the kidneys |
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Term
| What is the function of Glucocorticoid? |
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Definition
| regulates metabolism of glucose causes protein catabolism and lipolysis forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources |
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Term
| What does glucocorticoid suppress? |
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Definition
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Term
| what does glucocorticoid inhibit? |
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Definition
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Term
| glucocorticoid is used to treat? |
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Definition
| arthritis, organ transplanation, and sports medicine |
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Term
| glocorticoid also inhibits |
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Definition
| the regeneration of connective tissue. This causes slow wound healing |
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Term
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Definition
| weak androgens (lesser estrogen) that supplement sex steriod |
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Term
| Structure of the Medulla of adrenal gland |
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Definition
| composed of tighly packed clusters of chromaffin cells arranged around blood vessels. |
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Term
| What does the adrenal medulla secrete? |
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Definition
| epinephrine and norepinephrine in 4:1 ratio |
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Term
| What has effects similar to sympathetic nervous system but last 10 times longer? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is derived from tyrosine? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are 2 causes of disorders of the adrenal cortex? |
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Definition
1. hyposecretions 2. hyposecretions |
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Term
| What is hypersecretion caused by? |
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Definition
can be caused by infection disease - tumor in gland |
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Term
| What is a disease caused by hyposecretion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Characteristics of Addison's Disease? |
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Definition
low Na+, high K+
low BP
dehydration
low BP
increased skin pigmentation
mental lethargy
muscular weakness
weight loss |
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Term
| What happens if Addison's Disease is not treated in a few days? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the treatment for Addison's Disease? |
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Definition
| mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids given |
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Term
| what usually causes hypersecretions |
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Definition
| tumors or oversecretion of ACTH |
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Term
| What is Cushing's Disease? |
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Definition
| hypersecretion of Adrenal cortex |
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Term
| Characteristics of Cushing's Disease |
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Definition
Decrease in protein
wasting of muscle and loss of bone tissue
blood glucose elevate
Na+ high
puffy skin due to water retention
fat deposited between shoulders and face making buffalo hump and moon face
spindly arms and legs
poor wound healing |
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Term
Thyroid Gland - structure |
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Definition
| largest indocrine gland, weighs 20-25gr positioned below larynx and consists of 2 lobes that lie on either side of trachae and connected by isthmus |
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Term
| Thyroid glands composed of hollow sacs called ________ |
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Definition
| follicles lined with simple cuboidal cells |
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Term
| Thyroid glands - simple cuboidal cells produce what? |
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Definition
| principle thyroid hormones |
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Term
| What cells are between follicles |
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Definition
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Term
| What do the parafollicular cells produce? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. growth - stimulates protein synthesis
2. promotes maturation of nervous system
3. regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins & lipids
4. increases rate of energy utilization in body |
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Term
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Definition
| low T3 & T4 in blood, low negative feedback, large production of TSH |
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Term
| what is result of large production of TSH? |
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Definition
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Term
| TSH is released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to |
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Definition
| thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and causes the synthesis and secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland. |
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Term
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Definition
| promotes decrease in blood calcium, antagonizes effect of parathyroid hormone and Vit. D |
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Term
Functions of Calcitonin (1) |
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Definition
| Inhibits rate at which calcium leaves bone & enters extracellular fluids |
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Term
Functions of Calcitonin (2) |
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Definition
| increases rate at which calcium and phosphate are deposited in bone matrix by stimulating activity of osteoblast |
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Term
Functions of Calcitonin (3) |
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Definition
| increases excretion of calcium by kidneys |
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Term
Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism |
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Definition
abnormal metabolic rate
sensitive to heat
restless, overactive
appears mentally alert
eyes protrude (exophthalmos)
irritable due to sensitive nervous system
possible enlarged thyroid (exophthalmic goiter) |
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Term
Characteristics of Hypothyroidism |
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Definition
low metabolic rate
abnormal sensitivity to cold
physical sluggishness
poor appetite
appears mentally dull
swelling of body tissue - myxedema
tendency to gain weight |
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Term
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Definition
| if infant's glands fail to produce normally - may develop |
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Term
Characteristics of cretinism |
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Definition
stunted growth
abnormal bone formation
retarded mental development
low body temperature
sluggishness |
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Term
When should treatment of cretinism begin? |
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Definition
| withine 1 month of birth to retard symptoms |
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Term
What is cause of simple goiter |
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Definition
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Term
structure of Parathyroid glands |
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Definition
| 4 small, yellowish structures located on posterior surface of thyroid |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged thyroid due to hypersecretion. More frequent in females |
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Term
What does Parathyroid Gland produce? |
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Definition
| PTH - parathyroid hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| 1. stimulates osteoclast Inhibits osteoblast kidneys conserve calcium and excrete phosphorus calcium is absorbed from the digestive tract |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone; Autoimmune; JFK (bronze skin) |
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Term
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Definition
| hormone secreted by pineal gland that is thought to be responsible for 24 hour circadian rhythms. Melatonin production is cyclic and is only produced in the absence of light. Light inhibits its production. |
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Term
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Definition
| located in the roof of the third ventricle. Gland starts to calcify at puberty and produces calcium deposits called brain sand. |
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Term
What stimulates maturity of T-lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| Thymosin stimulates maturity of T-lymphocytes after they leave thymus and migrate to other tissue. |
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Term
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Definition
| Thymus - 40g. during puberty - soft, bi-lobed structure that extends from roof of neck to pericardium. It lies in mediastinum behind sternum and between lungs. Large in children, but gets smaller with age |
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Term
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Definition
| affects production of white blood cells and lymphocytes. |
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Term
| What gland secretes thymosin? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Thymus composed of lymphatic tissue and subdivided into lobules by connective tissue. Lobules contain large number lymphocytes. Some develop into T-lymphocytes which
leave thymus and function in immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Hypoglycemia - low blood sugar - triggers epinephrine, glucagon, and GH. Often caused by a diabetic injecting too much insulin.Characterized by anxiety, sweating, increased heart rate, weakness, tremors, mental disorientation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death |
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Term
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Definition
| rare - usually tumor of islet cells. |
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Term
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Definition
hereditary disease characterized by high blood glucose and glucose in urine, increased urine formation (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and excessive eating (polyphagia). Juvenile onset diabetes is insulin
dependent. About 90% of the diabetes is mature onset diabetes which usually occurs in people who are over 40 and overweight. Usually adult onset diabetes can be controlled through diet and exercise. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted when blood sugar is high. It accelerates movement of glucose to glycogen, and stimulates protein synthesis and lipogenesis. |
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Term
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Definition
| secreted when blood sugar falls below normal. It accelerates the conversin of glycogen to glucose, the conversion of other amino acids and lipids to glucose. |
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Term
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Definition
flattened organ posterior and slightly inferior to stomach. Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. 3 cells secrete hormones:
1) alpha - glucagon - increase amount of glucose in blood
2) beta - insulin - decrease amount of glucose in blood
3) delta - GHIH - inhibits glucagon and insulin |
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Term
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Definition
1) blood calcium high
2) nervous system depressed
3) muscle contractions weak and sluggish
4) usually caused by tumors
5) bones deformed and soft due to osteoclast |
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Term
Hypoparathyroidism - Characteristics: |
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Definition
Hypoparathyroidism - Characteristics:
1) blood calcium drops
2) nervous system excitable
3) muscle undergo tetanic contractions (muscle cramps and seisures)
4) can die due to respiratory failure, treatment - give large doses Vitamin D and calcium |
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Term
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Definition
Produces PTH - parathyroid hormone - causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate,
1) Stimulates osteoclast
2) Inhibits osteoblast
3) Kidneys conserve calcium and excrete phosphorus
4) Calcium is absorbed from the digestive tract. |
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Term
PTH - parathyroid hormone |
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Definition
| Produces PTH - parathyroid hormone - causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate, |
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