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Endocrine System
A&P II Endocrine
131
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/27/2009

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Term

Endocrine System

Definition

made of ductless glands that secrete directly into blood

Term

Endocrine gland includes:

 

Definition
  1. pituitary
  2. thyroid
  3. parathyroid
  4. adrenals
  5. pineals
  6. thymus
Term
Other glands containing endocrine tissue:
Definition
  1. pancreas
  2. ovaries
  3. testes
  4. kidney
  5. stomach
  6. small intestine
  7. placenta
Term
Hormones
Definition
secretions of endocrine glands
Term
What cells that respond to hormones?
Definition
target cells
Term
Hormones categorized according to location of
Definition
receptor protein of target cells
Term

1) receptor proteins in nucleus

 

(example)

Definition
thyroid hormones
Term
receptor proteins in cytoplasm
Definition
ex. sterioid hormones
Term
receptor proteins in outer surface of membrane
Definition
ex. epinephrine, polypeptide, and glycoprotein hormone
Term
four groups of hormones
Definition

Steriods

amines

protein and peptides

eicosanoids

Term
What are sterioids derived from?
Definition
derived from cholesterol
Term
steroids derived from cholesterol are
Definition

aldosterone, cortisol, androgen secreted by adrenal cortex

 

testosterone, estrogen and progresterone - secreted by testes and ovaries

  

 

Term
Are hormones derived from cholesterole fat soluable?
Definition
yes
Term
Amines
Definition
structurally simplest group (simplest molecule). Most made from amino acid tyrosine
Term

Amines

 

2 types

Definition

1.  thyroid hormones (triiodothyronine & Tetraiodothyronine)

 

2.  Epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medullaand are water soluable. 

Term
Where do Serotonin and Melatonin come from?
Definition
Tryptophane
Term

Proteins & peptides

Definition
chain of amino acids
Term
Examples of Amino Acids
Definition
oxytocin, insulin, anterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid secretions. 
Term

What hormones are water soluble?

Definition

Protein and peptide hormones

(oxytocin, insulin, anterior pituitary hormones, calcitonin and parathyroid secretions)

Term
Eicosanoids
Definition
20 carbon fatty acid that forms local hormones such as prostaglandins and leukotrines
Term
What exerts control over pituitary?
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
Hypothalamous produces _________ which are stored in the  neurophyophysis
Definition
ADH and oxytocin
Term
What causes ADH and oxytocin to be released from neurophypophysis?
Definition
neuroendocrine reflex
Term
Hypothalamus controls ______________ through hormone regulation.
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
Hypothalamus releases
Definition

TRH - thyrotropin releasing hormone

CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone

GnRH - gonadotropin releasing hormone

PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone

somatostatin

Term
TRH
Definition
thyrotropin releasing hormone
Term
CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone
Definition
stimulates release of ACTH form anterior pituitary
Term
GnRH - gonadrtropin releasing hormone
Definition
releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
Term

PIH - prolactin inhibiting hormone

PRH - prolacting releasing hormone

Definition

PIH and PRH control the inhibition or release or prolactin from the anterior pituitary

Term
somatostatin
Definition
growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH) and growth releasing hormone (GHRH) control the inhibition or release of growth hormone (somatrotropin) from the anterior pituitary
Term
pituitary
Definition

small, round gland that lies in sella turcica of sphenoid bone and attaches to hypothalamus by stem, 2 lobes

1.  anterior pituitary

2.  posterior pituitary

Term

Anterior Pituitary

Definition
adenohypophysis 75% of total weight and derived from ectoderm
Term
Posterior pituitary
Definition
neurophypophysis derived from ectoderm also, but from outgrowth of hypothalamus therefore it contains axonic ends of nerve cells
Term
What does anterior pituitary secrete?
Definition

TSH - thyroid stimulating hormone

ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone

FSH - follicle stimulating hormone

LH - luteinizing hormone

prolactin - PRL

somatotropin - growth hormone

MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone

Term
pituitary gland 
Definition
small, round gland that lies in sella turcica of sphenoid bone and attaches to hypothalamus by stem.  Has 2 lobes
Term

Name the 2 lobes of the pituitary

Definition

1.  anterior pituitary

 

2.  posterior pituitary

Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
adenohypophysis 75% of total weight and derived from ectoderm
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
neurophypophysis derived from ectoderm also, but from outgrowth of hypothalamus therefore it contains axonic ends of nerve cells.
Term
Anterior pituitary secretions
Definition

TSH

ACTH

FSH

LH

prolactin

growth hormone

MSH

Term
TSH - thryoid stimulating hormone
Definition
stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormone (T3 and T4)
Term
ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids
Term
FSH
Definition
follicle stimulating hormone
Term
LH
Definition
luteinizing hormone
Term
Prolactin
Definition
(PRL) initiates milk secretion
Term

somatotropin

Definition
growth hormone - turns on body cells to grow, creates protein anabolism and fat catabolism, stimulates rate glycogen converted to glucose, controlled by GHRF and GHIF from hypothalamus. 
Term
When is growth hormone released?
Definition
when blood glucose is low
Term

What causes pituitary dwarfism?

Definition

hyposecretion of growth hormone

Term

Pituitary giantism

Definition
hypersecretion of growth hormone if the epiphyseal plates have not closed
Term

What is the condition in adults who have too much GH?

Definition
acromegaly
Term
MSH - melanocyte stimulating hormone
Definition
stimulates dispersion of melanin granules
Term

Posterior pituitary

 

Definition

Neurohypophysis

 

Term
2 hormones stored in the posterior pituitary
Definition

OT - oxytocin

ADH - antidiuretic hormone

Term
OT - oxytocin
Definition
stimulates contraction of uterus, stimulates release of milk from ducts in mamary glands, stimulates dilation of cervix.  Works on positive feedback system
Term
ADH - antidiuretic hormone
Definition
  1. causes collecting ducts of kidneys to be permeable to H2O
  2. creates a more concentrated urine
  3. raises blood pressure by constricting arterioles
  4. regulated by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
Term

How does ADH raise blood pressure?

Definition
constricts arterioles
Term
What does hypersecretion of ADH cause?
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition

called suprarenal glands, paired glands that cap superior border of kidney.  2" long by 1" wide and .4" deep.  Pyramid shape

Term

what is structurally and functionally different of the adrenal gland?

Definition
Cortex and Medulla
Term

The cortex is derived from what?

Definition
Mesoderm
Term

the medulla is derived from what?

Definition
ectoderm
Term
Outer Zona glomerulosa produces what?
Definition
aldosterone
Term

what is mineralocorticoid stimulated by what?

Definition
is stimulated by angiotensin II and high K
Term

middle zona fasciculata secretes what?

Definition
glucocorticoid
Term

What is stimulates glucocorticoid?

Definition
ATCH
Term

when is ACTH released?

Definition
when blood glucose is low
Term

what does Zona reticularis produce?

Definition
produces sex steriods and controls the female sex drive
Term
What are the functions of the adrenal cortex?
Definition
to secrete steriod hormones
Term
What are the 3 functional categories of the steroid hormones?
Definition
1. mineralocorticoid
2. glucocorticoid
3. sex steroids
Term
What does mineralocorticoid do?
Definition
regulates Na+ & K+ balance
causes Na+ to be reabsorbed and K+ to be secreted from the kidneys
Term
What is the function of Glucocorticoid?
Definition
regulates metabolism of glucose causes protein catabolism and lipolysis forms glucose from non-carbohydrate sources
Term
What does glucocorticoid suppress?
Definition
inflamation
Term
what does glucocorticoid inhibit?
Definition
the immune response.
Term
glucocorticoid is used to treat?
Definition
arthritis, organ transplanation, and sports medicine
Term
glocorticoid also inhibits
Definition
the regeneration of connective tissue. This causes slow wound healing
Term
Function of sex steriods
Definition
weak androgens (lesser estrogen) that supplement sex steriod
Term
Structure of the Medulla of adrenal gland
Definition
composed of tighly packed clusters of chromaffin cells arranged around blood vessels.
Term
What does the adrenal medulla secrete?
Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine in 4:1 ratio
Term
What has effects similar to sympathetic nervous system but last 10 times longer?
Definition
amines
Term
What is derived from tyrosine?
Definition
Amines
Term
What are 2 causes of disorders of the adrenal cortex?
Definition

1. hyposecretions

2. hyposecretions

Term
What is hypersecretion caused by?
Definition

can be caused by infection disease

 

- tumor in gland

Term
What is a disease caused by hyposecretion?
Definition

 

 

Addison's Disease

Term
Characteristics of Addison's Disease?
Definition
low Na+, high K+
low BP
dehydration
low BP
increased skin pigmentation
mental lethargy
muscular weakness
weight loss
Term
What happens if Addison's Disease is not treated in a few days?
Definition
death
Term
what is the treatment for Addison's Disease?
Definition
mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids given
Term
what usually causes hypersecretions
Definition
tumors or oversecretion of ACTH
Term
What is Cushing's Disease?
Definition
hypersecretion of Adrenal cortex
Term
Characteristics of Cushing's Disease
Definition
Decrease in protein
wasting of muscle and loss of bone tissue
blood glucose elevate
Na+ high
puffy skin due to water retention
fat deposited between shoulders and face making buffalo hump and moon face
spindly arms and legs
poor wound healing
Term

Thyroid Gland - structure

Definition
largest indocrine gland, weighs 20-25gr positioned below larynx and consists of 2 lobes that lie on either side of trachae and connected by isthmus
Term
Thyroid glands composed of hollow sacs called ________
Definition
follicles lined with simple cuboidal cells
Term
Thyroid glands - simple cuboidal cells produce what?
Definition
principle thyroid hormones
Term
What cells are between follicles
Definition
parafollicular Cells
Term
What do the parafollicular cells produce?
Definition
calcitonin
Term

Functions of Thyroxin

Definition
1. growth - stimulates protein synthesis
2. promotes maturation of nervous system
3. regulates metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins & lipids
4. increases rate of energy utilization in body
Term
Low Iodine
Definition
low T3 & T4 in blood, low negative feedback, large production of TSH
Term
what is result of large production of TSH?
Definition
goiter
Term
TSH is released from the anterior pituitary gland in response to
Definition
thyroid releasing hormone from the hypothalamus and causes the synthesis and secretion of triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) by the thyroid gland.
Term

Calcitonin

Definition
promotes decrease in blood calcium, antagonizes effect of parathyroid hormone and Vit. D
Term

Functions of Calcitonin (1)

Definition
Inhibits rate at which calcium leaves bone & enters extracellular fluids
Term

Functions of Calcitonin (2)

Definition
increases rate at which calcium and phosphate are deposited in bone matrix by stimulating activity of osteoblast
Term

Functions of Calcitonin (3)

Definition
increases excretion of calcium by kidneys
Term

Characteristics of Hyperthyroidism

Definition
abnormal metabolic rate
sensitive to heat
restless, overactive
appears mentally alert
eyes protrude (exophthalmos)
irritable due to sensitive nervous system
possible enlarged thyroid (exophthalmic goiter)
Term

Characteristics of Hypothyroidism

Definition
low metabolic rate
abnormal sensitivity to cold
physical sluggishness
poor appetite
appears mentally dull
swelling of body tissue - myxedema
tendency to gain weight
Term

Cretinism

Definition
if infant's glands fail to produce normally - may develop
Term

Characteristics of cretinism

Definition
stunted growth
abnormal bone formation
retarded mental development
low body temperature
sluggishness
Term

When should treatment of cretinism begin?

Definition
withine 1 month of birth to retard symptoms
Term

What is cause of simple goiter

Definition
no iodine
Term

structure of Parathyroid glands

Definition
4 small, yellowish structures located on posterior surface of thyroid
Term

Exophthalmic goiter

Definition
enlarged thyroid due to hypersecretion. More frequent in females
Term

What does Parathyroid Gland produce?

Definition
PTH - parathyroid hormone
Term

What does PTH do?

Definition
Causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate
Term

functions of PTH

Definition
1. stimulates osteoclast Inhibits osteoblast kidneys conserve calcium and excrete phosphorus calcium is absorbed from the digestive tract
Term
 Addison's Disease
Definition
Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids and aldosterone; Autoimmune; JFK (bronze skin)
Term

Melatonin 

Definition
hormone secreted by pineal gland that is thought to be responsible for 24 hour circadian rhythms. Melatonin production is cyclic and is only produced in the absence of light. Light inhibits its production.
Term

Pineal Gland

Definition
located in the roof of the third ventricle. Gland starts to calcify at puberty and produces calcium deposits called brain sand.
Term

What stimulates maturity of T-lymphocytes?

Definition
Thymosin stimulates maturity of T-lymphocytes after they leave thymus and migrate to other tissue.
Term

Thymus

Definition
Thymus - 40g. during puberty - soft, bi-lobed structure that extends from roof of neck to pericardium. It lies in mediastinum behind sternum and between lungs. Large in children, but gets smaller with age
Term

thymosin 

Definition
affects production of white blood cells and lymphocytes.
Term
What gland secretes thymosin?
Definition
Thymus
Term

Thymus composed of what?

Definition
Thymus composed of lymphatic tissue and subdivided into lobules by connective tissue. Lobules contain large number lymphocytes. Some develop into T-lymphocytes which
leave thymus and function in immunity.
Term

Hypoglycemia

Definition
Hypoglycemia - low blood sugar - triggers epinephrine, glucagon, and GH. Often caused by a diabetic injecting too much insulin.Characterized by anxiety, sweating, increased heart rate, weakness, tremors, mental disorientation, convulsions, unconsciousness, and death
Term

Hyperinsulinism

Definition
rare - usually tumor of islet cells.
Term

Diabetes Mellitus

Definition
hereditary disease characterized by high blood glucose and glucose in urine, increased urine formation (polyuria), excessive thirst (polydipsia), and excessive eating (polyphagia). Juvenile onset diabetes is insulin
dependent. About 90% of the diabetes is mature onset diabetes which usually occurs in people who are over 40 and overweight. Usually adult onset diabetes can be controlled through diet and exercise.
Term

Insulin

Definition
secreted when blood sugar is high. It accelerates movement of glucose to glycogen, and stimulates protein synthesis and lipogenesis.
Term

Glucagon

Definition
secreted when blood sugar falls below normal. It accelerates the conversin of glycogen to glucose, the conversion of other amino acids and lipids to glucose.
Term

Pancreas

Definition
flattened organ posterior and slightly inferior to stomach. Has both endocrine and exocrine functions. 3 cells secrete hormones:
1) alpha - glucagon - increase amount of glucose in blood
2) beta - insulin - decrease amount of glucose in blood
3) delta - GHIH - inhibits glucagon and insulin
Term

Hyperparathyroidism

Definition
1) blood calcium high
2) nervous system depressed
3) muscle contractions weak and sluggish
4) usually caused by tumors
5) bones deformed and soft due to osteoclast
Term

Hypoparathyroidism - Characteristics:

 

Definition
Hypoparathyroidism - Characteristics:
1) blood calcium drops
2) nervous system excitable
3) muscle undergo tetanic contractions (muscle cramps and seisures)
4) can die due to respiratory failure, treatment - give large doses Vitamin D and calcium
Term

Characteristics of PTH

Definition
Produces PTH - parathyroid hormone - causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate,
1) Stimulates osteoclast
2) Inhibits osteoblast
3) Kidneys conserve calcium and excrete phosphorus
4) Calcium is absorbed from the digestive tract.
Term

PTH - parathyroid hormone

Definition
Produces PTH - parathyroid hormone - causes increase in blood calcium and decrease in blood phosphate,
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