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Endocrine System Anatomy
N/A
47
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/15/2015

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Term
The endocrine system is a network of organs and cells that...
Definition
secrete hormones into the blood stream.
Term
The endocrine system works in conjunction with what?
Definition
the nervous system to maintain homeostasis.
Term
Generally, the endocrine system is controlled by what?
Definition
pituitary gland (hypophysis).
Term
The hypothalamus produces what?
Definition
releasing hormones.
Term
The pituitary gland secretes what?
Definition
stimulating hormones.
Term
The endocrine glands include what?
Definition
adrenals, thyroid, sex glands and kidneys.
Term
Where is the pituitary located?
Definition
base of the skull (sella turcica).
Term
The gland hangs down beneath the hypothalamus by a connection called what?
Definition
the pituitary stalk.
Term
The pituitary gland secretes...
Definition
9 distinct hormones.
Term
The pituitary gland is...
Definition
the size of a small bean.
Term
The anterior pituitary contains...
Definition
secretory cells surrounded by a dense capillary network.
Term
The anterior pituitary is linked to the hypothalamus by what?
Definition
the pituitary portal system.
Term
The anterior pituitary produces what?
Definition
stimulating hormones that act on the thyroid, adrenal glan, breasts, ovaries, testes, and melanocytes.
Term
The posterior pituitary contains what?
Definition
axons that originate in the hypothalamus.
Term
The posterior pituitary produces what?
Definition
ADH and oxytocin.
Term
What is the function of ADH?
Definition
decreases water loss by the kidneys.
Term
What is the function of oxytocin?
Definition
produces uterine contractions during childbirth, and stimulates milk release.
Term
Where is the thyroid situated?
Definition
front of the neck.
Term
The thyroids right and left lobe are joined by what?
Definition
isthmus.
Term
The thyroid contains a large number of...
Definition
spherical follicles lined with simple cuboidal epithelium.
Term
C cells are loacted where?
Definition
between follicles.
Term
The follicular cells produce what?
Definition
thyroxine (T3) and triiodothyronine (T4).
Term
What are the functions of T3 and T4?
Definition
increase metabolism and oxygen consumption.
Term
C cells produce what?
Definition
calcitonin (reduces [calcium ion] in body fluids).
Term
How many parathyroids are there?
Definition
4.
Term
Where are the parathyroids located?
Definition
posterior surface of the thyroid gland.
Term
What do chief cells produce?
Definition
parathyroid hormone (PTH).
Term
What is the function of PTH?
Definition
causes [calcium ion] to increase.
Term
Where are the adrenal glands located?
Definition
on top of each kidney.
Term
The adrenal glands have a...
Definition
cortex and a medulla.
Term
The adrenal cortex produces 20 or so steriod hormones called what?
Definition
corticosteroids.
Term
Minerlo-corticoids are produced where?
Definition
outer cortex (glomerulosa).
Term
What is the principle mineralo-corticoid?
Definition
aldosterone.
Term
What is the function of aldosterone?
Definition
helps kidneys regulate fluid loss.
Term
Where are glucocorticoids produced?
Definition
cortex (fasiculata).
Term
What is the function of glucocorticosteroids?
Definition
accelerate glucose metabolism.
Term
Glucocorticosteroids are activated by what?
Definition
ACTH.
Term
Where are androgens produced?
Definition
reticularis.
Term
Androgens are produced in large amounts (in males) by what?
Definition
testes.
Term
What are androgens responsible for in males?
Definition
male characteristics and sperm production.
Term
The medulla produces what?
Definition
epinephrine.
Term
The endocrine cells that are found throughout the pancreas are called what?
Definition
islets of langerhans.
Term
What are the 2 groups of cells within the Islets of Langerhans?
Definition
alpha and beta.
Term
What are the functions of alpha cells?
Definition
produce glucagon (causes glycogen release from the liver).
Term
What are the functions of the beta cells?
Definition
produce insulin (increases the utilization of glucose).
Term
Failure of the exocrine pancreas to function causes what?
Definition
diabetes.
Term
Endocrine cells are found where else?
Definition
heart, kidneys, GI tract, ovaries and testes.
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