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Endocrine System
Chapter 10
174
Anatomy
Not Applicable
07/23/2013

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Term
the series of ductless glands that are found in the body
Definition
endocrine system
Term
2 functions of the endocrine system
Definition
1. communication
2. control
Term
difference between endocrine and nervous systems:
Definition
nervous system: rapid; controlled by nerve impulses; short-lived

Endocrine system: slow; longer-lasting; control by way of hormones secreted into the blood stream
Term
locations of endocrine organs
Definition
neck, cranial cavity, thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity, and outside of the cavities
Term
all organs of the endocrine system are _______ but not all _________ are organs of the endocrine system
Definition
glands, glands
Term
two types of glands in the body:
Definition
1. endocrine
2. exocrine
Term
ductless glands that are apart of the endocrine system and secrete hormones into intercellular substances
Definition
endocrine glands
Term
glands that secrete their products into ducts that empty onto a surface or into a cavity; i.e. sweat glands
Definition
exocrine glands
Term
substance secreted by an endocrine gland
Definition
hormone
Term
cell acted on by a particular hormone and responding to it
Definition
target cell
Term
________ are the main regulators of metabolism, growth and development, reproduction, and many other body activities
Definition
hormones
Term
___________ play an important role in maintaining homeostasis, fluid and electrolyte, acid-base, and energy balances; important for survival of the species.
Definition
hormones
Term
too much of a substance is being secreted
Definition
hypersecretion
Term
too little of a substance is being secreted
Definition
hyposecretion
Term
two major classes of hormones
Definition
1. nonsteroid hormone
2. steroid hormone
Term
general type of hormone that does have the lipid steroid structure (derived from cholesterol) but is instead a protein or protein derivative; also sometimes called a protein hormone.
Definition
nonsteroid hormone
Term
lipid-soluble hormones that pass intact through the cell membrane of the target cell and influence cell activity by acting on specific genes.
Definition
steroid hormone
Term
________ _________ hormones are whole proteins, shorter chains of amino acids, or simply versions of single amino acids
Definition
nonsteroid hormones
Term
work according to the second messenger mechanism
Definition
nonsteroid hormones
Term
concept that explains how molecules react when they fit together in a complementary way in the same manner that a key fits into a lock to cause the lock to open or close; the analogy is often used to explain the action of hormones, enzymes, and other biological molecules.
Definition
lock and key model
Term
according to this concept, a protein hormone acts as a "first messenger". after the hormone follows the lock-and-key model, a number of chemical reactions occur that activate the second messengers which deliver information inside the cell and regulate the cell's activity.
Definition
second messenger mechanism
Term
chemical that provides communication within a hormone's target cell; for example, cyclic AMP
Definition
second messenger
Term
adenosine monophosphate; one of several second messengers that delivers information inside the cell and thus regulates the cell's activity
Definition
cyclic AMP
Term
nonsteroid hormones serve as _____ messengers providing information between endocrine glands and target organs
Definition
first
Term
________ messenger delivers its chemical sends a message from the cells of an endocrine gland to highly specific membrane receptor sites on target cells
Definition
first messenger
Term
the action of a small, lipid-soluble steroid hormones (DOES/DOES NOT) occur by the second messenger system
Definition
does not
Term
because they are ______ _______, the steroid hormone can pass intact directly through the plasma membrane of the target cell
Definition
lipid soluble
Term
this complex acts on DNA which ultimately causes the formation of a new protein in the cytoplasm that produces specific effects in the target cell
Definition
hormone-receptor complex
Term
example of a negative feed back
Definition
when blood sugar levels are high, the pancreas releases insulin to assist in the transfer of sugar from the blood into the cells, causing blood sugar levels to drop. Low blood sugar levels then cause the pancreas to stop creating/releasing insulin.
Term
uncommon feedback
Definition
positive
Term
feedback that amplifies
Definition
positive
Term
feedback that reverses
Definition
negative
Term
example of postive feedback
Definition
during labor, the muscle contractions become stronger by means of positive feedback that regulates the secretion of the hormone oxytocin
Term
tissue hormones
Definition
prostaglandins (PGs)
Term
group of naturally occurring fatty acids that affect many body functions
Definition
prostaglandins (PGs)
Term
important and extremely pwerful substances found in a variety of tissues that play an important role in communication of many body functions but do not meet the definition of a typical hormone
Definition
prostaglandins (PGs)
Term
prostaglandins are _____ _____ because in many instances they are produced in a tissue and diffuses only a short distance to act on cells within that tissue
Definition
tissue hormone
Term
typical ____________ influence activities of neighboring cells
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
typical _________ influence and control activities of widely seperated organs
Definition
hormones
Term
3 classes of prostaglanins
Definition
1. prostaglandin A
2. prostaglandin E
3. prostaglandin F
Term
____________ influence respiration, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, inflammation, and the reproductive system
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
PGs regulate cells by influencing the production of _________ ____
Definition
cyclic AMP
Term
play an important role in the treatment of conditions such as high blood pressure, asthma, and ulcers
Definition
Prostaglandins
Term
endocrine gland located in the skull, madeup of the adenohypophysis and the neurohypophysis; very small
Definition
pituitary gland
Term
two parts of the pituitary gland:
Definition
1. adenohypophysis
2. neurohypophysis
Term
anterior pituitary gland, has the structure of an endocrine gland
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
posterior pituitary gland, has the structure of nervous tissue
Definition
neurohypophysis
Term
the pituitary gland lies deep in the cranial cavity, in the small depression of the sphenoid bone that is shaped like a saddle and called the _____ _____
Definition
sella turcica (turkish saddle)
Term
the ______ ________ attaches the pituitary body to the hypothalamus; stemlike structure
Definition
pituitary stalk
Term
________ pituitary gland consists of all four hormones listed as tropic hormones
Definition
adenohypophysis
Term
hormone that stimulates another endocrine gland to grow and secrete its hormones
Definition
tropic hormone
Term
_________ pituitary gland was called the master gland
Definition
anterior
Term
a tropic hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to increase its secretion of the thyroid
Definition
thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Term
hormone that stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete larger amounts of hormones; cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Term
hormone present in males and females; in males, it stimulates the production of sperm; in females, it stimulates the ovarian follicles to mature and follicle cells to secrete estrogen
Definition
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Term
acts in conjunction with the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) to stimulate follicle and ovum maturation and release of estrogen and ovulation; known as the ovulating hormone; progesterone;in males, causes testes to develop and secrete testosterone
Definition
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Term
rupturing of the mature follicle with expulsion of its ripe ovum
Definition
ovulation
Term
the formation of a golden body in the ruptured follicle
Definition
luteinization
Term
golden body
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary gland that controls the rate of skeletal and visceral growth
Definition
growth hormone
Term
___________ hormone speeds up the movement of amino acids and accelerates anabolism to form new tissues
Definition
growth
Term
_________ hormone affects fat and carbohydrate metabolism; accelerates fat catabolism but slows glucose catabolism.
Definition
growth
Term
growth hormone and insulin have (OPPOSITE/THE SAME) effects
Definition
opposite
Term
decreases blood glucose
Definition
insulin
Term
increases blood glucose
Definition
growth hormone
Term
too much insulin in the blood
Definition
hypoglycemia
Term
too little insulin in the blood
Definition
hyperglycemia
Term
hormone secreted by the corpus luteum; stimulates secretion of the uterine lining; with estrogen, helps to initiate the menstrual cycle in girls entering puberty; milk secretion; aka lactogenic hormone
Definition
prolactin
Term
2 hormones released by the neurohypophysis
Definition
1. antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin
Term
hormone produced in the posterior pituitary gland to regulate the balance of water in the body by accelerating the reabsorption of water
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
Term
hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland before and after delivering a baby; though to initiate and maintain labor; also causes the release of breast milk into ducts for the baby to suck; "milk let-down"
Definition
oxytocin
Term
with more water moving out of the tubules into the blood, less water remains in the tubules, and therefore less urine leaves the body, this is caused by ___________ hormone
Definition
antidiuretic
Term
hyposecretion of ADH results in _______ __________, a condition in which large volumes of urine are formed and may cause serious health problems
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
production of the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin occur in the _________
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
release of the antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin occur in the ___________
Definition
posterior pituitary gland
Term
hypothalamus produces these 4 substances:
Definition
1.antidiuretic hormone
2. oxytocin
3. releasing hormones
4. inhibiting hormones
Term
hormone produced by the hypothalamus gland that causes the anterior pituitary gland to release its hormones
Definition
releasing hormone
Term
hormone produced by the hypothalamus that slows the release of anterior pituitary hormones
Definition
inhibiting hormone
Term
the _________ gland is not located in a body cavity
Definition
thyroid
Term
the thyroid gland secretes these 3 hormones:
Definition
1. thyroxine (T4)
2. triiodothyronine (T3)
3. calcitonin
Term
thyroid gland secretes ____ thyroid hormones
Definition
2
Term
thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism; more potent; principle thyroid hormone
Definition
triiodothyronine (t3)
Term
thyroid hormone that stimulates cellular metabolism; more abundant;
Definition
thyroxine (t4)
Term
in order for t4 to be produced in adequate amounts, the diet must contain sufficient ______
Definition
iodine
Term
influence every one of trillions of cells in our body
Definition
t3 and t4
Term
a hormone secreted by the thyroid that decreases calcium in the blood by acting on bone to inhibit its breakdown; homeostasis of blood calcium
Definition
calcitonin
Term
a condition in which there is a harmful excess of calcium in the blood
Definition
hypercalcemia
Term
endocrine glands located in the neck on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland; small; usually four
Definition
parathyroid gland
Term
hormone released by the parathyroid gland that increases the concentration of calcium in the blood
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
PTH and calcitonin have (OPPOSITE/THE SAME) affect
Definition
opposite
Term
pth
Definition
increase
Term
calcitonin
Definition
decrease
Term
if there is ____ _____ blood calcium, the brain cells and heart cells soon cease to function normally
Definition
too much
Term
if there is ___ _____ blood calcium, nerve cells become overactive, sometimes to such a degree that they cause muscle spasms
Definition
too little
Term
gland that curves over the tops of each kidney
Definition
adrenal gland
Term
two seperate endocrine glands of the adrenal glands:
Definition
1. adrenal cortex
2. adrenal medulla
Term
the outer part of the adrenal gland
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
the inner part of the adrenal gland
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
3 different layers of the adrenal cortex:
Definition
outer zone, middle zone, innermost zone
Term
outer portion of adrenal gland that secretes corticoids
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
hormones secreted by the three cell layers of the adrenal cortex
Definition
corticoids
Term
outer zone of adrenal cortex secretes _________ hormones
Definition
mineralocorticoids
Term
hormone that influences mineral salt metabolism; secreted by adrenal cortex; aldosterone
Definition
mineralocorticoid
Term
hormone that stimulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water; main mineralocorticoid hormone
Definition
aldosterone
Term
middle zone of adrenal cortex secretes ________
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
hormones that influence food metabolism; secreted by the adrenal cortex
Definition
glucocorticoids
Term
hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex to stimulate the availability of glucose in the blood; in large amounts, can depress immune functions, as when it is used as a drug treatment
Definition
cortisol
Term
a hormone secreted by the adrena cortex; cortisol; compound F
Definition
hydrocortisone
Term
the chief glucocoritcoid
Definition
cortisol (hydrocortisone)
Term
the innermost zone of the adrenal cortex secretes small amounts of _____ hormones
Definition
sex
Term
sex hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex resemble ____________--
Definition
testosterone
Term
increases the amount of sodium and decreases the amount of potassium in the blood
Definition
aldosterone
Term
functions of glucocorticoids:
Definition
1. blood glucose concentration
2. normal blood pressure
3. antiinflammatory effect
4. first responder to stress
Term
when extreme stimuli act on the body, they produce and internal state or condition known as _______; i.e surgery, hemorrhage, infections, severe burns, and intense emotions
Definition
stress
Term
male sex hormone
Definition
androgen
Term
______ hormones of the inner zone of the adrenal cortex increase libido in females and are insignificant in males
Definition
sex
Term
inner portion of adrenal gland that secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine; fight or flight response
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
two hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla:
Definition
1.epinephrine
2. norepinephrine
Term
___________ and ____________ are not essential for maintaining life
Definition
epinephrine, norepinephrine
Term
_________________ are essential for life
Definition
glucocoritcoids
Term
prolongs and intensifies changes in body function brought about by the stimulation of the symnpathetic subdivision of the autonomic nervous system
Definition
epinephrine
Term
__________ fibers release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Definition
adrenergic
Term
endocrine portion of the pancreas; made up of alpha and beta cells among others; also known as islets of langerhans
Definition
pancreatic islets
Term
pancreatic cell that secretes glucagon
Definition
alpha cell
Term
pancreatic islet cell that secretes insulin
Definition
beta cell
Term
hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose; leaves liver and goes into blood
Definition
glucagenolysis
Term
normal blood glucose
Definition
70-100
Term
only hormone that can decrease blood glucose
Definition
insulin
Term
________ and ___________ are antagonists
Definition
insulin, glucagon
Term
increases blood glucose
Definition
glucagon
Term
a condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose; 2 or 3 times amount of normal blood glucose
Definition
type 1 diabetes mellitus
Term
a condition resulting when cells of the body become less sensitive to the hormone insulin and perhaps the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of blood glucose
Definition
type 2 diabetes mellitus
Term
condition resulting when the pancreatic islets secrete too little insulin, resulting in increased levels of glucose
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
glucose in the urine; a sign of diabetes mellitus
Definition
glycosuria
Term
primary female sex organs
Definition
ovaries
Term
2 kinds of glandular structures in the ovaries
Definition
1. ovarian follicles
2. corpus luteum
Term
male sex cells
Definition
sperm
Term
cells of the ________ produce sperm
Definition
testes
Term
liquid portion of the male reproductive fluid
Definition
semen
Term
endocrine glands of the male genitals
Definition
testes
Term
male sex hormone produced by the interstitial cells in the testes; the "masculiniing hormone"
Definition
testosterone
Term
gland located in the mediastanum
Definition
thymus
Term
thymus and adrenal gland both have ___ and ____
Definition
medulla and cortex
Term
as part of the body's immune system, the endocrine function of the ______ is not only important but essential
Definition
thymus
Term
plays a critical part in the body's defenses agains infections-----its vital immunity mechanism
Definition
thymus
Term
endocrine gland located in the mediastinum; vital part of the body's immune system
Definition
thymus
Term
group of hormone produced by the thymus that is vital to the development and functioning of the boy's immune system
Definition
thymosin
Term
funcitons as a temporary endocrine gland
Definition
placenta
Term
anchors the developing fetus to the uterus and provides a "bridge" for the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and developing baby
Definition
placenta
Term
hormones that are secreted as the uterus develops during pregnancy
Definition
chorionic gonadotropins
Term
tropic hormones secreted by the chorion
Definition
chorionic gonadotropins
Term
produces estrogen and progesterone
Definition
placenta
Term
during the earliest weeks of pregnancy the kidneys excrete large amounts of _________ ____________ in the urine
Definition
chorionic gonadotropins
Term
endocrine gland located in the third ventricle of the brain; produces melatonin
Definition
pineal gland
Term
resembles the pine nut
Definition
pineal gland
Term
becomes fibrous and encrusted with calcium deposits as a person ages
Definition
pineal gland
Term
important hormone produced by the pineal gland that is believed to regulate the onset of puberty and the menstrual cycle; also referred to as the third eye because it responds to levels of light and is though to be involved with the body's internal clock
Definition
melatonin
Term
continuing research into the endocrine system has shown that nearly every organ and system has an _________ function
Definition
endocrine
Term
secreted by the epithelial cells lining the stomach and boosts appetite, slow metabolism, and reduces fat burning
Definition
ghrelin
Term
secreted by cells in the wall of the heart's atria (upper chambers) important regulator of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis; antagonist to aldosterone
Definition
natriuretic hormone (ANH)
Term
stimmulates the kidney to retain sodium ions and water
Definition
aldosterone
Term
stimulates the loss of sodium ions and water
Definition
natriuretic hormone (ANH)
Term
secreted by fat storing cells throughout the body; seems to regulate how hungry or full we feel and how fat is metabolized by the body
Definition
leptin
Term
when tumors of the adrenal cortex located in the middle zone of the cortex often result in the production of abnormally large amounts of glucocorticoids; moon face, buffalo hump on upper back
Definition
cushing's syndrome
Term
hyposecretion of adrenal cortex hormones results in a condition which causes reduced cortical hormone levels resulting in muscle weakness, reduced blood sugar, nausea, loss of appetite, and weight loss; ie. J.F. Kennedy
Definition
addison's disease
Term
oversecretion of the thyroid hormones that dramatically increases the metabolic rate; lose weight, irritable, have increased appetite, protrusion of the eyeballs
Definition
hyperthyroidism
Term
undersecretion of thyroid hormones
Definition
hypothyroidism
Term
low dietary intake of iodine causes a painless enlargement of the thyroid gland called
Definition
simple goiter
Term
hyposecretion of thyroid hormones during the formative years; low metabolic rate, retarded growth and sexual development, and mental retardation
Definition
cretinism
Term
later in life, deficient thyroid hormone secretion produces ___________ which is characterized by a low metabolic rate, lessened mental and physical vigor, weight gain, loss of hair, and swelling of tissues
Definition
myxedema
Term
hypersecretion of growth hormone during the early years of life produces
Definition
gigantism
Term
hyposecretion of the growth hormone produces
Definition
pituitary dwarfism
Term
if the anterior pituitary gland secretes too much growth hormone after the normal growth years; enlargement of bones of hands, feet, jaws, and cheeks
Definition
acromegaly
Term
how hormones act on target cells
Definition
signal transduction
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