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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
58
Anatomy
Not Applicable
04/08/2005

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Term
second messenger system of body
Definition
endocrine system
Term
endocrine systems uses __________ that are released into blood
Definition
chemical messages (hormones)
Term
hormones control 5 major processes
Definition
"reproduction, growth and development, mobiliazation of body defenses, maintenance of much of homeostasis, regulation of metabolism"
Term
3 ways hormones can be classified
Definition
"amino acid-based (proteins, peptides, amines), steroids (made from cholesterol), and prostaglandins (made from highly active lipids)"
Term
target cells or organs
Definition
"hormones circulate to all organs, but a given hormone affects only certain tissue cells or organs"
Term
target cell MUST have…
Definition
specific protein receptors
Term
typical effects caused by hormones (4)
Definition
"(1) changes in plasma membrane permeability or electrical state; (2) symthese of proteins, such as enzymes; (3) activation or inactivation of enzymes; (4) stimulation of mitosis"
Term
steroid hormone action (5)
Definition
"(1) diffuse through plasma membrane of target cells, (2) enter nucleus, (3) bind to a specific protein within nucleus, (4) (protein and steroid unit bind to specivid sites on cell's DNA, (5) then activate genes (via mRNA) that result in synthesis of new proteins"
Term
nonsteroid hormone action (4)
Definition
(1) nonsteroid hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor on cell membrane but does NOT enter cell; (2) this sets off series of reactions that activates an enzyme; (3) catalyzes a reaction that produces a second messenger molecule; (4) oversees additional intracellular changes to promote a specific response (such as glycogen breakdown)
Term
negative feedback mechanisms
Definition
chief way of regulating blood levels of nearly all hormons; stumulus or low hormone levels in blood triggers release of more hormone; hormone release stops once an appropriate level in blood is reached
Term
hormonal stimulus of endocrine glands
Definition
endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
Term
humoral stimulus of endocrine glands
Definition
changing blood levels of certain ions (i.e. calcium) stimulate hormone release
Term
neurla stimulus of endocrine glands
Definition
nerve impulses stimulate hormone release (most are under control of sympathetic nervous system)
Term
major endocrine organs include…(8)
Definition
"pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal gland, pineal gland, thymus gland, pancreas, gonads (ovaries and testes)"
Term
location of pituitary gland
Definition
hangs by stalk from hypothalamus and is protected by sphenoid bone
Term
2 functional lobes of pituitary gland
Definition
anterior pituitary (glandular tissue) and posterior pituitary (nervous tissue)
Term
which glands are ductless?
Definition
endocrine
Term
endocrine glands
Definition
ductless glands that empty hormones directly into blood
Term
exocrine glands
Definition
glands with ducts through which secretions are carried to a particular site
Term
hormones of anterior pituitary (6)
Definition
"growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL) affect non-endocrine targets; thyroid-stimulating or thyrotropic (TSH or TH), follicle-stimulating (FSH), luteinizing (LH), and adrenocorticotropic (ACTH) are all tropic hormones (stimulate other endocrine glands)"
Term
3 characteristics of all anterior pituitary hormones
Definition
"proteins (or peptides); act throuh second-messenger systems; regulated by hormonal stimuli, mostly negative feedback"
Term
GH
Definition
growth hormone--major effects directed to growth of skeletal muscles and long bones
Term
PRL
Definition
prolactin--stimulates and maintains milk production following childbirth
Term
ACTH
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone--regulated endocrine activity of adrenal cortex
Term
TSH
Definition
thyroid-stimulating hormone--influences growth and activity of thyroid
Term
gonadotropic hormones
Definition
FSH--stimulates follicle development in ovaries and sperm development in testes; LH--trigers ovulations and stimulates testosterone production
Term
known as the master endocrine gland
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
hormones of posterior pituitary (2)
Definition
oxytocin--stimulates contractions of uterus and causes milk ejection; antidiuretic (ADH) hormone--can inhibit urine production and in large amounts causes vasoconstriction leading to increased blood pressure
Term
location of thyroid gland
Definition
base of throat--consists of 2 lobes and connecting isthmus
Term
thyroid gland produces 2 hormones
Definition
thyroid hormone (T4--have a lot; T3--most potent) and calcitonin
Term
the body's major jetabolic hormone
Definition
thyroid hormone
Term
calcitonin
Definition
regulates calcium balance
Term
location of parathyroid glands
Definition
posterior surface of thyroid gland
Term
parathyroid glands secrete
Definition
parathyroid hormone
Term
functions of parathyroid hormone (3)
Definition
stimulate osteoclasts to remove calcium from bone; stimulate kidneys and intestine to absorb more calcium; raise calcium level in blood
Term
location of adrenal glands
Definition
on top of kidneys
Term
2 parts to adrenal glands
Definition
cortex (outer glandular region in 3 layers) and medulla (inner neural tissue region)
Term
hormones of adrenal cortex (3)
Definition
"corticosteroids (mineralocorticoids, glucocorticoids, sex hormones)"
Term
mineralocorticoids
Definition
"produced in outer adrenal cortex and regulate mineral content in blood, water and electorlyte balance (target organ is kidney)"
Term
glucocorticoids
Definition
produced in middle layer of adrenal cortex and promote normal cell metabolism (released in response to increased blood levels of ACTH)
Term
sex hormones
Definition
produced in inner layer of adrenal cortex--androgens (male) and some estrogen (femail)
Term
hormones of adrenal medulla
Definition
catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)--prepare body to deal with short-term stress
Term
best0hidden endocrine glands in body
Definition
pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
Term
exocrine (enzyme-producing) part of pancreas acts as part of the…
Definition
digestive system
Term
hormones produced by islets of pancreas (2)
Definition
insulin (allows glucose to cross plasma membranes into cells from beta cells) and glucagon (allows glucose to enter blood from alpha cells)
Term
function of insulin and glucagon
Definition
antagonists that maintain blood sugar homeostasis
Term
location of pineal gland
Definition
found on third ventricle of brain
Term
function of pineal gland
Definition
secretes melatonin (helps establish body's wake/sleep cycles)
Term
thymus location
Definition
behind sternum
Term
thymus is largest in…
Definition
infants and children
Term
function of thymus
Definition
produces thymosin which matures some types of WBCs and important in developing the immune system
Term
hormones of ovaries (2)
Definition
estrogens and progesterone
Term
function of estrogen (5)
Definition
"(produced by Graafian follicles or placenta) stimulates development of secondary female characteristics; matures female reproductive organs, helps perpare uterus to receive fertilized egg; helps maintain pregnancy; prepares breasts to produce milk"
Term
progesterone functions (2)
Definition
(produces by corpus luteum) acts with estrogen to bring about menstrual cycle and helps in implantation of embryo in uterus
Term
hormones of testes
Definition
produces several androgens; testosterone is most important
Term
testosterone functions (3)
Definition
responsible for adult male secondary sex characteristics; promotes growth and maturation of male reproductive system; required for sperm cell production
Term
other hormone-producing tissues and organs (4)
Definition
"parts of small intestine, parts of stomach, kidneys, heart"
Term
endocrine functions of placenta (3)
Definition
"produces hormones to maintain pregnancy; some hormones play part in delivery of baby; produces HCG in addition to estrogen, progesterone, and other hormones"
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