Term
| With rhabdomyolysis, there is a final common pathway of different causes that results in a rise in intracellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| etiologic diagnosis of rhabdomyolysis comes from: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| which two muscles most common for a muscle biopsy? |
|
Definition
| semimembranosus; semitendinosus |
|
|
Term
| which horse breed is by far most predisposed to muscle disorders? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On PE of a horse, when looking for muscle disorder, really pay attention to: |
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Definition
|
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Term
| the slower rising enzyme that indicates more chronic muscle damage |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If have dark urine in a horse, it could be myoglobin from muscle damage- but what else is on your differential? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| After an exercise test, in a normal horse serum CK should be back to normal in ____ hours |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two underlying reasons of why a horse might have exertional rhabdomyolysis |
|
Definition
| overexerted physically; underlying myopathy |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of an exertional rhabdomyolysis is poorly understood however we know it is NOT due to_________. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| With recurrent rhabdomyolysis, you need to think of a genetic disorder which could be one of these three: |
|
Definition
| polysaccharide storage; recurrent exertional; glycogen storage |
|
|
Term
| what horse breed gets familial recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| give the classic signalment of a recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) case |
|
Definition
| young stressed female thoroughbred |
|
|
Term
| what is key in managing recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis |
|
Definition
| avoid stressful situations |
|
|
Term
| what drug may be given with rhabdomyolysis cases that affects calcium regulation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypo________ is thought to cause synchronous diaphragmatic flutter in horses with ____________syndrome |
|
Definition
| hypocalcemia; exhausted horse syndrome |
|
|
Term
| with exhausted horse syndrome, you can see a metabolic (acidosis/alkalosis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With treating acute exertional rhabdomyolysis, there are four things to consider in treatment in order to prevent further muscled damage: |
|
Definition
| 1. stop exercise 2. anti inflamm 3. ace for blood flow 4. dantrolene |
|
|
Term
| why would you give opioids to a horse in an acute exertional rhabdomyolysis episode? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| A good non invasive way to dx most cases of PSSM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PSSM is present in over 30% of this breed of horse |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PSSM is (autosomal/sex linked) and (dominant/recessive) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| this disorder is the rsult of accumulation of weird glycogen in muscles |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| PSSM glycogen has (more/less) branching than normal |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| do you want have lots or little daily exercise for a PSSM horse? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| most important part of PSSM diet |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Re-Leve is a feed designed for this disorder: |
|
Definition
| recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis |
|
|
Term
| what kind of rhabdomyolysis is malignant hyperthermia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| these disorders may predispose a horse to malignant hyperthermia: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what accumulates up to 50x normal intracellularly with white muscle disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme is deficient in white muscle disease b/c it contains and needs selenium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| with white muscle disease you give Se IV or IM |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency is inherited most commonly in what horse breed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What muscle condition is characterized by complete lack of normal staining glycogen in muscle tissue |
|
Definition
| Glycogen branching enzyme deficiency |
|
|
Term
| HYPP is an inherited mutation in descendants of a ( _breed__) stallion named Impressive |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HYPP horses are usually (well/poorly) muscled |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What four things can you give an HYPP horse during an episode? |
|
Definition
| dextrose, insulin, bicarb, calcium gluconate |
|
|
Term
| with an HYPP horse you want to give feed that is low in ______ which would include one these two grass hays: |
|
Definition
| potassium; oat or timothy |
|
|
Term
| The most important part of working up a horse with recurrent rhabdomyolysis is: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In diagnosing type (__a__) PSSM, you need a muscle biopsy. On histo you'll see type (_b_) fibers affected and starch retained after addition of this enzyme, (___c___). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To minimize stress for an RER horse, you can administer _____ prior to exercise. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Prognosis for glycogen branching enzyme deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what non inflammatory myopathy should be on your differential for a dysphagic horse? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| what muscle is classically atrophied in adult horses with selenium deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what enzyme can you test to dx white muscle disease, even when owner has supplemented with vit E and selenium where those levels now appear normal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| HYPP is due to a single amino acid substitution in a gene that codes for what kind of voltage gated channel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| prolapse of third eyelid and facial muscle spasms may be early signs of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with HYPP, CBC and serum profile usually normal EXCEPT: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mitochondrial myopathy primarily seen in this breed: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Strep equi can sometimes cause muscle abnormalities especially in which muscle group? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This muscle disease is seen in heavily muscled animals and in humans they have identified a defect in a chloride channels |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| two primary differentials for obese laminitic horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PPID is a consequence of the degeneration of __________. |
|
Definition
| dopaminergic neurons in hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| one way to differentiate between PPID and EMS is age where above 20 it will be _____ and between 5-15 it will be ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hypertrichosis is pathognomonic for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what kinda neuro signs can you get with PPID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| abnormal fat deposition is really a cardinal sign of : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| may not wanna do d ex suppression test to dx PPID b/c of what side effect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what season may you see the highest number of false positives for PPID? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These three signs are defining criteria of EMS. Even though they are shared signs with PPID they are less consistent with it. |
|
Definition
| insulin resistance, obesity, laminitis |
|
|
Term
| You can diagnose this disease by ruling out PPID |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Very common in donkeys and mules- they evolved in harsh environments and are efficient in storing energy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the four locations for fat accumulaiton in EMS? |
|
Definition
| neck, tailhead, suprorbital, prepuce |
|
|
Term
| cresty neck indicative of |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do adipocytes produce that may contribute to the pathogenesis of EMS? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if resting insulin levels greater than _____ than you can say the horse is insulin resistant |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the cutoff for glucose levels in oral glucose challenge to dx insulin resistance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| foundation of an EMS diet |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why is an overgrazed pasture bad for an EMS horse |
|
Definition
| more sugar content in bottom of grass |
|
|
Term
| if diet isn't working for an EMS horse- you can supplement them with this to stimulate weight loss? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug can you treat fescue toxicosis with? |
|
Definition
| domperidone (dopamine antagonist) |
|
|
Term
| If a horse does have hyperparathyroidism ( rare ) what can you measure to determine if it's primary or nutritional secondary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| this VFA, ________, is needed to maintain levels of __________, which is needed to maintain kreb's cycle |
|
Definition
| proprionate; oxaloacetate |
|
|
Term
| if there is not enough oxaloacetate for kreb's cycle, what happens to Acetyl CoA? |
|
Definition
| converts to ketone bodies |
|
|
Term
| which two VFAs are ketogenic |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If an animal has been ketotic for >48hrs, what can you suspect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are three effects of cortisol in a ketosis situation? |
|
Definition
| stim hormone sensitive lipase; stimulate glucogenic amino acids; reduce milk production |
|
|
Term
| Propionic Acid provides ___% of glucose energy supply in ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what % of a ruminant's glucose comes straight from small intestine ( i.e. not from gluconeogenesis) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Most common metabolic disease of ruminants |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many lbs of glucose is needed for a cow to produce 80 lbs of milk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Primary ketosis is seen in what cows? |
|
Definition
| genetically high milk producers |
|
|
Term
| why might a cow's appetite DECREASE when she's fresh ( starting to milk) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which kind of ketosis is most commonly seen? |
|
Definition
| secondary ( to disease, dec intake etc) |
|
|
Term
| Three main features in serum of ketotic cow |
|
Definition
| hypoglycemia; high NEFAs; ketones |
|
|
Term
| You see a cow licking herself in the field- this might be nervous signs due to what? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| nervous ketosis is a direct result of increased isopropyl alcohol that is converted from which ketone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the three ketone bodies in ketosis |
|
Definition
| Acetoacetate; Acetone; Beta-Hydroxybutyrate |
|
|
Term
| What are the four hormones that are increased in ketosis and cause subsequent (lipogenesis/lipolysis) |
|
Definition
| GH, Cortisol, Catecholamines, Glucagon; Lipolysis |
|
|
Term
| When assessing ketonuria, if value on dipstick is above _____, then the cow has clinical ketosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When assessing ketonuria, if value on dipstick is above _____, then the cow definitely needs IV dextrose over oral |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In establishing a positive energy balance in a ketotic cow, what kind of hay is recommended? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In establishing a positive energy balance in a ketotic cow, you can give them a slurry via orogastric tube and can add in this glucose precursor: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What electrolyte might need replacing in a ketotic cow and may be good idea to empirically supplement? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why might a ketotic animal be HYPERglycemic, and in that case in treatment you should add this IV: |
|
Definition
| Inc cortisol = insulin resistance; add insulin |
|
|
Term
| When on a farm, it's hard to do a CRI dextrose so generally do boluses. However there are limitations to how much you can give at one time- why? |
|
Definition
| Create osmotic diuresis and cow only metabolizes so much |
|
|
Term
| The use of steroids in ketosis tx is controversial. When might it be contraindicated? |
|
Definition
| When high risk for fatty liver (e.g. BCS 4.5) |
|
|
Term
| Transition diets are very helpful if can be done... when are they recommended to be used in the cycle? |
|
Definition
| Last 3-5 week in gestation and First 4 weeks of lactation |
|
|
Term
| ___a__ is the feed analysis parameter that represents ALL cell wall contents while __b__ is a fraction of that representing only indigestible portion ( like lignin and cellulose) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specific species has been having a high incidence of protein energy malnutrition (PEM) lately? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Protein Energy Malnutrition (PEM) cases can look very similar to ketosis except for the BCS. Generally- PEM animals' BCS is (low/high) and Ketosis ( low/high) |
|
Definition
| PEM= low BCS; Ketosis= high BCS |
|
|
Term
| On necropsy, what finding is very indicative of protein energy malnutirion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
protein energy malnutirion clincal path:
a. CBC might see this:
b. chem will have two things low: |
|
Definition
| a. normocytic normochromic nonregenerative anemia b. low BUN and low Albumin |
|
|
Term
| You have a skinny poor doing preggo llama with normal rumen, normal feces and good appetite- what is a top differential |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| poor- will eat till they die |
|
|
Term
| What makes ruminants susceptible to fatty liver compared to some other species? |
|
Definition
| Bad producers of lipoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What can you suplement a cow with suspected fatty liver to help produce lipoproteins? |
|
Definition
| sulfur containing aa's ( cysteine, methionine) |
|
|
Term
| What liver values are elevated with fatty liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What should you measure on top of min database when suspect fatty liver and cow showing nervous signs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gross changes can you feel on a fatty liver when for instance doing DA surgery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Two reasons for nervous signs with a ketotic cow- |
|
Definition
| Inc ammonia or isopropyl alcohol |
|
|
Term
| By far the best way to dx hepatic lipidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How might you get an immediate dx for hepatic lipidosis from a liver biopsy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If triglyceride content is greater than ___% of wet weight in a liver biopsy then you can dx hepatic lipidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Can you see transverse processes in a BCS 3 ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PTH (activates/deactivates) vitD |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When you decrease blood pH, do you increase or decrease ionized calcium? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cow breed predisposed to milk fever?? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what number calvings/lactations in a cow's life is milk fever more common |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The DCAD diet should start _____weeks before calving |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The DCAD diet causes an increase or decrease of free calcium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main result of a DCAD diet that stimulates PTH production |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the DCAD diet you increase (anions/cations) in order to (acidify/alkalinize) blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why do you aways put "hoggles" (sp?) on a cow acting funny with suspected hypocalcemia and might go down |
|
Definition
| prevent dislocating hip and fractures |
|
|
Term
| Why might you get a rumen impaction with hypocalcemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a milk fever cow calcium ( IV/IM) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When administering calcium to a milk fever cow, need to do it slowly and listen for _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a milk fever cow, some immediate favorable response to calcium IV tx are: |
|
Definition
| Eructation, louder slower heart, head bobbing, alert, defecation/eructation |
|
|
Term
| If immediate favorable responses aren't seen in a milk fever cow when administering IV calcium, they may also have concurrent low levels of these two minerals: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When recovering a milk fever cow and you also wanna supplement with phosphorus- what's a good treatment? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do you have to worry about when administering calcium to cows that may have some ischemic muscle necrosis? |
|
Definition
| calcium sequestration and subsequent overdose and metastatic calcification |
|
|
Term
| Is calcium gel at parturition a good idea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium is absorbed in the _____ while magnesium is absorbed in the _____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why do you see increased muscle contraction with low Mg |
|
Definition
| it is a natural calcium channel blocker |
|
|
Term
| Increases in these two minerals will decrease Mg absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An increase or decrease in Na:K ratio will decrease absorption of Mg |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What might result from cows being turned out on lush green fertilized grass in spring? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What other factor may push a ruminant over edge where already low magnesium? |
|
Definition
| stress ( lact, preg, sheep with triplets etc) |
|
|
Term
| Classic case of a dairy cow with hypomagnesemia |
|
Definition
| first two months lactation |
|
|
Term
| Classic case of beef cattle with hypomagnesemia |
|
Definition
| turned out on fresh fertilized pasture |
|
|
Term
| Tachycardia is a sign of both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Which one are heart sounds SOFT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tachycardia is a sign of both hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia. Which one are heart sounds LOUD? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| frequent urination and defecation may be a sign of subacute: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why might you have hypocalcemia on clin path of a hypomagnesemia cow |
|
Definition
| calcium has moved intracellularly |
|
|
Term
| When in the field treating a hypomag case, it may be best to also tx for: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| for subclincial hypomag cases best to administer Mg _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Give a classic sig/hx of pregnancy toxemia case |
|
Definition
| Fat large breed sheep with triplets who had a sudden change in feed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| be sure to not forget to measure this mineral in a pregnancy toxemia case |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hyper or hypoglycemia is seen with preg toxemia? |
|
Definition
| both depending on level of insulin resistance established |
|
|
Term
| best tx for pregnancy toxemia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what can you give orally to preg toxemia sheep to help with glucose levels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fluids for a preg tox sheep |
|
Definition
| CRI isotonic fluids plus 5% dextrose |
|
|
Term
| to prevent preg tox in sheep remember as she is ending gestation to increase _____ in her feed, add more of _____hay, and have at least ___% protein |
|
Definition
|
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