Term
|
Definition
-Ductless gland through body
-secrete hormones into blood, travel to target cell |
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Term
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Definition
-Regulate homeostasis
-adaptive change 2 help body cope w/ stress
-smooth, sequential growth &development
-control reproduction
-control RBC production
-Integrating circulation and &digestion |
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Term
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Definition
+Hydrophilic- H2O soluable/low lipid soluable
-peptides and proteins
+Lipophilic- poor soluable H2O/high lipid soluable |
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Term
| HYDROPHILIC HORMONE SYNTHESIS |
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Definition
1.large precursor protein/synth. in ER
2.Processed in Golgi Apparatus->active form
3.packed to secretory vessicles& stored until told to realease
4.secretion of vesicular contents by exocytosis ---> blood stream |
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Term
| LIPOPHILIC HORMONE SYNTHESIS |
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Definition
1.stored cholesterol undergo enzymatice reactions modify basic cholesterol molecule
2. synthesized steroids diffuse through plasma membrane to blood |
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Term
| TRANSPORTING HORMONES TO BLOOD |
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Definition
-Hydrophilic hormone dissolves in plasma
-Lipophilic hormone bind by a carrier molecule |
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Term
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Definition
-Hydrophilic hormone: bindd to specific receptor on cell surface-> trigger transduction pathway
-Lipophilic Hormone: binds specific receptors in cell->activate genes( or turn off) |
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Term
| BASIC cAMMP 2nd MESSENGER |
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Definition
1.Bind hormone to receptor
2.Receptor activate adenylyl cyclase through through G-protein
3.AC convert ATP---->cAMP
4.cAMP bind ----> activate A(PKA)
5.PKA phosphorylate target proteins
6.target protein undergo conformalation |
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Term
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Definition
1. 1st messenger removed
2.a subunit turns off, return to inactivate state
3.downstream effector->return to original state
4.phosphodiesterase_ convert c amp to non activate |
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Term
| DIFFER CELLS HAVE UNIQUE/SIGNAL PATHWAYS |
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Definition
-differ 1st messenger+ downstream proteins
-cAMP is common 2nd messenger
-different response depend on different downstream protein |
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Term
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Definition
1.ligand receptor of G-protein
2.G-protein phospholipase C
3.PIP2 into IP3
4.Ca2+ increase and activate calmodulin-> affect downstream target proteins |
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Term
| WHY use CUMBERSOME SIGNALING MECHANISM? |
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Definition
1.a signal gets amped at each step
2. affect multiple processes at a time w/ 1 signal |
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Term
| HORMONAL RESPONSE IS SLOW BUT LONG DURATION |
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Definition
- 2nd messenger system, takes minutes/hrs
-2nd messenger & de novo continue even after hormone uncouples from receptor |
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Term
| COMPLEX ENDOCRINE FUNCTION |
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Definition
-single gland produce multiple hormone
-single hormone secreted by multiple gland
-single hormone have multiple target cell
-rate of secretion varies over time
-chemical messenger a hormone or neurotransmitter
-some organs are endocrine,others non-endocrine |
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Term
| PLASMA CONTRACTIONS INFLUENCED BY TRANSPORT, METABOLISM& EXCRETION |
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Definition
-metabolism of a hormone can be inactivated or activated
-transport is "how long in blood"
-excretion is removal of hormone by urine
-hormonal inactivation and excretion, not regulated |
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Term
| EFFECT--- HORMONES on HORMONES |
|
Definition
-PERMISSIVENESS: effect that hormone dependent on 2nd hormone
-SYNERGISM:complementary;sum of combined effects of hormones>sum of individual effects
-ANTAGONISM:1 hormone=loss of another hormone's receptor-->reduce 2nd effectiveness |
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Term
| HORMONE ACTIVITY depend on PLASMA CONCENTRATION |
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Definition
-effect hormones on target tissues w/ amount of free active hormone
+factors affect hormone availability:
-rate of secretion
-rate of metabolic activation
-extent of bound vs. free hormone
-rate of removal |
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Term
|
Definition
+2 anatomically & functionally distinct lobes
-ANTERIOR -POSTERIOR
+Hormones released are controlled by hypothalamus
-ANTERIOR(vascular link)-POSTERIOR(neural path) |
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Term
|
Definition
-neuron secretory neuron synthesize vasopressin & oxytocin
-axon from neurons travel to posterior/ hormones stored in axon terminals until stimulated to release
-cell make vasopressin/oxytocin |
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Term
|
Definition
-synthesize hormones~tropic hormones(regulate secretion of other hormone)
+HORMONE RELEASE BY 2 FACTORS:
-Hypothalamic hormone
-feedback by target- Gland Hormone |
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Term
| ENDOCRINE CONTROL OF GROWTH |
|
Definition
-GH:needed for growth + other factors
+other factors:
-genetic determination
-adequate diet
-freedom from chronic disease & stress
-normal level of growth influence hormone |
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Term
|
Definition
-growth rate not continuous over time
-Fetal Growth:by factors secreted in placenta, genetics, environment
-Post natal growth spurt: GH
-Pubertal Growth Spurt: androgen & nutrition |
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Term
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Definition
-NOT just about growth
-increase fatty acid & blood glucose level for brain
-enhance triglyceride breakdown for fuel to muscle
-decrease glucose uptake by muscle
-grow soft tissue & bone
-increase cell #
-increase size of cell |
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Term
|
Definition
-GH action is not direct on target cells
+IGFH-I
-primary source of circulating IGF-I is liver=> GH stimulation
-produced in other tissues
+IGF-II
-production not influenced by GH
-IMPORTANT during fetal development
-unclear in adults |
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Term
|
Definition
-occur by pituitary defect or hypothalamic dysfunction
+in children- dwarfism
+in adults- decreased muscle mass |
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Term
|
Definition
-over active pituitary- result of tumor
+in children - gigantism
+ACROMEGALY: disproportionate growth pattern of soft tissue, thickening of bones |
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Term
|
Definition
-Thyroid Hormone:permissive role/ essential
-Insulin:resemble somatomedins, interact w/ IGF-IR
-Androgens:in pubertal growth spurt
-Estrogens: terminate linear growth, stimulate EPIPHYSEAL PLATE closure |
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Term
|
Definition
-2 lobes overlying trachea/below pharynx
-follicle:hollow sphere surrounded by cells |
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Term
|
Definition
-Tyrosine- contain Tg, produced by follicular cells, transport by exocytosis
-Iodine is actively transported from blood----->colloid |
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Term
|
Definition
-Iodinization of tyrosine
-combination of 2 iodinized tyrosines |
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Term
| T4-------->T3: in LIVER & KIDNEY |
|
Definition
-90% secreted TH is form T4
-T3 is 4x more potent than T4 |
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Term
|
Definition
-main determinant of basal metabolic rate
-increase O2 consumption & energy expenditure
-byproduct of increased metabolism is HEAT |
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Term
|
Definition
+from failure of thyroid gland
-2nd failure of TRH,TSH, or both
+symptoms: reduced basal metabolic rate
-low tolerance of cold
-weak pulse
-slow reflexes
-myxedema(puffy hand and feet)
+Treatment:increased dietary iodine |
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Term
|
Definition
+Graves' Disease- auto immune disease: produce AB not react to negative feedback
+symptom: elevated basal metabolic rate
-excess sweat
-drop in body weight
-increase heart rate
-increase mental alertness
-exopthalamos(bulging eyes)
+treatment:
-surgical removal of thyroid gland
-radioactive iodine
-antithyroid drug |
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Term
|
Definition
-enlarged thyroid gland
+Hypothyroidism:
-result of elevated TSH activity on cells due to no negative feedback
+Hyperthyroidism:
-elevated TSH in excessive activity
-Graves' Disease |
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Term
|
Definition
+Ca2+ in body
-99% sequestered in bone and teeth
-.9% not used
.1% in plasma ECF
+Function:
-neuromuscular excitability
-stimulus secretion coupling
-maintenance of tight juctins
-clotting of blood |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-C cell produces in thyroid gland
-decrease plasma Ca2+ level & movement from bone fluid to plasma
-Decrease bone resorption by inhibiting osteclast activity
+respond to increase plasma Ca2+ level |
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Term
| PARATHYROID HORMONE (PTH) |
|
Definition
-2 major effects on bone to raise Ca2+ concentrations
-acts on kidneys to increase Ca2+ reabsorption/decrease PO4 reabsorption |
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Term
| REGULATION OF Ca2+/ HOMEOSTASIS & BALANCE |
|
Definition
-not all ingested Ca2+ is absorbed, extent of absorption is hormonally controlled
-Bone is used as Ca2+reservoir
-need: bone, kidney, intestine |
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Term
|
Definition
-Made in skin on exposure to sunlight
-convert to active form by 2 enzymatic reactins
-increase intestine reabsorption of Ca2+ & PO4 |
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Term
|
Definition
-above kidneys
+CORTEX:
-Mineralacorticoid
-Glucocorticoid
-Sex Hormone
+Medulla
-secrete catecholamines |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Metabolic effect:
-stimulate gluconeogenesis:ensure glucose level maintained b/w meals
-inhibits glucose uptake in other tissue BUT BRAIN
-increase free fatty acid concentration
+adapt to stress
-cortisol promote increase metabolism and system respond to sympathetic activity |
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Term
|
Definition
+Adrenal gland produce androgen and estrogen
-no sex hormone just for male or female
+Dihydroepiandrosterone(DHEA)
-over powered in male by TESTOSTERONE
-responsible for androgen in female(pubes)
activated by ACTH/fedback by GnRH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Primary hyperaldosteronism
-Conn's syndrome
-hypersecreting adrenal tumor
+secondary Hyperaldosteronism
-Inappropriate high activity of RAAS
+Exaggerated effects
-excessive Na+ retention
-Excessive K+ depletion
-Hypertension |
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Term
| HYPERADRENALISM(CORTISOL) |
|
Definition
-Cushing's syndrome
+cause:
-overstimulation of cortex by excessive CRH/ACTH
+Effects:
-hyperglycemia& glucosuria
-deposition of body fat
-muscle weakness & fatigue |
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Term
| HYPERADRENALISM(SEX HORMONES) |
|
Definition
-Adrenogenital syndrome- androgen hypersecretion
+adult females
-Hirsutism and secondary male character
+newborn female
-Pseudohermaphroditism
+prepubertal males
-precocious pseudopuberty
+adult males
-no affect
+caused by defect in cortisol pathway |
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Term
|
Definition
-loss 1 adrenal gland, can be compensated by 2nd
+primary adrenalcortical insufficiency,ADDISON'S DISEASE
-autoimmune destruction
-affect aldosterone
+2nd adrenocorticol insufficiency
-exhibit only hyposecretion of cortisol
+Aldosterone insufficiency
-K+retention , Na+ depletion
++CORTISOL Deficiency
-poor response to stress |
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Term
|
Definition
-Non specific response to any factor that overwhelm ability to maintain homeostasis
-differ stressors, make differ response
-coordinated by the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
-Neural:sympathetic response
+Hormonal:
-Epinephrine:mobilize glucose and fat acid
-CRH-ACTH-CORTISOL
*Cortisol: mobilize energy
*ACTH:facilitate learning & behavior
-Glucagon-mobilize glucose and fat acid
-RAAS:maintain salt and H2O concentration to improve circulatory response |
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Term
|
Definition
-Digestion: intermediate metabolism, result in production of absorbable unit
-either: +Anabolism/+Catabolism
+Anabolism need ATP
-make material needed by cell
-store excess for later
+Catabolism
-breakdown of materials into smaller material by HYDROLYSIS
-oxidation to create ATP
-mobilize for use elsewhere in body |
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Term
| PANCREATIC ENDOCRINE FUNCTION |
|
Definition
+3 types of cells responsible for producing:
+SOMATOSTATIN:
-inhibit digestion to prevent excessive plasma concentration of nutrients
+INSULIN:
-decrease blood levels of glucose, fat acid,amino acid, promote storage
+GLUCAGON:
-Oppose activity of INSULIN |
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Term
| INSULIN ACTIVITY ON CARBOHYDRATES |
|
Definition
-help glucose move to most cells by promoting inclusion into plasma membrane
-stimulate glyogenesis in skeletal muscle & liver
-INHIBIT glycogenolysis
-INHIBIT GLUCOGENESIS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-enhance entry of fatty acid from blood to ADIPOSE tissue
-promote chemical reaction for TRIGLYCERIDE SYNTHESIS
-INHIBIT lipolysis |
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Term
| INSULIN ACTIVITY ON AMINO ACID |
|
Definition
-have active transport of amino acids from blood ---->muscles & other tissue
-stimulate cell protein synthesize machine
-stop protein degradation |
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Term
|
Definition
- tiny, in the middle of brain
+secrete melatonin:
-keep body circadian rhythm in time
-secrete more during dark/less in day
-other roles:
*induce natural sleep
*inhibit natural hormone
*effective antioxidant
*enhance immunity |
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Term
|
Definition
+Function:
-make sperm
+Structure
-Testes
-Epididymis
-Vas deferens
-Seminal vesicles
-Prostate Gland
-Bulb Gland
-Urethra |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-sac holding testes
-testes outside so sperm develop at right temperature/lower temp-->scrotum pull to body/higher--->away
+muscles
-Dartos Muscle: smooth muscle/wrinkle the sac
-Cremaster Muscle:elevate the testes |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-covered by tunics
-septa divide testes to 700 parts
-seminiferous tubules(sperm factory)
*site of spermatogenesis
*80% of mass
-Myoid Cells(smooth muscle):surround seminiferous tubule and contract
-Seminiferous tubule converge and meet at RETE TESTIS |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Sertoli Cells:
-make up the lumen of seminiferous tube
-tight junction is blood testis barrier
provide nutrients for maturing sperm
-Phagocytic
-secrete seminal fluid into tubule
regulate spermatogenesis |
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Term
|
Definition
-copulatory organ:deliver sperm to female
-dorsal(top),ventral(underside)
-"erectile tissue"- spongy and smooth muscle riddled w/ vascular space...space fill w/ blood during arousal
*Corpus Spongiosum-surround urethra
*Corpora Cavernosa- paired bodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-copulatory organ:deliver sperm to female
-dorsal(top),ventral(underside)
-"erectile tissue"- spongy and smooth muscle riddled w/ vascular space...space fill w/ blood during arousal
*Corpus Spongiosum-surround urethra
*Corpora Cavernosa- paired bodies |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Epididymis-sperm move through over 20 days
-sperm capacitance organ(enable sperm to penetrate ova)
-concentraion organ
*absorb fluid from seminiferous tubes
-"swim school"
*sperm gain the ability to swim |
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Term
|
Definition
+Duct deferens
-travel spermatic cord->seminal vesicle
-thick layer of smooth muscle propel sperm->urethra
-sperm storage site
+Ejaculatory Duct:
-both seminal vesicle & ductus deferen
-short duct enter to prostate->empty in urethra |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Seminal vesicles
-supply fructose as energy for sperm
-secret prostaglandins, stimulate sm.
-secretion make 50-60% of semen dilute
-secrete substance to help movement and fertilizing |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Prostate Gland
-encircle urethra
-secrete alkaline fluid neautralize acid vagina
-secrete clot enzymes
+Bulb Gland:
-secrete mucus that is lube for intercourse and kills some acid |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-milky-white:mix of sperm & gland secretions
-clot factor semen, after ejaculation, ensure sperm remain quiescent
-prostaglandis start reverse peristalsis
-substance help suppress immune response in female tract |
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Term
|
Definition
-2 nuclear divisions
+Prophase 1
-after chromosome replication, homologous pairs seek and find their like partners
+Metaphase1:
-tetrad align along midline
+Anaphase1:
-seperation of tetrads
Telophase1: division of daughter cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -2nd division so 2 daughter cell from meiosis become 4 w/ each cell |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Mitotic Proliferation
-maintain germ cell & increase cell #(spermatogonia divide to ensure supply)
-SPERMATOGNIA
*undergo 2 mitotic division------>4 spermatocytes
+Meiosis
-increase cell # to produce haploid gamete
+Spermeogenesis
-remodel phase & repacking phase
*DNA repacked, organelle is lost and remodeled |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-transform spermatid to spermatozon
+Process:
-form acrosome
-form flagellum
-reposition & replicate mitochondria
-repack DNA
-remove excess cytoplasm |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-special haploid cell of spermatogenesis
+4 parts:
-head: repacked nuclear material
-Acrosome: enzyme used to penetrate ovum
-Midpiece:mitochondria power the tail
-Tail: sperm mobility |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-masculinization of reproductive tract & genetalia
-descent of testes to scrotum
+function after birth
-grow and mature reproductive system at puberty
-essential for spermatogenesis
-reproductive tract at adulthood
+reproduction functions
-develop sex drive at puberty
+nonreproductive function
-exert protein anabolic effect
-promote bone growth
convert to estrogen |
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Term
| FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM |
|
Definition
+Function
-produce ova
-receive sperm
-transport sperm to union
-develop fetus
-partuition
-nourish infant
+Structure:
-ovary
-oviduct
-uterus
-vagina
-mammary gland
-placenta |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-vascularized
-ovarian follicle-site of oogenesis
-granulosa:manitanance and maturation of oocyte
-theca cell: support cell, make wall
oocyte: female gamete |
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Term
| STAGES OF OVARIAN FOLLICLE |
|
Definition
-single layer of granulosa cell
-1st follicle:granulosa cells begin to proliferate
-2nd follicle: antrum forms
-Graffian follicle: large antrum+granulosa cell surround oocyte
-corpus luteum: post ovulation |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-in pelvis
-flex anteriorly
-receive, retain, nourish fertile ovum
-structure:body,fundus,isthmus
-cervix projects into vagina & has glands that secrete mucus to stop the flora |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Perimetrium
-outer serous
+Myometrium:
-inner smooth muscle
+Endometrium:
-inner mucossal layer |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+in both male & female
+modofied sweat glands
+in pregnant & lactate female
-15-25 lobes radiate around open nipple
+nonpregnant women
-structure is undeveloped
-breast size is due to fat |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-occur in ovaries
+Mitotic Division:
-oogonia divide mitotically to pool
-oogonia enter meiosis but stop before meiotic division
+oogenesis stop until puberty |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+Meiosis II
- 2nd meiotic division occur as result of fertilization
-polar body is extruded & 23 matenal hormones pair |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+last 28 days
-stopped by pregnancy
+dominated by maturing follicles
-proliferation of granulosa
-formation of antrum
-complete at ovulation
+Ovulation- release mature ovum
+Luteal Phase
-remaining granulosa cells differ into luteal cells
-vascular invasion
produce progesterone by luteal cells |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+lasts (5-7) days
-termination of ovarian luteal phase
-phase shown by vaginal discharge
-loss of ovarian hormone & vasoconstriction
+Proliferation phase
-repair & regenerate endometrial layer under estrogen
+Progestational Phase:
-estrogen- primed endometrium is richly vascularized |
|
|
Term
| HORMONAL CONTROL OF OVARIAN CYCLE |
|
Definition
-GnRH:stimulate pituitary from hypothalamus to release LH & FSH
-LH: stimulate theca cells to convert cholesterol-> androgen
-FSH:stimulate granulosa to proliferate
-Estrogen: made by granulosa from androgen
-Progesterone: made by luteal cells; ensure uterine environment remain favorable for implantation |
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Term
| CONTROL OF FSH & LH IN FEMALE |
|
Definition
-rising estrogen-> negative feedback on anterior, stop release of FSH & LH
-Signal to anterior pituitary to synthesize and accumulate LH & FSH |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-Halt estrogen synthesis by granulosa
-reinitiate meiosis 1 in oocyte of maturing follicle
-trigger prostaglandins to start ovulation
-cause differentiation of granulosa cells->luteal |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-secrete by luteal cells
-inhibit release of pro-ovulatory gonadotropins
-signal estrogen-primed endometrium of uterus, prepare for implantation
-progesterone released from corpora luteum diminish rapidly if implantation dont occur |
|
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Term
|
Definition
-UNION OF HAPLOID SPERM & EGG
-create single diploid cell, called ZYGOTE->EMBRYO |
|
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Term
|
Definition
+STEPS:
-recognize sperm
-activate sperm
-plasma membrane fuse
-additional sperm NOT ALLOWED
-activate egg
-egg+sperm= fuse nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+Oviduct site of fertilization
+MUST occur w/in 24 hrs. after ovulation
-sperm usually survive 48 hours, but can last days in female tract
+sperm+vagina=travel through canal,uterus, & upper oviduct
-female tract help in migration of sperm |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-ovulated egg surrounded by 7 layers of cumulus cells & gelatin matrix (CORONA RADIATA)
-CORONA RADIATA is glycoprotein envelope called ZONA PELLUCIDA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-sperm penetrate corona radiata
-sperm head bind to Zp3 on egg surface> ACROSOMAL REACTION
-sperm head fuse to plasma membrane of ova->chemical triggered->make outter head impenetrable |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+FAST block polyspermy:
-2 mechanisms
-change in membrane potential as sodium ions enter plasma membrane of egg
+SLOW block of polyspermy:
-start w/ calcium ion release
-cortical granules fuse w/ plasma & release enzymes
-bonds b/w vitelline envelope & egg
-H2O absorbed & enzymes remove sperm-binding receptors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-zygote undergo cell division->blastocyst
-blastocyst-> move down oviduct & attach to lining of uterus
-implantation-blastocyst burrow into endometrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-BLASTOCYST implant in endometrial lining by means of enzymes
-enzymes digest endometrial tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-corpeus luteum function as endocrine gland-secrete estrogen & progesterone
-sex steroid exert negative feedback on pituitary
-w/o fertilization, corpus luteum degenerates, steroid decrease |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-cells that cover blastocyte secrete hCG
+EFFECT OF hCG:
-corpus luteum produce estrogen & progesterone
-endometrium is maintained & menstruation DOES NOT occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-exchange b/w maternal & fetal blood
+transient complex endocrine organ secrete essential pregnancy
-hCG: maintain corpus luteum
-estrogen: essential for normal pregnancy
-progesterone: essential for normal pregnancy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+PREGNANCY
-38 weeks from conception
-physical changes w/in mother to meet pregnancy
*uterine enlargement
*breasts enlarge
*blood increase 30%
*weight gain
*breath increase by 20%
*urine output increase
*kidney take out waste from fetus
*nutritional requirement increase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+labor,delivery,birth
+require
-dilation of cervical canal to accommodate passage of fetus->uterus
+exact factor trigger uterine contraction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+STAGE OF LABOR
-cervical dilation(long stage)
-delivery of baby(30-90 mins.)
-delivery of placenta
*2nd series uterine contract
*15-20 minutes
+after delivery uterus shrinks |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
+during gestation:
-elevated placental estrogen promote alveoli duct
+prolactin:
-stimulate milk production
+sustained suckling:
-trigger release of oxytocin & prolactin
*oxytocin: cause milk ejection/stimulate alveoli
*prolactin:stimulate secretion of more milk to replace ejected milk |
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