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Endocrin misc.
endocrine system overview
84
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/11/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Endocrine system acts with the _____ to coordinate and integrate the activity of body cells
Definition
nervous system
Term
what are the 4 endocrine glands
Definition

pituitary thyroid

parathyroid

adrenal

pineal glands

Term
6 functions of the endocrine system
Definition
  1. regulate organic metabolism and water and electrolyte balance
  2. adapt body to stressful situations
  3. promote smooth sequential growth and development
  4. control reproduction
  5. regulate RBC production
  6. w/ autonomic nervous system, control and integrate both circulation and the digestion and absorption of food
Term
two main classes of hormones
Definition

amino acid

steroids (lipophic)

Term
amino acid hormone
Definition

based hrmones

second messenger

water soluble

ex. amines, thyroxine, peptides, and proteins

Term
steroids
Definition

synthesied from cholesterol

gonadal and adrenocortical hormones

lipid soluble

directly interact with inside the cell

Term
cAMP signaling mechanism
Definition
  1. hormone (first messenger) binds to receptor
  2. receptor activates G protein
  3. G protein activates adenylate cyclase
  4. adenylate cyclase converts ATP to cAMP (second messenger)
  5. cAMP activates protein kinases
Term
hormones that act via cAMP mechanism
Definition

Epinephrine

ACTH

FSH

LH

Glucagon

PTH

TSH

Calcitonin

Term

The process fo intracellulare receptors and direct gene activation

 

Definition

(steroid hormones and thyroid hormone)

  1. diffuse into their target cells and bind with intracellular receptors
  2. receptor-hormone complec enters the nucleus
  3. receptor-hormone complex binds to a specific region of DNA
  4. this prompts DNA transcription to produce mRNA
  5. the mRNA directs protein synthesis
Term
ACTH receptors are only found on certain cells of the __________________
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
thyroxin receptors are found on nearly ____ cells
Definition
all cells of the body
Term

Target cell activation depends of

(3)

Definition
  1. blood levels of the hormone
  2. relative number of receptors on or in the target cell
  3. affinity of binding between receptor and hormone
Term
what is the different between up-regulation and down-regulation
Definition

target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone

 

target cells lose receptors in response to the hormone (target cell desensitized)

Term
Steroid and thyroid hormones are attached to _______________
Definition
plasma proteins
Term

Hormones are removed from the blood by:

(4)

Definition
  1. degrading enzymes
  2. kidneys
  3. liver
  4. half-life
Term
Permissiveness
Definition
one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present
Term
Synergism
Definition
more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell
Term
antagonism
Definition
one or more hormones opposes the action of another hormone
Term

Hormones are synthesized and released in response to:

(3)

Definition
  1. humoral stimuli
  2. neural stimuli
  3. hormonal stimuli
Term
humoral stimuli
Definition

changing blood levels of ions and nutrients directly stimulate the secretion of hormones

 

ex. declining calcium concentration stimulates PTH release. cases calcium to rise. stimulus is then removed.

Term
Neural release
Definition

nerve fibers stimulate hormone release

sympathetic nerouse system fibers stimulate the adrenal medulla to secrete catecholamines (epenephrine and norepinephrine)

Term
Hypothalamic hormones stimulate the release of _____________
Definition
anterior pituitary hormones
Term
Hypothalamic-pituitary-target endocrine organ feedback loop
Definition
hormones from the final target organs inhibit the release of the anterior pituitary hormones
Term

under severe stress the hypothalams and the sypathetic nervous system are activated - as a result, body glucose levels rise

 

this is an example of what

Definition
nervous system modulation
Term
What do the Posterior and anterior pituitary consist of
Definition

pituicytes and nerve fibers

 

glandular tissue

Term
___ and ____ for the neuroendocrine system
Definition

hypothalamus and posterior pituitary

 

Term
Oxytocin and ADH are transported along the _______________________ to the posterior pituitary
Definition
hypothalamic-hypophyseal tract
Term

oxytocin and ADH are stored in __________________ in the posterior pituitary and are released when hypothalamic neurons fire

 

Definition
axon terminals
Term
________ originates as an out-pocketing of the oral mucosa and is a hypophyseal portal system
Definition
anterior lobe
Term
hypothalamic neurons release hormones into the _______ and travel through ________ to the anterior pituitary; then the anterior pituitary hormones are secreted into the _______
Definition

primary capillary plexus

portal veins

secondary capillary plexus

Term
Anterior pituitary hormones, which are all proteins, would be:
Definition
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
Term
these hormones activate the second messenger systems at their targets
Definition
TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
Term
Regulated by GHRH and GHIH, mobilized fats, elevated blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake and encouraging glycogen breakdown
Definition
GH effects
Term
Hypersecretion of GH
Definition

children = giantism

adults = acromegaly

Term
hyposecretion of GH
Definition
children = pituitary dwarfism
Term
Hormones that effect normal growth (5)
Definition
thyroid hormone, GH, insulin, androgens, estrogens
Term

TSH secreted from anterior pituitary stimulates thyroid hormone secretion by thyroid gland, also maintains structural integrity of thyroid gland

 

example of

 

Definition

tropic hormones

 

-regulates hormone secretion by another endocrine gland

Term

TSH is stimulated by_________________;

inhibited by _________

Definition

TRH

rising blood levels of thyroid hormones that act on the pituitary and hypothalamus

Term
What are the two (2) gonadotropins and what do they do
Definition

FSH - stimulate gamete production

LH - promotes production of gonadal hormones

Term
suckling stimulates ____ release and promotes continued milk production
Definition
prolactin (PRH)
Term
contains axons of hypothalamix neurons; stores ADH and oxytocin
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
ADH and oxytocin are released in response to nerve impulses; both use __________ mechanism at their targets
Definition
PIP - calcium second-messenger
Term
______ stimulates contractions during childbirth by mobilizing Ca2 through a PIP2 - Ca2+ secon-messenger system; plays tole in seual arousal and orgasm
Definition
oxytocin
Term
If solute concentration of ADH is ____, osmoreceptors depolarize and transmit impulses to hypothalamix neurons; ADH is sythesized and released, inhibiting urine formation
Definition
HIGH
Term
___________ inhibits ADH release and causes copious urine output
Definition
Alcohol
Term
ADH deficiency - ________; huge outpute of urine and intense thirst
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
ADH ____________ happens after a traumatic event
Definition
hypersecretion
Term
____ (thyroglobulin + iodine) fill the lumen of the follicles and is the precursor of Thyroid hormone.
Definition
Colloid
Term
In the thyroid gland: composed of follicles that produce the glycoprotein _________
Definition
thyroglobulin
Term
parafollicular cells produce the hormone _____________
Definition
calcitonin
Term

Thyroid hormone plays a rold in:

(5)

 

Definition
  1. maintenance of blood pressure
  2. development of skeletal and nervous systems
  3. reproductive capabilities
  4. stimulates RBC formation and thus enhances oxygen delivery
Term
The thyroid hormone is made up of ___ and ____
Definition
tyrosine (from body) and iodine (from diet)
Term
TH imbalances
Definition

hyposecretion = autoimmune disease (graves)

hyposecretion (adults) = myxedema or endemic goiter

hyposecretion (infants) = creitinism

Term
____ inhibits oseoclast activity and release of calcium from bone matrix; stimulates calcium uptake and incorpotation into bone matrix.
Definition
calcitonin
Term
calcitonin is the antagonist to _____
Definition
PTH
Term

increases absorption of calcium by the intestinal mucosa; rising Calcium in the blood inhibits ___ release

 

Definition
PTH
Term
tetany, respiratory paralysis, and death are results of ____
Definition
hypoparathyroidism
Term
hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia are caused by
Definition
PTH hypersecretion
Term
Hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia are caused by
Definition
PTH hyposecretion
Term
vitamin D deficiency =
Definition

children = rickets

adults - osteomalacia

Term
the adrenal medulla is part of the ____ nervous system
Definition
sympathetic
Term
the adrenal cortex secretes
Definition
corticosteroids
Term
categories of adrenal steroids:
Definition

mineral corticoids

glucocorticoids

sex hormones

Term

Regulate electrolytes in ECF

 

ex. aldosterone

Definition
Mineralocorticoids
Term
decreased blood pressure stimulates kidneys to release renin, triggers formation of angiotensin II, a potent stimulator of aldosterone release
Definition
renin-angiotensis mechanism
Term
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) blocks renin and aldosterone secretion to _____________
Definition
decrease blood pressure
Term

released in response to ACTH, patterns of eating and activity, and stress; maintain blood pressure by increasing the action of vasoconstrictors

 

ex. cortisol

Definition
glococorticoids
Term
Cushing's syndrome; depressed cartilage and bone formation; inhibits inflammation; depresses immune system; promotes change in cardiovasculat, neural, and gastrointestinal function
Definition
Hypersecretion of glucocorticoids
Term
Addison's disease; deficits in mineralocorticoids; decrease in glucose and sodium levels; weight loss, sever dehydration and hypotension
Definition

Hyposecretion of glucocorticoids

Term

Chromaffin cells secrete what?

causes blood glucose to rise, blood vessels to constrict, hear rate increase, blood to be diverted to the rain, heart and skeletal muscles

Definition
epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
small gland hanging from the rood of the third ventricle that secretes melatonin
Definition
pineal gland
Term
glucagon promotes ____; breakdown of glycogen to glucose
Definition
glycogenolysis
Term
glucagon promotes ____: synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and noncarbohydrates
Definition
gluconeogenesis
Term
inhibits glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis; participates in neuronal development and learning and memory
Definition
insulin
Term
most common endocrine disorder; elevated blood glucose levels
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term

characterized by lack of insulin secretion

destruction of B cells

Definition
Type I diabetes
Term

characterized by normal or even increased insulin secretion but reduced sensitivity of insulin's target cells

onset - adulthood

Definition
Type II diabetes
Term
excessive insulin secretion; results in hypoglycemia, disorientation, unconsciousness
Definition
hyperinsulinism
Term
Three cardinal signs of DM
Definition
polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia
Term
The precursor for vitamin D
Definition
cholecalciferol
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