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Embryology
Embryogenisis
67
Anatomy
Professional
10/10/2011

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Term
What is an Oocyte?
Definition
female germ cell
Term
What is a Sperm?
Definition
male germ cell
Term
What is a Zygote?
Definition
formed by the union of oocyte and sperm
Term
When is the gestational age?
Definition
the first day of the last normal menstrual period
Term
What is cleavage?
Definition
mitotic divisions of the cells of the zygote
Term
When is the morula formed?
Definition
3-4 days after fertilization
Term
How many blastomeres are in a morula?
Definition
12-32
Term
What is a blastocyst?
Definition
when the morula forms an inner cell mass and trophoblast (with a blastocyst cavity)
Term
When does implantation occur?
Definition
when the blastocyst attaches to and ultimately penetrates the endometrium of the uterus
Term
What does the gastrula consist of?
Definition
endoderm, ectoderm and mesoderm
Term
What is the neurula?
Definition
When the nervous system first appears as the neural tube develops from the neural plate
Term
What age is an embryo?
Definition
fertilization to the 8th week
Term
What age is it considered a fetus?
Definition
from 8th week to birth
Term
What do insults during the embryonic period cause?
Definition
single or multiple anomalies
Term
During blastogenesis what do abnormalities cause?
Definition
early structures or entire embryonic structure
Term
What do insults in pre-embryonic period cause?
Definition
multiple anomalies or early abortion
Term
Abnormalites occuring during organogenesis can cause?
Definition
specific organ malformation or single major anomalies
Term
What do abnormalites during fetal development produce?
Definition
minor anomalies
Term
What is a gamete?
Definition
specialized sex cell
Term
What is gametogenesis?
Definition
period of formation and development of gametes
Term
What is spermatogenesis?
Definition
event that occurs in which spermatogonia develop into mature sperm
Term
What is oogenesis?
Definition
oogonia develop into mature oocytes
Term
What is mitosis?
Definition
process where eukaryotic cell separates chromosomes in its nucleus into two identical sets in two daughter nuclei
Term
What is cytokinesis?
Definition
divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two daughter cells
Term
When does pairing, synapsis and recombination occur?
Definition
prophase of meiosis I
Term
What is leptotene?
Definition
stage where individual chromosomes begin to condense into long strands
Term
What is zygotene?
Definition
chromosomes line up with each other into homologous chromosomes (bivalent)
Term
What is pachytene?
Definition
where crossing over occurs
Term
What is diplotene?
Definition
stage where the synaptonemal complex degrades and homologous chromosomes separate from one another
Term
What is diakinesis?
Definition
chromosomes condense and separate such that four tetrads are visible
Term
What happens during week one of development in embryogenisis?
Definition
development of gametes, fertilization, cleavage, blastocyst formation, and initial stages of implantation
Term
What does Gonadotropin-releasing hormone?
Definition
controls the female reproductive cycle
Term
What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) do?
Definition
stimulates growth of ovarian follicles
Term
What does luteinizing hormone stimulate?
Definition
the expelling of the oocyte into the uterine tube
Term
What does the corpus luteum supposed to secrete?
Definition
progesterone
Term
Pregnancy is maintained by what?
Definition
HCG produced by syncytiotrophoblast
Term
What does the corpus luteum become without fertilization?
Definition
corpus albicans
Term
What causes bleeding during the menstral cycle?
Definition
shedding of the endometrium
Term
How long does the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle last?
Definition
9 days
Term
What stimulates the thickening of the endometrium?
Definition
estrogen
Term
What are the three stages of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
menstrual, proliferating, and secretory phases
Term
What happens in the secretory phase of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
blood vessels grow and glands secrete glycogen-rich substances (sticky)
Term
What stage do the oogonia stay preserved in children?
Definition
Prophase I of meiosis
Term
What stage does an oocyte arrest in after puberty?
Definition
Meiosis II metaphase
Term
How many oocytes become mature and are expelled at ovulation?
Definition
400
Term
What does the syncytiotrophoblast produce?
Definition
HCG
Term
If pregnancy occurs when does the menstrual cycle start back up?
Definition
6-10 weeks after birth
Term
What type of gamete is found in the testes before birth?
Definition
spermatogonia
Term
At puberty, what do spermatogonia differentiate into?
Definition
type A spermatogonia
Term
What does type B spermatogonia come from?
Definition
type A
Term
After DNA duplication what does type B spermatogonia become?
Definition
primary spermatocytes
Term
Where do secondary spermatocytes come from?
Definition
meiosis I division of primary spermatocytes
Term
Where do spermatids come from?
Definition
meiosis division of primary spermatocytes (completing meiosis from secondary spermatocytes)
Term
What do spermatozoa come from?
Definition
differentiation of spermatids during spermatogenesis
Term
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
Definition
seminiferous tubules of the testes
Term
Where does maturation of sperm occur?
Definition
epididymis
Term
What is the average percentage of sperm that are abnormal?
Definition
10%
Term
What is the maturation of sperm called?
Definition
Spermiogenesis
Term
What happens in spermiogenesis?
Definition
spermatids mature into motile spermatozoa
Term
How fast does a sperms flagella move?
Definition
30,000 rpm
Term
Where are the secondary oocytes expelled into the uterine tube?
Definition
infundibulum
Term
What is capacitation?
Definition
conditioning of the spermatozoa lasting 7 hours; necessary for the acromosomal reaction
Term
What is the haploid pronucleus resulting from?
Definition
fertilization causing completion of meiosis II
Term
What does fusion of the two haploid pronuclei initiate?
Definition
cleavage divisions
Term
What is the zona pellucida?
Definition
membrane around oocyte, the sperm must penetrate
Term
What does sperm release to penetrate the oocyte corona radiata?
Definition
acrosomal hyaluronidase, and secretes oviduct enzymes
Term
What does the sperm do to penetrate the zona pellucida?
Definition
binds to ZP3 receptors and secretes acrosin
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