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Embryology - UNC MS1 Anatomy
Embryology - UNC MS1 Anatomy
29
Anatomy
Graduate
10/27/2011

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Term
when is the bilayer and trilayer embryoblast estabilished, respectively?
Definition
2nd and 3rd week of gestation
Term
what is caudal dysplasia and what results from it?
Definition
failure of gastrulation to complete, can result in fused lower limbs
Term
cell of epiblast ingress through the primitive streak to become what?
Definition
endoderm (replacing hypoblast) and mesoderm
Term
what is a sacrococcygeal teratoma?
Definition
it is the failure of primitive streak to properly degenerate at the end of gastrulation
It is derived from multipotent cells, so leads to diverse tissue types in the caudal region
Term
what are the three neural tube defects we learned?
Definition
spina bifida, anencephaly, and meningoencephalocele
Term
what causes spina bifida?
Definition
failure of posterior neuropore to close and/or vertebral neural arch defect
Term
what causes anencephaly and meningoencephalocele?
Definition
failure of the anterior neuropore and/or skull to close
Term
what does the paraxial mesoderm give rise to?
Definition
bone/cartilage, muscle, dermis
Term
what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?
Definition
urinary system and gonads
Term
what does the lateral plate mesoderm give rise to?
Definition
coelom space arises surrounded by somatic (limb skeleton) and splanchnic (most of gut except lining) layers
Term
what does the endoderm give rise to?
Definition
mucosa or ducts of the GI tract, lungs, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, urinary bladder
Term
intramembranous ossification
Definition
direct ossification of mesenchyme
Term
endochondral ossification
Definition
formation of cartilaginous template that is replaced by bone
Term
what does the skeleton develop from? (3)
Definition
paraxial mesoderm (somites), somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm, neural crest
Term
what does the paraxial mesoderm (somites) form?
Definition
base of skull, vertebrae, and ribs
Term
What does the somatic layer of the lateral plate mesoderm form?
Definition
limbs and sternum
Term
what does the neural crest form?
Definition
facial bones and cranial vault
Term
how do vertebra form?
Definition
from 4 sclerotomes (2 on each side, split into cranial and caudal pieces on each side of the spine); form intersegmentally
Term
what drives cervical, thoracic, etc. vertebra differentiation?
Definition
hox genes
Term
what does the neural tube form for the spine?
Definition
vertebral (neural) arch
Term
what does the notochord form for the spine?
Definition
vertebral body
Term
what is a hemivertebra?
Definition
only 2 ossification centers in a vertebrae; can cause improper dev. and scoliosis (ossification center doesn't form or somites/sclerotomes divide improperly
Term
myotomal cells separate from the dermamyotome to form XXX dorsally and XXX ventrally
Definition
epimere and hypomere
Term
what does the apical ectodermal ridge do?
Definition
influences new cells to be added to the distal ends of limbs
Term
what is the amelia condition?
Definition
congenital absence of a limb likely resulting from failure of limb outgrowth
Term
what is the phocomelia condition?
Definition
acute, temporary failure of limb outgrowth; limb lacks intermediate elements; can be caused by teratogens
Term
what is polydactyly and how is it caused?
Definition
digit duplications caused by errors in preaxial-postaxial patterning
Term
what is syndactyly and how is it caused?
Definition
fusion of adjacent digits - can be caused by absent cell death or lack of AER regression
Term
dorsal side of the lower limb ends up where when the child is born?
Definition
anterio-medially located
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