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Embryology SDL1
Development
59
Anatomy
Graduate
08/14/2010

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Term
Development
Definition
the complete process of growth and maturation by which a fertilized egg becomes a mature adult
Term
Prenatal
Definition
from fertilization to birth
Term
Embryonic Period
Definition
from fertilization to the end of the 8th week
Term
Fetal Period
Definition
from the beginning of the 9th week to birth
Term
postnatal
Definition
birth to adulthood
Term
Infancy
Definition
1st year of life
Term
Childhood
Definition
1-11 yo
Term
Adolescence
Definition
11-19 yo
Term
Adulthood
Definition
generally older than 20, although some brain/skeletal development may not be complete
Term
Cellular Processes of Development
Definition
1) Cell Division
2) Migration
3) Differentiation
4) Cell-to-Cell Interaction
5) Apoptosis
Term
Cell Division
Definition
(aka Mitosis aka cleavage) results in growth; process by which cell numbers increase
Term
Cell Migration
Definition
Often cells must migrate from site of production to their final destination
Term
Cell Differentiation
Definition
conversion of cells from a general, nonspecific form into a more mature/specific form; most embryonic cells are undifferentiated and may differentiate/mature into a variety of cell types
Term
Cell-to-Cell Interaction
Definition
interaction of neighboring cells via contact or chemical cues to initiate migration or differentiation
Term
Apoptosis
Definition
AKA programmed cell death AKA cellular suicide; normal planned death of cells to shape or sculpt anatomic structures
Term
Normal Development
Definition
results from carefully synchronized waves of cell growth, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis to result in the final anatomical form
Term
Signaling Molecules (SMs) and Growth Factors (GFs)
Definition
responsible for the regulation of development; produced by embryonic and maternal cells
Term

SMs

(Signaling Molecules)

Definition
present on cell surfaces; cause differentiation of adjacent cells; allows cell2cell interaction to guide migration along specified paths
Term
Notch
Definition
ex of a SM; important for differentiation
Term
Integrins and Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAMs)
Definition
ex of SMs; CAMS allows attachment of neighboring cells and facilitates cell migration
Term
Secreted Growth Factors
Definition
released into extracellular fluid; may act directly on neighboring cells or via [gradients] across distances; controls cell growth and diff.
Term
4 Families of Secreted Growth Factors
Definition
1) Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)
2) Hedgehog
3) WNT (Wingless)
4) Transforming Growth Factor B (TGFB)
Term
Fibroblast Growth Factor
Definition
family of Secreted Growth Factors associated with blood vessels, limb, brain, and axon growth
Term
Hedgehog
Definition
family of Secreted Growth Factor associated with the nervous system, gut and limb, and regional patterning
Term
WNT (wingless)
Definition
family of secreted growth factor associated with limb, brain, and urogenital diff.
Term
Transforming Growth Factor B (TGFB)
Definition
family of secreted growth factor associated with cell div, migration, and apoptosis
Term
Malformation
Definition
the result of altered normal development; alterations in cell div, migration, diff., cell2cell interax., and apoptosis can all lead to malformations
Term
Altered Development
Definition
developmental events occurring too soon, too late, or out of sequence will result in a malformation; ex: cleft palate
Term
Cleft Palate
Definition
the palate forms from two shelves of tissue that hang vertically and rotate horizontally to fuse; if rotation happens prematurely=failure of fusion/cleft palate; if rotation happens too late=failure of fusion/cleft palate
Term
Teratogens
Definition
a cmpd/agent that disrupts embryonic or fetal development
Term
Exs of teratogens
Definition
1) various pharmaceuticals
2) environmental pollutants
3) alcohol consumption
4) cig. smoke
5) some infections agents
6) excess temps
7) radiation
Term
Critical Periods
Definition
time during development when an organ system is sensitive to teratogens; occur during organ formation or a vital maturation step; exposure to a teratogen during a CP can produce a major malformation; exposure to a teratogen outside of a CP has little to no adverse effect
Term
Fetal Programming
Definition
Fetal Origin of Adult Disease
Term
Examples of Fetal Programming
Definition
low birth weight= inc. risk of coronary heart disease, hyper-T., and T2 diabetes
Term
The Fertilized Egg
Definition
a cell membrane containing two nuclei--one from the egg and one from the sperm--and cytoplasm
Term
Zona Pellucida
Definition
relatively thick covering of glycoprotein around the fertilized egg; functions like a protective shell; begins to disintegrate 5-6 days following fertilization
Term
Zygote
Definition
the fertilized egg AFTER the egg and sperm nuclei combine; mitosis commences
Term
Blastomeres
Definition
early embryonic cells still enclosed in the zona pellucida;
Term
Totipotent
Definition
cells with the ability to develop into a complete embryo; blastomeres up to the 8 cell stage are totipotent; past the 8 cell stage, differentiation has progressed to the point that cells are no longer individually totipotent
Term
Identical Twins
Definition
result from the separation of a totipotent blastomere or the splitting of the zygote; both components continue development into genetically ID embryos
Term
Morula
Definition
16 cell, tightly compacted cell mass; the zona pellucida restricts the growth of successive blastomeres causing them to become smaller/more compact with each division/cleavage
Term
Inner Cell Mass
Definition
cells to the center of the morula destined to become the embryo proper
Term
Outer Cell Mass
Definition
outer cells of the morula destined to become the trophoblast
Term
Trophoblast cells
Definition
part of the blastocyst; 1 cell layer thick 'membrane' surrounding the blastocoel cavity; formally outer cell mass of the morula; the precursor of the placenta, eventually the placenta itself
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
the embryo, following the completion of the morula stage, marked by the 'hatching' of the embryo from the zona pellucida and the rapid growth attributed to blastocoel formation
Term
blastocoel
Definition
AKA blastocystic cavity; the fluid filled cavity inside the morula formed as the zona pellucida disintegrates
Term
Embryoblast
Definition
formally the inner cell mass of the morula; during blastocoel formation the cell mass was pushed to one side; will become the embryo proper
Term
Embryonic Pole
Definition
the side of the blastocyst on which the embryoblast is found
Term
Uterine Tube
Definition
AKA Fallopian Tube; site of fertilization; zygote divides as it moves through the tube; each cell div takes ~20hrs
Term
3-4 days post-fertilization
Definition
16 cell morula is formed
Term
4-5 days post-fertilization
Definition
32 cell compacted morula enters the uterus
Term
5-6 days post-fertilization
Definition
the early blastocyst begins to form as fluid enters the disintegrating zona pellucida
Term
~7 days post-fertilization
Definition
the late blastocyst is completely free of the zona pellucida and has attached to the uterine wall
Term
Implantation
Definition
the process by which the blastocyst is embedded in the uterus; 3-4 day process beginning on the 6-7th day post-fertilization with blastocyst settling onto the endometrium; ends on ~10th day once blastocyst is completely embedded in the endometrium
Term
Endometrium
Definition
the lining of the uterus
Term
Point of Attachment of the blastocyst to the endometrium
Definition
always at the embryonic pole
Term
Syncytiotrophoblasts
Definition
the differentiated trophoblast cells at the embryonic pole; differentiation begins when the embryonic pole contacts the endometrium
Term
Cytotrophoblast cells
Definition
(after the blastocyst contacts the endometrium) the cells of the trophoblast surrounding the blastocystic cavity that are not at the embryonic pole
Term
What two cell types make up the blastocyst during implantation?
Definition
Syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts
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