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Embryo TEST 1
Wreck it mane
159
Anatomy
Post-Graduate
07/23/2015

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Term
Human development begins when what two things come together?
Definition
oocyte(ovum) and sperm (spermatozoon)
Term
A fertilized ovum is called what?
Definition
zygote
Term
True or False: Most development occurs before birth?
Definition
false
Term
The period of 3-8 weeks before birth?
Definition
embryonic period
Term
The period of 9 weeks until birth is called?
Definition
fetal period
Term
Stages of development can be divided into two categories what are they?
Definition
prenatal
postnatal
Term
Concerned with the origin and development of human being from a zygote to the birth of an infant?
Definition
human embryology
Term
study of the causes, mechanisms, and patterns of abnormal development?
Definition
teratology
Term
The fertilization process is called?
Definition
conception
Term
_______ refers to the female germ or sex cell produced in the ovaries?
Definition
oocyte
Term
When mature the oocyte is called what?
Definition
secondary oocyte (mature oocyte)
Term
_____ refers to the male germ cell or sex cell produced in the testes?
Definition
sperm
Term
cell formed by the union of an oocyte and a sperm?
Definition
zygote
Term
Gestational age of the embryo is from when?
Definition
first day of the last normal menstrual period
Term
Fertilization is how many weeks shorter than the gestational age?
Definition
2 weeks
Term
Mitotic cell division of the zygote, forms embryonic daughter cells called blastomeres?
Definition
clevage
Term
Embryonic daughter cells are called what?
Definition
blastomeres
Term
______ is created when 12 to about 32 blastomeres (daughter cells) have formed?
Definition
morula
Term
The morula stage is reached how many days after fertilization, just as the developing human enters the uterus from the uterine tube (fallopian tube)
Definition
3 days
Term
After the morula passes from the uterine tube into the uterus, a fluid filled cavity forms inside called the ____?
Definition
blastocystic cavity
Term
The inner cell or embryoblast will form what?
Definition
the embryo
Term
The outer cell or trophoblast forms what?
Definition
the placenta
Term
term that refers to the developing human during its early stages of development?
Definition
embryo
Term
True or False: by the end of the eight week (the end of the embryonic stage) all of the major structures of the developing human are present?
Definition
true
Term
refers to the embryo or fetus and its membranes and all the structures that develop from the zygote, both embryonic and extraembryonic?
Definition
conceptus
Term
Conceptus includes what three things as well?
Definition
amnion, chorionic sac, and the placenta
Term
first indication of the beginning of an organ or a structure and is the earliest stage of development?
Definition
primordium
Term
The primordium of the upper limb appears as a bud on about day __?
Definition
26
Term
True or False: during the fetal period the differentiation and growth of the tissues and organs are not formed?
Definition
false
Term
period consisting of three calendar months?
Definition
trimester
Term
refers to the expulsion of an embryo or fetus from the uterus before it is viable?
Definition
abortion (miscarry)
Term
The threatened abortion is common in about what percent of pregnancies?
Definition
25%
Term
The most critical stages of development occur during what trimester?
Definition
first
Term
About __ % of pregnancies end in spontaneous abortions (they occur naturally) usually during the first 12 weeks?
Definition
15
Term
evacuation of the embryo and its membrane by suction from the uterus?
Definition
legally induced abortion (elective abortion)
Term
retention of a conceptus in the uterus after death of the embryo or fetus?
Definition
missed abortion
Term
refers to the aborted products of a conception, which is an embryo and fetus and its associated membranes, such as the amnion and chorionic sac?
Definition
abortus
Term
term that refers to an interruption of pregnancy during the later stages of pregnancy; after the 20th week
Definition
miscarriage
Term
Each sex has reproductive or sex organs that produce and transport the germ cells otherwise known as?
Definition
gametes
Term
serves as the excretory passage for menstrual fluid?
Definition
vagina
Term
thick-walled, pear-shaped organ and consists of two main parts?
Definition
uterus
Term
What are the two parts of the uterus?
Definition
body
cervix
Term
the expanded two-thirds of the uterus?
Definition
body
Term
the cylindrical inferior third of the uterus?
Definition
cervix
Term
rounded part of the uterine body that lies superior to the orfices of the uterine tubes?
Definition
fundus
Term
The ____ of the cervix, the cervical canal, has a constricted opening, the os (ostrium) at each end?
Definition
lumen
Term
The _____ os communicates with the cavity of the body of the uterus?
Definition
internal
Term
the ____ os communicates with the vagina?
Definition
external
Term
thin external layer of peritoneum?
Definition
perimetrium
Term
thick smooth muscle layer?
Definition
myometrium
Term
a thin internal mucuous membrane?
Definition
endometrium
Term
At the peak of its development the endometrium becomes _ to _ mm thick?
Definition
4 to 5
Term
What are the three layers of the endometrium?
Definition
compact layer
spongy layer
basal layer
Term
this layer of the endometrium consists of densely packed connective tissue around the neck of the uterine glands?
Definition
compact layer
Term
the layer of the endometrium is composed of edematous connective tissue containing dilated, tortuous bodies of the uterine glands?
Definition
spongy layer
Term
this layer of the endometrium contains the blind ends of the uterine glands?
Definition
basal layer
Term
The ____ tubes extending 10 cm long and 1 cm in diameter, extends laterally from the horns of the uterus?
Definition
uterine tubes
Term
The uterine tube is divided into 4 parts?
Definition
1. infundibulum
2. ampulla
3. isthmus
4. uterine part
Term
The fertilization site is the ___ of the uterine tube?
Definition
ampulla
Term
almond shaped glands located on each side of the uterus that produce oocytes?
Definition
ovaries
Term
The ovaries also produces two hormones that are responsible for the development of the secondary sex characteristics and regulation of pregnancy?
Definition
estrogen
progesterone
Term
Male reproductive system organs include the?
9 things
Definition
penis
testes
epididymis
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
prostate
seminal glands(vesicles)
bulbourethal glands
ejaculatory ducts
urethra
Term
two oval shaped glands that are suspended in the scrotum?
Definition
testes
Term
Each testes consists of many highly coiled ________ that produces sperm?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
single, complexly coiled tube which stores the immature sperms which pass from the testes?
Definition
epididymis
Term
carries the sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?
Definition
ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Term
tube the leads from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body?
Definition
urethra
Term
consists of sperm mixed with fluid produced by the seminal vesicle, bulbourethral glands and prostate?
Definition
semen
Term
type of cell division in which the gametes are formed?
Definition
gametogenesis
Term
Meiotic cell division is males is called?
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
Meiotic cell division in females is called?
Definition
oogenesis
Term
what is different about the second meiotic division rather than the first?
Definition
same except without DNA replication
Term
process by which the spermatogonia are transformed into mature germ cells, or sperms?
Definition
spermatogenesis
Term
largest germ cells in the seminiferous tubules?
Definition
primary spermatocytes
Term
The secondary spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division to form four haploid _____?
Definition
spermatids
Term
process in which the spermatids are gradually transformed into four mature sperms?
Definition
spermiogenesis
Term
The spermatogenesis including spermiogenesis requires approximately how many months for completion?
Definition
2
Term
free-swimming, actively motile cell, consists of a head and a tail?
Definition
mature sperm
Term
the junction between the head and the tail?
Definition
neck of the sperm
Term
forms the bulk of the sperm, contains the nucleus which has 23 chromosomes?
Definition
head
Term
anterior two thirds of the head is covered by the _____, a caplike organelle containing enzymes that facilitate sperm penetration during fertilization?
Definition
acrosome
Term
provides the motility of the sperm, assisting with its transport to the site of fertilization in the ampulla of the uterine tube?
Definition
tail
Term
The maturation process begins during the fetal period but is not completed until after _____?
Definition
puberty
Term
refers to the sequence of events by which oogonia are transformed into oocytes?
Definition
oogenesis
Term
Shortly before ovulation a primary oocyte completes what?
Definition
first meiotic division
Term
Which one receives more cytoplasm in oogenesis?
Definition
secondary oocyte
Term
The secondary oocyte is released at ovulation is surrounded by a glycoprotein material, known as ________ and a layer of follicular cells called _______?
Definition
zona pellucida
corona radiata
Term
Female reproductive cycles are regulated by what three things?
Definition
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
ovaries
Term
releasing hormone is synthesized by neurosecretory cells in hypothalamus?
Definition
gonadotropin
Term
stimulates the development of ovarian follicles and the production of estrogen by the follicular cells?
Definition
follicular stimulating hormone
Term
serves as the trigger for ovulation and stimulates the follicular cell;s and corpus luteum to produce progesterone?
Definition
luteinizing hormone
Term
What three things make up the ovarian cycle?
Definition
development of follicles, ovulation, and formation of corpus luteum
Term
connective tissue capsule surrounding the follicle is called?
Definition
theca folliculi
Term
an internal and glandular layer called the?
part of theca folliculi
Definition
theca interna
Term
capsule-like layer known as the?
part of theca folliculi
Definition
theca externa
Term
thecal cells are believed to produce what that promotes growth of blood vessels in the theca interna?
Definition
angiogenesis factor
Term
process in which the stigma then ruptures, expelling the secondary oocytes?
Definition
ovulation
Term
After the antrum forms, the ovarian follicle is called a ?
Definition
secondary follicle
Term
The primary oocyte is surrounded by a mound of follicular cells known as _____ which projects into the enlarged antrum?
Definition
cumulus oophorus
Term
small,oval, avascular spot the ____ soon appears on this bulge?
Definition
stigma
Term
under the influence of LH, the walls of the follicle develop into a glandular structure the _____?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
If the oocyte is fertilized the corpus luteum enlarges to form ______________ and increases its hormone production?
Definition
corpus luteum of pregnancy
Term
Degeneration of the corpus luteum is prevented by _________?
Definition
human chorionic gonadotrophin
Term
If the oocyte is not fertilized, the corpus luteum will begin to involute and degenerate approximately 10 to 12 days after ovulation called a __________?
Definition
corpus luteum of menstruation
Term
The first day of menstruation is the beginning of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
menstrual phase
Term
the menstrual flow or _____ consists of varying amounts of blood combined with small pieces of endometrial tissue
Definition
menses
Term
The surge in LH elicited by the high level of estrogen in the blood appears to cause the stigma to do what?
Definition
rupture, expelling the secondary oocyte with the follicular fluid
Term
Under the influence of LH after ovulation the walls of the follicle develop into a glandular structure called?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
The corpus luteum secretes primarily what hormone?
Definition
progesterone
Term
The corpus luteum is subsequently transformed into white scar tissue in the ovary forming what?
Definition
corpus albicans
(degenerating corpus luteum)
Term
Period during which the oocyte matures, is ovulated and enters the uterine tube?
Definition
menstrual (endometrial) cycle
Term
The hormones produced by the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum (estrogen and progesterone) does what in the endometrium of the uterus?
Definition
produce cyclic changes
Term
The average menstrual cycle is __ days?
Definition
28
Term
What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
Definition
menstrual phase
proliferative (repair) phase
Luteal (secretory) phase
Term
How long does the menstrual phase of the menstrual cycle last?
Definition
4 to 5 days
Term
lasting approximately 9 days coincides with growth of the ovarian follicles and is controlled by estrogen secreted in these follicles?
Definition
proliferative phase
Term
Lasting approximately 13 days, coincides with the formation, function and growth of the corpus luteum?
Definition
luteal (secretory) phase
Term
The _____ produced by the corpus luteum stimulates the glandular epithelium to secrete a glycogne-rich, mucoid material?
Definition
progesterone
Term
reduced blood supply?
Definition
ischemia
Term
refers to the way of the oocyte and sperms meet each other in the amuplla of the uterine tube, the usual site of fertilization?
Definition
transportation of gametes
Term
The fingerlike processes of the tube, the _____ move back and forth over the ovary?
Definition
fimbriae
Term
The oocyte passes into the ampulla of the tube, primarily as a result of _____ movement of the walls of the tube characterized by alternate contraction and relaxation?
Definition
waves of peristalsis
Term
from their storage site in the epididymis, sperms are rapidly transported to the urethra by peristaltic contractions of the ductus deferens?
Definition
sperm transport
Term
an enzyme produced by the seminal glands, coagulates some of the semen and prevents backflow of semen into the vagina?
Definition
vesiculase
Term
in the semen that stimulates uterine motility and help to move the sperms through the uterus and tubes to the site of fertilization in the uterine tube?
Definition
prostaglandins
Term
True or False; freshly ejaculated sperm can fertilize oocytes?
Definition
false
Term
The freshly ejaculated sperm must undergo a period of conditioning called what for 7 hours?
Definition
capacitation
Term
Where are the sperms usually capacitated?
Definition
uterus or uterine tubes by substances secreted by these organs
Term
this reaction must be completed before a sperm can fuse with the oocyte?
Definition
acrosome reaction
Term
OOcytes are usually fertilized withing how many hours of ovulation?
Definition
12 hours of ovulation
Term
passage of a sperm through the corona radiata of the oocyte?
Definition
fertilization
Term
dispersal of the follicular cells results by the acrion of what enzyme?
Definition
hyaluronidase
Term
The poteolytic enzyme ______ appears to cause lysis of the zona pellucida, forming a path for the sperm to follow to the oocyte?
Definition
acrosin
Term
Once the sperm penetrates the zona pellucida a ____ occurs making it impermeable to other sperms?
Definition
zonal reaction
Term
The cell membranes break down where?
Definition
area of fusion
Term
The nucleus of the mature oocyte becomes the?
Definition
female pronucleus
Term
Within the cytoplasm of the oocyte, the nucelus of the sperm enlarges to form the?
Definition
male pronucleus
Term
During growth the male and female pronuclei replicate their?
Definition
DNA
Term
The combination of 23 chromosomes in each pronucleus results in a zygote with how many chromosomes?
Definition
46
Term
Fertilization stimulates the secondary oocyte to do what?
Definition
complete the second meiotic division, producing the second polar body
Term
Fertilization causes metabolic activation of the oocyte which initiates what?
Definition
clevage (of the zygote)
Term
The division of the zygote begins approximately how many hours after fertilization?
Definition
30
Term
during clevage the zygote is still contained within the?
Definition
zona pellucida
Term
to form compact ball of cells?
Definition
compaction
Term
Shortly after the morula enters the uterus uterine fluid passes through the zona pellucida to form a fluid filled space called____ inside the morula?
Definition
blastocystic cavity (blastocoel)
Term
The thin outer cells that gives rise to the embryonic part of the placenta?
Definition
trophoblast
Term
group of centrally located blastomeres that is the primordium of the embryo?
Definition
embryoblast
Term
The inner cell mass is called?
Definition
embryoblast
Term
layer of flattened blastomeres that form the outer cell mass?
Definition
trophoblast
Term
the embryoblast now projects into the blastocystic cavity and the _____ forms the wall of the blastocyst?
Definition
trophoblast
Term
After the blastocyst has floated in the uterine fluid for approximately 2 days, the zona pellucida does what?
Definition
degenerates and disappears
Term
True or False: shedding of the zona pellucida permits the blastocyst to increase rapidly in size?
Definition
true
Term
After about 6 days after fertilization, the blastocyst attaches to what?
Definition
endometrial epithelium
Term
inner layer of cells?
Definition
cytotrophoblast
Term
the outer layer consisting of a multinucleate protoplasmic mass formed by a fusion of cells?
Definition
syncytiotrophoblast
Term
The highly invasive syncytiotrophoblast rapidly expands to the embryoblast towards the?
Definition
embryonic pole
Term
the ___ produce proteolytic enzymes that erode the material tissues, enabling the blastocyst to burrow into the endometrium?
Definition
syncytiotrophoblast
Term
At the end of the first week, a cuboidal layer of cells called ____ appears on the surface of the embryoblast, facing the blastocystic cavity are called the epiblast of the amnionic cavity?
Definition
hypoblast
Term
by the end of the ___ week, the blastocyst is superficially implanted in the endometrium?
Definition
first
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