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Embryo Gems-4
AUC
22
Anatomy
Graduate
04/07/2011

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Term
Epimere vs Hypomere
Definition
Epimere Innervated by dorsal rami
forms intrinsic back muscles. MYF5 main

Hypomere is innervated by ventral rami .Ab wall muscles. Myo-d main
Term
Molecular control of somite patterning
Definition
Homeobox genes
Term
Components of Skull
Definition
Neurocarnium: Encases the brain
A. membranous neurocranium(flat bones)
B. Cartilaginous neurocranium.
b. Chondrocranium=base of skull
From Neural crest and somitomeres

Viscerocranium: Face
Entirely neural crest
Term
Craniosynostosis
Definition
Many are due to mutations in FGFRs

Scaphocephaly -> sagital suture

Bracycephaly -> coronal suture
Term
Hox genes determinging limb bud foramtion
Definition
Position along body axis specified by HOX genes.

Forelimb: TBX5

Hindlimb: TBX4
Term
Digit formation
Definition
Rounds of cell death in AER create digits
Term
Thalidomide and growth
Definition
Thalomide causes absence or deformity of long bones.

Meromillian: Hands directly on shoulders( no arms
Term
Heart is formed from
Definition
Induction of the cardiogenic field is done by BMP 2,4. WNT and NKX2.5

Splanchnic mesoderm

Lateral folding forms a single tube with aortic and venous poles.

Heart sits on septum transversum
Term
Cardiac looping
Definition
Ventricles descend and atria move up

Nodal and left upregulate PITX2

NKX 2.5 upregulates Hand 1 and Hand 2

Hand1: Left ventricle
Hand2: Right ventricle
Term
Right and Left Sinus horn
Definition
Left sinus horn forms coronary sinus and oblique veins.

Right sinus horn forms IVC at right atrium
Term
Conotruncal
Definition
Neural crest cells Migrate and help form conotruncal septum
Term
Bypass in fetus
Definition
Ductus venosus: bypass liver

Foramen Ovale: bypass right ventricle

ductus arteriouses: bypass lungs
Term
ASD

VSD

Tetralogy of Falot
Definition
ASD: Excessive resorption of septum primu
Absense of septum secundum

VSD: 80% muscular 20%membranous

Tetrology of Fallot: VSD and spiral outflow formation problems.
Overriding Aorta, hypertrophy of R.V>
pulmonary stenosis
Term
Persistant Truncus Artenious and gene mutations
Definition
Truncus arteriouses: spiral does not happen, retains common outflow

NKX2.5: ASD or Tinman

TBX
Term
Aortic Arch derivities
Definition
3: carotid
4L: Aorta
4r: subclavian
6: pulmonary
Term
Vitteline vessel derivitives
Definition
Celiac, SMA, IMA = Vitelline arteries from the yolk sac.

Vitelline veins are incorporated into growing liver.

Anastomosic veins around duodunem form the portal vein(vitelline v + umbilical)

Liver grows out
Term
These develop into:
Supracardinal v
Subcardinal v
sacrocardinal v
Definition
Supracardinal v = Azygous

Subcardinal -> hepatic renal veins

Sacrocardinal -> Iliac veins
Term
Hemolytic Disease of newborns
Definition
Maternal antibodies against fetal RBC's

Triggered by Rh antigen.
Baby Rh+
Mother Rh-
Term
Villi
Definition
Primary Villi: Projection of material(cryptotropblast)

Secondary: Mesenchyme

Tertiary: Mesenchyme and embryonic b.v.
Term
Villi Barrier
Definition
Week 4: Synctium, Cryptotrophoblast, C.T., Endothelium

Month 4: synctium, Endothelium
Term
Functional Layers
Definition
Decidual basalis function layer of maternal blood supply

Chorion frondosum function layer of embryo
Term
Formation of blood supply to fetus
Definition
Synctiotrophoblast forms lacunae

Lacunae become infiltrated by maternal blood from spiral arteries

Cryptotrophoblast form villi which surround lacunae.

Villi become infiltrated by fetal blood
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