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Embryo Gems-2
AUC
15
Anatomy
Graduate
04/06/2011

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Cards

Term
Neuralation
Definition
Ectoderm germ layer folds to create the neural plate

Neural plate folds on itself to form neural tube.
Term
Caudal Dysgenesis (mermaid syndrome)
Definition
Not enough mesoderm in caudal part of body
Term
CNS formation signals.
Definition
SHH forms motor

BMP is sensory
Term
Neuropore's
Definition
Cranial(anterior) neruopore: Failure to close -> anecephaly

Caudal(posterior) neuropore: Spina Bifida (meningocele)
Term
Prevention of Neural Tube Defects. NTDs
Definition
400ug/day, starting 3 months prior to conception

4000ug a day if there is a history of NTDs

Prevents 70% of NTDs
Term
Formation of Gut tube
Definition
Lateral folding turns the yolk sac into the gut tube.
Term
Ventral Body wall Defects
Definition
Ectopia Cordis: Heart is abnormally located

Gastroschisis: Protrusion through the abdominal wall by intestinal contents.

Bladder and Cloacal extrophy: mesodermal migration inhibited. Bladder and cloacal extend outside body wall.
Term
Sclerotome
Definition
Form vertebrae and most of skull.. Part of somites
Term
Somite
Definition
Forms sclerotome and dermomyotome.
Term
Limb Growth
Definition
Apical Ectodermal Ridge produces FGF, which causes adjacent mesenchymal cells to remain rapid growing and undifferentiated.

ZPA. Zone of polarizing activity

Produces retinoic acid -> SHH

SHH establishes anterior/posterior axis of limbs
Term
ZPA
Definition
Two Zpa result in symetrical hand.
Term
Skull Formation
Definition
Neural Crest - Anterior skull: Frontal sphenoid, and squamous temporalis.
Hyoids

Paraxial mesoderm(posterior skull):
Parietal, pet. temporalis, occipitals.
Term
Bone derivitives of the Archs
Definition
1: Malleus, Incus Meckels cartiladge
2: Stapes, styloid process, lesser horn of hyoid
3: greater horn of hyoid
4: thyroid cartilage
6: cricoid cartilage
Term
Pharyngeal Arch Nerve and muscles
Definition
1: CN V(trigeminal) Mastication muscles

2: CNVII Facial Nerve: Facial expression

3: CN IX(Glossopharyngeal) stylopharyngeus

4/6: CN X(Vagus) Cricothyroid, Intrinsic muscles of larynx
Term
Bones of Cranial Base
Definition
Prechordal Chondrocranium: Neural Crest

Chordal Chonodrocranium: Paraxial mesoderm

Intramembranous ossification
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