Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Embryo 4
Bone Muscle Limb
21
Veterinary Medicine
Not Applicable
04/12/2017

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Cards

Term
What are the 3 main somite segments that the paraxial mesoderm splits into?
Definition
Sclerotome
Dermatome
Myotome
Term
The axial skeleton originates from....
Definition
mesodermal sclerotome
Term
The appendicular skeleton (limb bones, pelvis) originates from....
Definition
lateral plate mesoderm
Term
The facial bones originate from...
Definition
neural crest cells
Term
The cranial bones of the skull originate from...
Definition
mesoderm
Term
What is the difference between endochondral & intramembranous ossification? What body parts use which mode?
Definition
endochondral involves mesenchyme differentiating first into cartilage (chondrocytes) and then get replaced by bone
-long bones (limbs)

Intramembranous involves direct ossification of the mesenchyme
-flat bones (face & skull)
Term
Where does muscle originate from?
Definition
skeletal muscle - paraxial
cardiac & smooth muscle - splanchnic
Term
___ and ____ keep myogenic cells proliferating (in mitosis). When the protein ____ is upregulated, they will be removed from the cell cycle and become____
Definition
post-mitotic myoblasts
Term
What are myotubes?
Definition
post-mitotic myoblasts which are fused together, they produce other proteins like troponin and tropomyosin
Term
True or False

Cardiac myocytes fuse together to form myotubes, whereas skeletal muscle myocytes do not
Definition
false - other way around
Term
How does the heart keep beating as it grows?
Definition
filaments get partially disassembled then re-assembled during mitosis, on an individual cell level
Term
In the developing limb, what happens first: growth & division, or cell differentiation?
Definition
growth & division
Term
In limb development, cells undergo proliferation in the ____ zone
Definition
progress zone
Term
The AER maintains the ____ axis via ____
Definition
Proximal-distal

FGF
Term
Shh maintains ____ and _____
Definition
AER & zone of polarizing activity
Term
What are the master developmental genes
Definition
HOX
Term
What gene dictates the specific pattern of limb development?
Definition
HoxD
Term
If the radius and ulna are missing, waht genes are knocked out?
Definition
HocxA11 or Hox D11
Term
Having extra limbs is due to...
Definition
duplication of the zone of polarizing activity
Term
Polydactyly is due to...
Definition
disruption of shh
Term
Syndactyly is due to...
Definition
absence of apoptosis between digits
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