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Elbow, Wrist, Trunk/Spine
Anatomy of the Elbow, Wrist, Trunk and Spine
95
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2010

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Term
Origin and Insertion of the Biceps Brachii
Definition
Origin: Coracoid Process and Supraglenoid tubercle
Insertion: Radial Tuberosity and Bicipital aponeurosis
Term
Primary action of the Biceps Brachii
Definition
Flexion and Supination
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Brachialis
Definition
Origin: Distal half of the anterior portion of humerus
Insertion: Coronoid Process of ulna
Term
Primary of the Brachialis
Definition
Flexion
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Brachioradialis
Definition
Origin: Distal two-thirds of lateral condyloid (supracondylar) ridge of the humerus
Insertion: Lateral surface of distal end of radius at styloid process
Term
Primary action of the Brachioradialis
Definition
Supination and Pronation
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Pronator Teres
Definition
Origin: Distal part of the medial condyloid ridge of the humerus and medial side of ulna
Insertion: Middle third of lateral surface of radius
Term
Primary action of the Pronator Teres
Definition
Pronation
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Pronator Quadratus
Definition
Origin: Distal fourth of anterior side of Ulna
Insertion: Distal fourth of the anterior side of radius
Term
Primary action of the Pronator Quadratus
Definition
Pronation
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Triceps Brachii
Definition
Origin: Long head - Infraglenoid tubercle of scapula, Lateral Head - Upper half of posterior surface of the humerus, Medial head - Distal two-thirds of posterior surface of humerus
Insertion: Olecranon process of ulna
Term
Primary action of the Triceps Brachii
Definition
Extension
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Anconeus
Definition
Origin: Posterior surface of lateral condyle of the humerus
Insertion: Posterior surface of upper ulna and olecranon
Term
Primary action of the Anconeus
Definition
Extension
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Supinator
Definition
Origin: Lateral Epicondyle of humerus and Neighboring posterior part of ulna
Insertion: Lateral surface of proximal radius just below the head.
Term
Primary action of the Supinator
Definition
Supination
Term
Causes of Elbow Bursitis
Definition
*Tip of the elbow receives a sharp blow and injures the bursa

*Repeated falls irritates the bursa wall
Term
Diagnosis of Elbow Bursitis
Definition
'Small egg' hanging off the elbow
Term
Treatment of Elbow Bursitis
Definition
*Ice twice a day for 20 minutes
*Aspirin
*5 days to 1 week
*Extreme cases - drain the sac and inject cortisone
Term
Causes of Lateral Humeral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Definition
*Excessive strain on the muscular attachments.
*Backhand 90% and forehand 10%
*Improper form
*Racquet too heavy
*Playing on grass or cement
*Too much tension on strings
*Oversized grip
Term
Diagnosis of Lateral Humeral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Definition
*Pain
*Extension of elbow and then wrist flexion causes pain
Term
Treatment of Lateral Humeral Epicondylitis (Tennis Elbow)
Definition
*Rest and Aspirin
*Tennis Lessons
Term
Causes of Ulnar Neuritis
Definition
*The ulna nerve stretches or becomes loose
*Throwing or racquet sports that "twang" the nerve
Term
Diagnosis of Ulnar Neuritis
Definition
*Discomfort that comes and goes (stage 1)
*Pain that radiates from the elbow to the hand (stage 2)
*Feels like your little finger and portion of your ring finger and hand is always asleep (stage 3)
*Tap the nerve for 'Tinel's sign'
Term
Treatment of Ulnar Neuritis
Definition
*Rest and Aspirin
*Relief in 4 to 6 weeks
*Extreme cases require surgery
Term
Causes of Little League / Pitcher's Elbow
Definition
*Powerful throwing motions cause wear and tear at the medial epicondyle
*Growth plate in children
*Tendon attachment in adults
Term
Diagnosis of Little League / Pitcher's Elbow
Definition
*Pain develops slowly over two or three days
*hard to fully extend the elbow
*Tenderness about an inch distal to the medial epicondyle (adults); right on the epicondyle (children)
Term
Treatment of Little League / Pitcher's Elbow
Definition
*Stop throwing and take aspirin
*Relief in 4-6 weeks - longer in children if gap has developed at growth plate
*Extreme cases surgery is necessary to restore growth center
Term
Distal Phalanx
Definition
Finger tip bone
Term
Middle Phalanx
Definition
Bone in middle of finger (thumb does not have this)
Term
Proximal phalanx
Definition
Finger bone that connects to palm of hand
Term
Metacarpal bones
Definition
Make up the palm of the hand and thumb
Term
Carpal bones
Definition
Top row from pinky side - Hamate, Capitate, Trapezoid and Trapezium
Bottom row from pinky side - Pisiform, Triquetrum, Lunate, Scaphoid
Term
Distal Interphalangeal joint (DIP)
Definition
joint in between the distal and middle phalanx
Term
Proximal Interphalangeal Joint (PIP)
Definition
joint in between the middle phalanx and the proximal phalanx
Term
Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP)
Definition
Joint in between the Proximal phalanx and the metacarpal
Term
Carpametacarpal joint (CMC)
Definition
Joint in between the Metacarpals and carpals
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Origin - Medial epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion - Base of second and third metacarpal, anterior (palmer surface)
Term
Primary Action of the Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Flexion and Abduction
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Palmaris Longus
Definition
Origin - Medial epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion - Palmaris aponeurosis of second, third, fourth and fifth metacarpals
Term
Primary Action onto the Palmaris Longus
Definition
Flexion
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Definition
Origin - Lower one third of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus and lower epicondyle of the humerus.
Insertion - Base of second metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Term
Primary Action of the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Definition
Extension and Abduction
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Origin - Medial Epicondyle of humerus, posterior aspect of proximal ulna.
Inseertion - Pisiform, hamate, and base of fifth metacarpal.
Term
Primary Action of the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Flexion and Adduction
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Origin - Lateral epicondyle of the humerus and the middle two fourths of posterior border of the ulna.
Insertion - Base of fifth metacarpal (dorsal surface)
Term
Primary Action of the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Extension and Adduction
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Extensor Digitorum
Definition
Origin - Lateral epicondyle of humerus.
Insertion - Four tendons to bases of middle and distal phalanges of four fingers (dorsal surface)
Term
Primary action of the Extensor Digitorum
Definition
Extension of the wrist and extension of the fingers
Term
Causes of Wrist Sprain
Definition
Excessive range of motion - causes a tear in a ligament or joint capsule
Term
Diagnosis of Wrist Sprain
Definition
*Immediate pain
*After 15-30 minutes the pain subsides, only to return 3 -4 hours later
*Discoloration and swelling
Term
Treatment of Wrist Sprain
Definition
*Rest and immobilization.
* Splint followed by adhesive tape.
Term
Causes of DeQuervain's Tendinitis
Definition
Overuse throwing or racquet sports inflames tendon sheath and causes excess synovial fluid
Term
Diagnosis of DeQuervain's Tendinitis
Definition
*Develops Gradually.
*Dull, aching pain.
*Swollen sheath
*Positive "Finkelstein" test
Term
Treatment of DeQuervain's Tendinitis
Definition
*Ice twice daily for 20 minutes.
*Immobilization and aspirin.
*Multiple tendons may require surgery.
Term
Causes for a Carpal Navicular Fracture
Definition
*A call or impact to an outstretched hand.
*Navicular is driven into radius
Term
Diagnosis for a Carpal Navicular Fracture
Definition
*Both extension and flexion are limited.
*Pain localized at base of thumb.
*Swelling and discoloration.
*Tenderness in the anatomical snuff box.
*X-rays for confirmation
Term
Treatment for a Carpal Navicular Fracture
Definition
* Immobilization (casting)
* Frequent x-rays (navicular heals slowly)
* Healing time is 3 months
Term
How many true ribs are there?
Definition
7
Term
How many false ribs are there?
Definition
4
Term
How many floating ribs are there? Are they considered true or false ribs?
Definition
2 - false ribs
Term
What is an intercostal space?
Definition
the space in between each rib.
Term
Costal Cartilage
Definition
Cartilage that connects the true ribs to the sternum
Term
Costal margin
Definition
the cartilage that connects the false ribs to the costal cartilage and sternum.
Term
What is the name of the first Cervical cartilage?
Definition
Atlas
Term
What is the name of the second cervical vertebrae?
Definition
the axis
Term
How many cervical vertebrae are there?
Definition
7
Term
How many Thoracic Vertebrae are there?
Definition
12
Term
How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
Definition
6
Term
Where is the Sacral promontory
Definition
on the anterior side of the first sacral vertebra
Term
What is spinal flexion
Definition
bending forward
Term
What is spinal extension?
Definition
straightening up
Term
What is lateral flexion of the spine
Definition
bending over to the side
Term
What is reduction (in regards to a spinal movement)
Definition
straightening out of a lean (of the spine)
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Sternocleidomastoid
Definition
Origin - Medial clavicle and manubrium of the sternum.
Insertion - Mastoid process.
Term
Primary action of the sternocleidomastoid
Definition
On the Left side - Rotation to the right and lateral flexion to the left.

Vise versa on right?
Term
What 2 muscles make up the splenius muscles?
Definition
The cervicis and capitis
Term
Origin and insertion of the Cervicis (Splenius muscle)
Definition
Origin: Spinous processes of the third through sixth thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Transverse Processes of the first three cervical vertebrae.
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Capitis (Splenius muscles)
Definition
Origin: Lower half of the ligamentum nuchae and spinous process of seventh cervical and the upper three or four thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion: Mastoid processes and occipital bone.
Term
Primary actions of the Splenius Muscles
Definition
*Lateral Flexion to the left along with rotation to the right. Vice versa..
*Extension
Term
What muscles make up the Erector Spinae
Definition
The iliocostalis, the longissimus, and the spinalis
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Iliocostalis (Erector Spinae)
Definition
Origin: Superior sacrum.
Insertion: Posterior ribs and cervical transverse processes.
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Longissimus (Erector Spinae)
Definition
Origin: Superior sacrum
Insertion: Cervical and Thoracic transverse processes; mastoid process
Term
Origin and insertion of the Spinalis (Erector Spinae)
Definition
Origin: Upper lumbar and lower thoracic spinous processes.
Insertion: cervical and thoracic spinous processes: occipital bone.
Term
Primary action of the Erector Spinae
Definition
Spinal Extension and lateral flexion.
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Origin: Crest of pubis.
Insertion: Cartilage of fifth, sixth, and seventh ribs, and the xiphoid process.
Term
Primary action of the Rectus Abdominis
Definition
Lateral flexion and Flexion.
Term
Origin and Insertion of the External Oblique
Definition
Origin: Borders of lower eight ribs at side of chest dovetailing with serratus anterior muscle.
Insertion: Anterior half of crest of ilium, inguinal ligament, crest of pubis, fascia of rectus abdominis m. at lower front
Term
Primary Action of External Oblique.
Definition
Rotation, lumbar flexion, and lumbar lateral flexion.
Term
Origin and Insertion of Internal Oblique.
Definition
Origin: Upper half of inguinal ligament, anterior two thirds of crest of ilium, lumbar fascia.
Insertion: Costal Cartilages of eighth, ninth and tenth ribs, and the linea alba.
Term
Primary action of the Internal Oblique
Definition
Rotation, lumbar flexion, lumbar lateral flexion.
Term
Origin and Insertion of the Transversus Abdominis
Definition
Origin: Outer third of inguinal ligament, inner rim of iliac crest, inner surface of cartilage of lower six ribs, lumbar fascia.
Insertion: Crest of pubis, iliopectineal line, and linea alba joining its fellow from other side
Term
Primary Action of the Transversus Abdominis
Definition
helps to compress the ribs and viscera, providing thoracic and pelvic stability
Term
Origin and insertion of the Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
Origin: Posterior inner lip of the iliac crest.
Insertion: Approximately one-half length of lower border of the twelfth rib and transverse process of the upper four lumbar vertebrae.
Term
Primary Action of the Quadratus Lumborum
Definition
Lateral Flexion
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