Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Elbow Complex
Elbow anatomy and muscle functions
116
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
06/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The elbow consists of the articulations among what?
Definition
distal humerus
proximal ulna
proximal radius
Term
most upper extremity movements involve what?
Definition
the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints
Term
Articulations of the elbow
Definition
"The elbow"
-Ulnohumeral (flex/ext)
-Radiohumeral (flex/ext)

-Proximal Radioulnar (Pro/Sup)
Term
Elbow Movements
Definition
Flexion
Extension
Term
Elbow Flexion
Definition
movement of forearm to shoulder by bending the elbow to decrease its angle
Term
Elbow Extension
Definition
movement of foreqrm away from shoulder by straightening the elbow to increase its angle
Term
Distal Radioulnar Movements
Definition
Pronation
Supination
Term
Pronation
Definition
internal rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm-up to palm-down position
Term
Supination
Definition
external rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm-down to palm-up position
Term
What type of joint is the elbow joint and what movements does it allow?
Definition
Hinge type joint
Allows only flexion and extension
Term
what are the 2 interrelated joints of the elbow
Definition
Ulnohumeral articulation
Radiohumeral articulation
Term
What movement does the radioulnar joint allow?
Definition
movement between the radius and the ulna in pronation and supination
Term
In the neutral position, the radius and ulna lie where?
Definition
next to each other
Term
In the full pronation position, where do the radius and ulna lie?
Definition
the radius has crossed over the ulna diagonally
Term
Name an example of a sport that can get shin splints in the arm?
Definition
gymnasts
Term
explain the synergy between GH, elbow, & radioulnar joint muscles
Definition
as the radioulnar joint goes through its ROM, glenohumeral & elbow muscles contract to stabilize or assist in the effectiveness of movement at the radioulnar joints
Term
We depend on what to assist in an appropriate amount of stabilization & assistance with the required task
Definition
both the agonists and antagonists in the surrounding joints
Term
When tightening a screw with a screwdriver which involves radioulnar supination, what do we do at the shoulder and elbow joints?
Definition
externally rotate at the shoulder and flex at the elbow joints
Term
When loosening a tight screw with pronation, what do we do at the shoulder and elbow joints?
Definition
internally rotate at the shoulder and extend at the elbow joints
Term
Non-articular surfaces of the distal humerus
Definition
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa
Term
Articular surfaces of the distal humerus
Definition
Trochlea
Capitulum
Term
What does the shaft of the humerus do as you continue distally?
Definition
gradually flattens anteriorly and posteriorly and widens medially and laterally
Term
What gives rise to the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges on the humerus?
Definition
the flattening of the distal shaft
Term
the Medial epicondyle of the distal humerus is an attachment site for what?
Definition
joint capsule
ulnar collateral ligament
superficial flexor muscles of the forearm
Term
The Lateral epicondyle of the distal humerus is an attachment site for what?
Definition
Radial collateral ligament
superficial extensor muscles of the arm
Term
Medial and lateral epicondyles are prominent projections that are what?
Definition
distal culminations of the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges
Term
which of the epicondyles of the distal humerus is most prominent?
Definition
medial
Term
The medial epicondyle is grooved posteriorly by a shallow sulcus for what?
Definition
the ulnar nerve that travels in the groove and lies directly against the bone
Term
When you hit your funny bone, what are you doing?
Definition
compressing the ulnar nerve against the humerus
Term
What are the radial and cornoid fossae and where are they located?
Definition
shallow depressions on the surface of the distal humerus
-radial fossa is located proximal to the capitulum
-cornoid fossa is located proximal to the trochlea
Term
What to the radial and cornoid fossae do?
Definition
allow close approximation between humerus and the radius and ulna during maximum elbow flexion
Term
What is the Olecranon Fossa and where is it located?
Definition
a deep depression on posterior surface of the distal humerus proximal to the trochlea
Term
The olecranon process fits into a notch between the medial and lateral epicondyle forming what and when?
Definition
three points in a row, during extension
Term
the medial and lateral epicondyle and olecrenon form what during flexion
Definition
a triangle
Term
Why would someone be able to hyperextend at the elbow joint?
Definition
may have a small olecranon process or a large olecranon fossa which allows them more extension before contact occurs
Term
What is the capitulum and where is it located?
Definition
Hemispheric shape on the anterior and distal aspect of the humerus and lies in the lateral one third of the radial side
Term
What is the trochlea and where is it located?
Definition
pulley-shaped surface with a 330 degree surface area that lies in the middle third
Term
According to Wolff's law, the mineralization and density of the distal humerus suggest what?
Definition
that the distal humerus sustains its largest loads anteriorly and distally
Term
How is the Proximal Ulna shaped compared to distal end?
Definition
larger than the distal end, and is curved anteriorly
Term
What does the proximal Ulna consist of?
Definition
Olecranon process
coronoid process
trochlear notch
radial notch
Term
Describe Olecranon process is what
Definition
hook-like projection that extens proximally and anteriorly
Term
Describe Coronoid process
Definition
superior surface forms floor of trochlear notch, lateral aspect is a smooth oval facet
Term
Where does the trochelar notch articulate?
Definition
with the trochlea of the humerus
Term
Where does the radial notch articulate?
Definition
with the head of the radius
Term
What does the proximal radius consist of?
Definition
Radial head
Neck
Tuberosity
Term
What is the Radial head?
Definition
Disc-shaped expansion of proximal end of the radius
Term
how is the proximal end of the radius shaped and what does it articulate with?
Definition
It's concave (fovea) and articulates with the capitulum while the rim articulates with the radial notch
Term
What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar articulation?
Definition
pivot type joint with minimal bony support
Term
What does the annular ligament do?
Definition
maintain the radial head in its joint
Term
Ligaments of the elbow joint
Definition
Radial (lateral)Collateral Ligaments
Ulnar (medial)Collateral Ligaments
Annular
Term
Radial and Ulnar collateral ligaments
Definition
provide support for the sides of the joint
Term
Annular ligament holds what
Definition
Wraps around the head of the radius and attaches to the side of the ulna
-holds the proximal radioulnar joint together
-Allows for pronation and supination
Term
Radial Collateral Ligament
Definition
Provides lateral stability
Resists VARUS forces
Prevents elbow adduction
Rarely injured
Term
Ulnar Collateral Ligament
Definition
Provides medial support
Resists VALGUS forces
Prevents elbow abduction
Many contact sports and throwing activities place stress on medial aspect of joint, resulting in injury
Term
VARUS FORCES
Definition
an abnormal inward turning of a bone (adduction)
-tears RCL
Term
VALGUS FORCES
Definition
abnormal outward turning of a bone (abduction)
-tears UCL
Term
Elbow Flexor
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Term
Elbow Extensors
Definition
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Term
Radioulnar pronators
Definition
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Brachioradialis
Term
Elbow extensors
Definition
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Term
Radioulnar supinators
Definition
Briceps brachii
Supinator muscle
Brachioradialis
Term
Anterior muscles primarily produce what?
Definition
elbow flexion and radioulnar pronation
Term
What are the anterior muscles
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Term
Posterior muscles primarily produce what?
Definition
Elbow extension and radioulnar supination
Term
What are the posterior muscles
Definition
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Supinator
Term
Biceps Brachii
Definition
Elbow flexion
Radioulnar supination
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder abduction when externally rotated
Term
Brachialis
Definition
Elbow flexion
"workhorse" of the elbow
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
Elbow flexion
Radioulnar pronation(from supinated to neutral)
Radioulnar supination (from pronated position to neutral)
Term
Triceps Brachii
Definition
All heads: Elbow extension
Long head: Shoulder adduction
Shoulder horizontal abduction
Term
Anconeus
Definition
Elbow extension
Pulls on the annular ligament
Keeps annular ligament from being pinched in the olecranon fossa during elbow extension
Term
Pronator Teres
Definition
Radioulnar pronation
Weak elbow flexion
Term
Pronator Quadratus
Definition
Radioulnar pronation
Term
Supinator
Definition
Radioulnar supination
Term
Elbow flexion AGONISTS
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Term
Elbow extension AGONISTS
Definition
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Term
Radioulnar pronation AGONISTS
Definition
Pronator teres
Pronator Quadratus
Brachioradialis
Term
Radioulnar Supination AGONISTS
Definition
Biceps brachii
Supinator
Brachioradialis
Term
name Elbow flexors from strongest to weakest
Definition
Brachialis
Biceps Brachii
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Term
Mechanical advantage of flexor muscles
Definition
Brachioradialis > Biceps brachii > Brachialis
Term
Position of greatest elbow strength?
Definition
flexed at approx 90 degrees
Term
Which flexor muscle has the longest moment arm and is the most effective?
Definition
Brachioradialis
Term
Biceps brachii effectiveness
Definition
-inserts at radial tuberosity
-radius "roles" over biceps tendon as forearm pronates
-most effective when arm is supinated
Term
Brachioradialis
Definition
-Inserts laterally at the distal end of radius
-Angle of pull is purely vertical when forearm is neutral
-Effectiveness decreases as forearm pronates and supinates
Term
Brachialis
Definition
-Inserts at the coronoid process of ulna
-Unaffected by forearm pronation and supination
Term
Carrying Angle
Definition
Normal:
Male: 10-15 degrees
Female: 15-25 degree
Term
Cubital Varus
Definition
"Gunstock deformity"
-could be from a fracture
-Elbows point laterally and hands angle medially
Term
Cubital Valgus
Definition
Elbows point medially and hands angle laterally
Term
Tennis elbow
Definition
Inflammation, soreness or pain on the lateral side of the upper arm near elbow
Term
Tennis elbow cause
Definition
repetitive microtrauma to insertion of wrist extensor muscles
Term
Tennis elbow risk factors
Definition
Repetitive gripping and twisting
Poor or improper technique
Poor or improper equipment
Term
Medial epicondylitis "Golfer's Elbow"
Definition
Inflammation, soreness or pain on the medial side of the upper arm near elbow
Term
Causes of medial epicondylitis
Definition
-Repeated forceful wrist flexion and extreme valgus torque on the elbow
Term
Medial strain
Definition
-Initial forward phase of throw
-Hand and elbow lag behind trunk and shoulder
Term
Little League Elbow
Definition
Avulsion fracture of the medial epicondylar apophysis
Term
Cause of Little League Elbow
Definition
repetitive mmicrotraumas that occur from throwing motion - NOT DUE TO PITCH TYPE
Term
Olecranon Bursitis
Definition
-Most frequently injured bursa in the elbow
-Inflammed bursa produces pain, severe swelling, and point tenderness
Term
Olecranon Bursitsi cause
Definition
direct blow
Term
UCL injuries
Definition
-most ofteninjured as a result of a valgus force from repetitive trauma
Term
UCL symptoms
Definition
complain of pain along medial aspect of elbow, tenderness over UCL, may have numbness or tingling
Term
Surgical repair of UCL is called what?
Definition
Tommy John procedure
Term
Elbow dislocation causes
Definition
fall on the outstretched hand with the elbow in a position of hyperextension or by a sever twist while the elbow is in a flexed position
Term
Elbow dislocation
Definition
-Bones of the ulna and radius may be displaced backward, forward, or laterally
-tear most ot the ligaments, may have damage to nerves, blood vessels and arteries
-must refer to physician for reduction
Term
What type of elbow dislocation is most common?
Definition
when both ulnar and radius are forced backward
Term
Elbow Fracture causes
Definition
fall on an outstreched hand or the flexed elbow or by a direct blow to the elbow
Term
Elbow fracture
Definition
Can take place in any one or more of the bones and my not be visible
Term
who has the highest rate of injuries?
Definition
Children and young adults
Term
What are the boundaries of the cubital Fossa?
Definition
Pronator Teres (medial)
Brachioradialis (lateral)
Line between humeral epicondyle (superior)
Term
Contents of the Cubital Fossa (medial to lateral)
Definition
Median Nerve
Brachial Artery
Biceps tendon
Term
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Definition
Wrist flexion
assists with radial deviations
Term
Palmarus Longus
Definition
Assists with wrist flexion
Term
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Wrist flexion
ulnar deviation
Term
Anconeus
Definition
Elbow extension
stabilizes during pronation & supination
Term
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus
Definition
Wrist extension
Radial deviation
Term
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis
Definition
Wrist extension
Radialdeviation
Term
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Definition
Wrist extension
Ulnar deviation
Term
Extensor Digitorum
Definition
Wrist extension
Finger extension
Supporting users have an ad free experience!