Term
| The elbow consists of the articulations among what? |
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Definition
distal humerus
proximal ulna
proximal radius |
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Term
| most upper extremity movements involve what? |
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Definition
| the elbow and proximal radioulnar joints |
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Term
| Articulations of the elbow |
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Definition
"The elbow"
-Ulnohumeral (flex/ext)
-Radiohumeral (flex/ext)
-Proximal Radioulnar (Pro/Sup) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| movement of forearm to shoulder by bending the elbow to decrease its angle |
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Term
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Definition
| movement of foreqrm away from shoulder by straightening the elbow to increase its angle |
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Term
| Distal Radioulnar Movements |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| internal rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm-up to palm-down position |
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Term
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Definition
| external rotary movement of radius on ulna that results in hand moving from palm-down to palm-up position |
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Term
| What type of joint is the elbow joint and what movements does it allow? |
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Definition
Hinge type joint
Allows only flexion and extension |
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Term
| what are the 2 interrelated joints of the elbow |
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Definition
Ulnohumeral articulation
Radiohumeral articulation |
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Term
| What movement does the radioulnar joint allow? |
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Definition
| movement between the radius and the ulna in pronation and supination |
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Term
| In the neutral position, the radius and ulna lie where? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the full pronation position, where do the radius and ulna lie? |
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Definition
| the radius has crossed over the ulna diagonally |
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Term
| Name an example of a sport that can get shin splints in the arm? |
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Definition
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Term
| explain the synergy between GH, elbow, & radioulnar joint muscles |
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Definition
| as the radioulnar joint goes through its ROM, glenohumeral & elbow muscles contract to stabilize or assist in the effectiveness of movement at the radioulnar joints |
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Term
| We depend on what to assist in an appropriate amount of stabilization & assistance with the required task |
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Definition
| both the agonists and antagonists in the surrounding joints |
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Term
| When tightening a screw with a screwdriver which involves radioulnar supination, what do we do at the shoulder and elbow joints? |
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Definition
| externally rotate at the shoulder and flex at the elbow joints |
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Term
| When loosening a tight screw with pronation, what do we do at the shoulder and elbow joints? |
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Definition
| internally rotate at the shoulder and extend at the elbow joints |
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Term
| Non-articular surfaces of the distal humerus |
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Definition
Medial epicondyle
Lateral epicondyle
Olecranon fossa
Coronoid fossa
Radial fossa |
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Term
| Articular surfaces of the distal humerus |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the shaft of the humerus do as you continue distally? |
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Definition
| gradually flattens anteriorly and posteriorly and widens medially and laterally |
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Term
| What gives rise to the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges on the humerus? |
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Definition
| the flattening of the distal shaft |
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Term
| the Medial epicondyle of the distal humerus is an attachment site for what? |
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Definition
joint capsule
ulnar collateral ligament
superficial flexor muscles of the forearm |
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Term
| The Lateral epicondyle of the distal humerus is an attachment site for what? |
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Definition
Radial collateral ligament
superficial extensor muscles of the arm |
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Term
| Medial and lateral epicondyles are prominent projections that are what? |
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Definition
| distal culminations of the medial and lateral supracondylar ridges |
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Term
| which of the epicondyles of the distal humerus is most prominent? |
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Definition
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Term
| The medial epicondyle is grooved posteriorly by a shallow sulcus for what? |
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Definition
| the ulnar nerve that travels in the groove and lies directly against the bone |
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Term
| When you hit your funny bone, what are you doing? |
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Definition
| compressing the ulnar nerve against the humerus |
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Term
| What are the radial and cornoid fossae and where are they located? |
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Definition
shallow depressions on the surface of the distal humerus
-radial fossa is located proximal to the capitulum
-cornoid fossa is located proximal to the trochlea |
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Term
| What to the radial and cornoid fossae do? |
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Definition
| allow close approximation between humerus and the radius and ulna during maximum elbow flexion |
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Term
| What is the Olecranon Fossa and where is it located? |
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Definition
| a deep depression on posterior surface of the distal humerus proximal to the trochlea |
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Term
| The olecranon process fits into a notch between the medial and lateral epicondyle forming what and when? |
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Definition
| three points in a row, during extension |
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Term
| the medial and lateral epicondyle and olecrenon form what during flexion |
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Definition
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Term
| Why would someone be able to hyperextend at the elbow joint? |
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Definition
| may have a small olecranon process or a large olecranon fossa which allows them more extension before contact occurs |
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Term
| What is the capitulum and where is it located? |
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Definition
| Hemispheric shape on the anterior and distal aspect of the humerus and lies in the lateral one third of the radial side |
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Term
| What is the trochlea and where is it located? |
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Definition
| pulley-shaped surface with a 330 degree surface area that lies in the middle third |
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Term
| According to Wolff's law, the mineralization and density of the distal humerus suggest what? |
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Definition
| that the distal humerus sustains its largest loads anteriorly and distally |
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Term
| How is the Proximal Ulna shaped compared to distal end? |
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Definition
| larger than the distal end, and is curved anteriorly |
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Term
| What does the proximal Ulna consist of? |
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Definition
Olecranon process
coronoid process
trochlear notch
radial notch |
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Term
| Describe Olecranon process is what |
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Definition
| hook-like projection that extens proximally and anteriorly |
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Term
| Describe Coronoid process |
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Definition
| superior surface forms floor of trochlear notch, lateral aspect is a smooth oval facet |
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Term
| Where does the trochelar notch articulate? |
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Definition
| with the trochlea of the humerus |
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Term
| Where does the radial notch articulate? |
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Definition
| with the head of the radius |
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Term
| What does the proximal radius consist of? |
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Definition
Radial head
Neck
Tuberosity |
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Term
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Definition
| Disc-shaped expansion of proximal end of the radius |
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Term
| how is the proximal end of the radius shaped and what does it articulate with? |
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Definition
| It's concave (fovea) and articulates with the capitulum while the rim articulates with the radial notch |
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Term
| What type of joint is the proximal radioulnar articulation? |
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Definition
| pivot type joint with minimal bony support |
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Term
| What does the annular ligament do? |
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Definition
| maintain the radial head in its joint |
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Term
| Ligaments of the elbow joint |
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Definition
Radial (lateral)Collateral Ligaments
Ulnar (medial)Collateral Ligaments
Annular |
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Term
| Radial and Ulnar collateral ligaments |
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Definition
| provide support for the sides of the joint |
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Term
| Annular ligament holds what |
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Definition
Wraps around the head of the radius and attaches to the side of the ulna
-holds the proximal radioulnar joint together
-Allows for pronation and supination |
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Term
| Radial Collateral Ligament |
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Definition
Provides lateral stability
Resists VARUS forces
Prevents elbow adduction
Rarely injured |
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Term
| Ulnar Collateral Ligament |
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Definition
Provides medial support
Resists VALGUS forces
Prevents elbow abduction
Many contact sports and throwing activities place stress on medial aspect of joint, resulting in injury |
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Term
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Definition
an abnormal inward turning of a bone (adduction)
-tears RCL |
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Term
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Definition
abnormal outward turning of a bone (abduction)
-tears UCL |
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Term
|
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Brachioradialis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Briceps brachii
Supinator muscle
Brachioradialis |
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Term
| Anterior muscles primarily produce what? |
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Definition
| elbow flexion and radioulnar pronation |
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Term
| What are the anterior muscles |
|
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus |
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Term
| Posterior muscles primarily produce what? |
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Definition
| Elbow extension and radioulnar supination |
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Term
| What are the posterior muscles |
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Definition
Triceps brachii
Anconeus
Supinator |
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Term
|
Definition
Elbow flexion
Radioulnar supination
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder abduction when externally rotated |
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Term
|
Definition
Elbow flexion
"workhorse" of the elbow |
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Term
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Definition
Elbow flexion
Radioulnar pronation(from supinated to neutral)
Radioulnar supination (from pronated position to neutral) |
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Term
|
Definition
All heads: Elbow extension
Long head: Shoulder adduction
Shoulder horizontal abduction |
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Term
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Definition
Elbow extension
Pulls on the annular ligament
Keeps annular ligament from being pinched in the olecranon fossa during elbow extension |
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Term
|
Definition
Radioulnar pronation
Weak elbow flexion |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Biceps brachii
Brachialis
Brachioradialis |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Radioulnar pronation AGONISTS |
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Definition
Pronator teres
Pronator Quadratus
Brachioradialis |
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Term
| Radioulnar Supination AGONISTS |
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Definition
Biceps brachii
Supinator
Brachioradialis |
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Term
| name Elbow flexors from strongest to weakest |
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Definition
Brachialis
Biceps Brachii
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres |
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Term
| Mechanical advantage of flexor muscles |
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Definition
| Brachioradialis > Biceps brachii > Brachialis |
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Term
| Position of greatest elbow strength? |
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Definition
| flexed at approx 90 degrees |
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Term
| Which flexor muscle has the longest moment arm and is the most effective? |
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Definition
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Term
| Biceps brachii effectiveness |
|
Definition
-inserts at radial tuberosity
-radius "roles" over biceps tendon as forearm pronates
-most effective when arm is supinated |
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Term
|
Definition
-Inserts laterally at the distal end of radius
-Angle of pull is purely vertical when forearm is neutral
-Effectiveness decreases as forearm pronates and supinates |
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Term
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Definition
-Inserts at the coronoid process of ulna
-Unaffected by forearm pronation and supination |
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Term
|
Definition
Normal:
Male: 10-15 degrees
Female: 15-25 degree |
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Term
|
Definition
"Gunstock deformity"
-could be from a fracture
-Elbows point laterally and hands angle medially |
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Term
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Definition
| Elbows point medially and hands angle laterally |
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Term
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Definition
| Inflammation, soreness or pain on the lateral side of the upper arm near elbow |
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Term
|
Definition
| repetitive microtrauma to insertion of wrist extensor muscles |
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Term
| Tennis elbow risk factors |
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Definition
Repetitive gripping and twisting
Poor or improper technique
Poor or improper equipment |
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Term
| Medial epicondylitis "Golfer's Elbow" |
|
Definition
| Inflammation, soreness or pain on the medial side of the upper arm near elbow |
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Term
| Causes of medial epicondylitis |
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Definition
| -Repeated forceful wrist flexion and extreme valgus torque on the elbow |
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Term
|
Definition
-Initial forward phase of throw
-Hand and elbow lag behind trunk and shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
| Avulsion fracture of the medial epicondylar apophysis |
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Term
| Cause of Little League Elbow |
|
Definition
| repetitive mmicrotraumas that occur from throwing motion - NOT DUE TO PITCH TYPE |
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Term
|
Definition
-Most frequently injured bursa in the elbow
-Inflammed bursa produces pain, severe swelling, and point tenderness |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| -most ofteninjured as a result of a valgus force from repetitive trauma |
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Term
|
Definition
| complain of pain along medial aspect of elbow, tenderness over UCL, may have numbness or tingling |
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Term
| Surgical repair of UCL is called what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| fall on the outstretched hand with the elbow in a position of hyperextension or by a sever twist while the elbow is in a flexed position |
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Term
|
Definition
-Bones of the ulna and radius may be displaced backward, forward, or laterally
-tear most ot the ligaments, may have damage to nerves, blood vessels and arteries
-must refer to physician for reduction |
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Term
| What type of elbow dislocation is most common? |
|
Definition
| when both ulnar and radius are forced backward |
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Term
|
Definition
| fall on an outstreched hand or the flexed elbow or by a direct blow to the elbow |
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Term
|
Definition
| Can take place in any one or more of the bones and my not be visible |
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|
Term
| who has the highest rate of injuries? |
|
Definition
| Children and young adults |
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Term
| What are the boundaries of the cubital Fossa? |
|
Definition
Pronator Teres (medial)
Brachioradialis (lateral)
Line between humeral epicondyle (superior) |
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Term
| Contents of the Cubital Fossa (medial to lateral) |
|
Definition
Median Nerve
Brachial Artery
Biceps tendon |
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Term
|
Definition
Wrist flexion
assists with radial deviations |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Assists with wrist flexion |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Wrist flexion
ulnar deviation |
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Term
|
Definition
Elbow extension
stabilizes during pronation & supination |
|
|
Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus |
|
Definition
Wrist extension
Radial deviation |
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|
Term
| Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis |
|
Definition
Wrist extension
Radialdeviation |
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Term
|
Definition
Wrist extension
Ulnar deviation |
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Term
|
Definition
Wrist extension
Finger extension |
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