Pope Boniface VIII

• 1294-1303
• Unam Sanctum
• Papacy power over temporal rule
• Philip IV the Fair of France battled
• Died after Philip's Crew battered him

(1305-1377) 

- papacy moved from Rome to Avignon (French border)

- papacy's bondage to the French Monarchy;

Petrarch called Avignon "the sewer of the world."  

- Gregory XI returned papacy to Rome 1377 based on Catherine of Siena's push

• 1414-1418
• Heal schism
•  - conciliar movement to relieve monarchal papal power and give it to the council.
• - Several popes tried to squash this. (Eugenius IV and Pius II)
• douse flames of Bohemian Revolt led by John Hus - executed for being a heretic and follower of Wycliffe
• Reform Church abuses - frequent holding of councils to root out briars and thistles of heresy and corruption from church

1453

 - end of Roman Empire as well

- falls to Ottoman Empire

return to Greek and Hebrew text of scripture,

 recovery of full manuscripts of the Church "Fathers",

 reading of "Pagan" authors such as Cicero
Anti-Scholasticism
Historical Awareness
Printing Press
Nationalism

1460-1536

Dutch Humanist

"Learned Piety"

In Praise of Folly (1511)

Greek New Testament (1516)

Influenced by Tyndale, Luther and other Reformers

• Local Princes and Rulers had right to elect  Roman Emperor
• Bordered by Kingdom of France, Poland and Ottoman Empire
• Determined everything about faith, morals
• corrupt, selling of indulgences, etc...
• Papal power versus temporal power

• Luther's provincial prince - protected luther from papal and imperial punishment
•  - next region over from Albert of Mainz, bordered Mainz,
• - lost money to Mainz because of Tetzel

• 95 Theses (1517)
• Brothers of the common life
• Augustinian order emphasised grace of God
• Taught at Wittenberg, studied the Bible and it led him to learn more about grace (imputed)
• Luther challenges the nature of the penitential system - economic and social justice aspects - exploitative nature
• Faith as fiducia, trust in God, rather than rational assent to doctrine
• Scripture contains both law and gospel.  Law condemns us, but gospel justifies us
• God rekons us righteous, even though we are not actually so

University of Wittenberg

Luther and Melanchthon taught there

Karlstadt was dean

Underwent tumult when Luther left

• what to do with people who sinned after baptism
• People bought indulgences - this benefited the church greatly
• became a way to be penitant (penance) for temporal sin
• Tetzel sold these in Mainz

• Dean at Wittenburg when Luther was there
• rejected Luther's interpretation of Augustine, but eventually agreed
• Greatly influenced by Luther
• When Luther left, Melanchthon was rejected as preacher, so Karlstadt took control
• One of Luther's lieutenants at Wittenberg
• - wanted to strip Roman influence in the church = vestments, language of Christ's body

• professor at Wittenburg
• employed legal language
• Influenced by Luther
• was a married layman
• Originally took interim leadership after Luther left Wittenburg, but was dismissed as invalid due to his marriage and lay status

1518

- internal Augustinian dispute,

- Luther expands on his theology

1519

 - Led to Exsurge Domine 1520 (papal bull for Luther's excommunication)

 - reformation spreads to the larger Catholic world

1521

- civil authority,

- Luther tried by Empire

Augsburg Confessions

• 1530
• - Melachthon helps develop Lutheran doctrine
• - "Christians of the Augsberg Confessions" (Lutherans)
• - Statement of Protestant beliefs
• - Attempt at reconciliation without giving up essentials of Lutheran faith
• - effort to maintain peace in the empire (Schmalkald War)

• 1555 (Diet of Augsburg)
• cuius regio, pius religio (his region, whose religion?)
• - an attempt to live side-by-side without killing eachother,
• beginning of modern nation-states
• Previously:  Charles V (emperor) waged Schmalkald War against Protestants
• Previously:  Protestants launched a surprise attack against Catholics - this created the peace
• Decision was that religious settlement within any given territory would be decided by territorial prince
• Recognition of 2 religions in the region:  Lutheran and Catholic
• Not a triumph for toleration, but political pragmatism

Indicitave of the common reform mind

155-157 - "Souls under YOUR care"..."YOU have been appointed,"  etc..

Reform is not an intentional split, but an attempt to reform the universal catholic church

Conservative ideology meeting theology

Uses literal interpretation for empowerment

believed Eucharist is completely a rememberance, symbolism

Concerted movement to restructure the CHURCH (Zwingli), rather than THEOLOGY (Luther)

Magesterial reform - reform by leadership

1522

- Zwingli

- beginning of reform in Zurich 

- printing gospel, prepared sausage during Lent for those printing the gospel. 

- Lent was a public and common fast, not allowed to eat meat; this was not a church law only, but also civil - preparing the sausage was an act of defiance. 

- He stated that the Bible didn't mention fasting during Lent or even Lent itself.  He argued about the freedom to fast or not fast.

- associated with militant reform and peasants revolt in Germany 

followed Luther, but then condemned Luther when Luther condemned Zwickau Prophets;

- his idea was to overturn authorities

- the sword of Gideon to drive out the "godless";

- radically against feudalism;

- saw reformation as peasants and merchants versus feudal lords

1524-1525

lasted for about 2 years

- result of Catholic Church spiritual exploitation 

and landowners exploitation of peasants for financial gain

- unintended consequence of Luther's reform

- about 10 years after the peasant revolt;

goal to establish the true Christian society; "new Jerusalem";

Munster embraced reform;

believed that the "godless" had no right to live. 

The "true" community of the gospel holds everything in common. 

Also, wives sharing

taught rejection of infant baptism,

spirit speaking directly to us, not scripture;

Turks were going to over run;

there should be no priests at all, because world was going to end (Melanchthon condemned them);

Luther kicked them out

• Originate in Zurich (?)
• Conrad Grebel and Felix Manz - get rid of infant baptism,
• Michael Sattler
• Schleitheim Confession (1527)
• Menno Simons (Mennonites) - gathers up Anabaptists and creates communities of Anabaptists in the Netherlands
• Menno Simons

Primary author of Schleitheim Articles (1527)

Former Benedictine monk

Anabaptist (mainstream)

Swiss Brethren

Adult baptism was leading theological distinctive

Evangelical

Burned at the Stake in 1527

1527

1. baptism is contingent on moral life
2. brethren that don't live up to Christian code of moral ethics are to be banned from the community
3. Zwinglian view of Lord's supper is correct
4. radical separation of Christians from secular society
5. pastor must maintain high moral standards in life and ministry
6. true Christians must not serve civil govt
7. all oaths to state are prohibited

1529

• Attempt for Protestant Unity - Luther and Zwingli
• Eucharist:  Memorial or Real Presence?
• This is my body!

1448-1526

Friend of Zwingli

friend of Felix Manz

wanted to get rid of infant baptism

formed Swiss Brethren

gathers up Anabaptists and creates communities of Anabaptists in the Netherlands

Mennonites

1536 - independence from the prince-bishop and Duke of Savoy

John Calvin

1509-1564

Protestant

1. Primary sin is a sense of pride - the pride that judges ones' self too high or too low - don't see a need for God or a necessary relationship with God
2. Noetic - the fall is about the way we think - the fall affects the way we see and know the world - Sin is a debility of the mind
3. Scripture is the spectacles - glasses for the way we view ourselves and the way we should be.  Our eyes are distorted and blurry

1511-1553

challenged traditional doctrine of:

• diety of Christ
• Trinity
• Original Sin
• Infant Baptism

Calvin killed him for heresy

Defended Catholocism Agains Luther

Continued to be a Catholic, but protested and caused church reform due to marriage

Wanted a male heir, so sought annulment, was denied

Began own state religion - "Church of England"

1534

declared the king to be the "only supreme head in earth of the Church of England"

Break from Papal authority

Not a Protestant effort

1537

Succeeded Henry VIII

Protestant (both)

Was trained by Protestant sympathizers

1550s came to power died 1558

Mary Tudor

devout Catholic

Determined to return England to Roman fold

Succeeded Mary I

reign 1558-1603

knwon as the "new Deborah"

via media (middle way) between Protestant doctrine and Catholic liturgy

Protestant

Archbishop of Canterbury under Henry and Edward

advocated Protestant reform through revising the prayer book

Protestant

noble woman

burned at the stake for heresy regarding transubstantiation

began in 1560s

One who wanted to "purify" the Elizabethan settlement of all Catholic resemblance

1514-1572

Scottish Reformer

Founder of Presbyterian denomination in Scotland

Exiled to England and worked for the Church Of England

Military Man turned Zealot

Founded society of Jesus / Jesuits

Soldier for Christ

elite order organized along military lines

distinguished by iron discipline and obedience to the Pope

Three activities:

1. establish schools and universities throughout Europe
2. committed to missionary activity abroad
3. stop the advancement of Protestantism

Roman Catholic Missionary

Co-founder of Society of Jesus/Jesuits

One of the first 7 Jesuits

Led mission to Asia

1545-1547 (Paul III)

- affirmation of scripture & tradition

- legal justification and moral sanctification

1551-1552 (Julius III)

-affirmation that there are 7 sacraments, not 2 (protestants)

1561-1563 (Julius III)

- affirmation of doctrines of purgatory, intercessions of saints and indulgences

Almost 20 years, 3 popes with 3 phases

gave formal affirmation to doctrines that had not received formal clarification in previous centuries

Carmelite Nun

1562 experienced mystical visions

Mystic

Spoke of a direct relationship with God

Used sensual language to describe her encounters with God

Evangelized by Saint Thomas

Kerala India

Also called Syrian Christians

Pope Boniface VIII

Unam Sanctum

Council of Constance

"Haec Sancta"

"Frequens"

Erasmus

"Two Forwards to the Latin Translation of the New Testament"

Martin Luther

"The Freedom of a Christian"

Argula von Grumbach

"Account of a Christian Woman"

Ulrich Zwingli

"Christian Instruction"

Elizabeth, A Dutch Anabaptist Martyr

"A Letter"

John Calvin

"Institutes of the Christian Religion"

Thomas Cranmer

"Preface to the Bible"

Tereas of Avila

"Spiritual Testimonies"

Ignatius of Loyola

"Spiritual Exercises"

The Council of Trent

"Decree Concerning Justification"