Term
|
Definition
| -subq swelling over the dorsal aspect of the carpus |
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Term
| Is carpal hygroma associated with the extensor tendon sheaths? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are some possible causes of carpal hygroma? |
|
Definition
| -acute trauma or from a fall or chronic trauma |
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Term
| What is the typical cause of infected hygromas? |
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the clinical signs of carpal hygromas? |
|
Definition
-swelling with minimal lameness (unless sceptic)
-dec range of motion of the carpus |
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Term
| How do we diagnose carpal hygromas? |
|
Definition
-history
-clinical signs
-US
-contrast rads (especially with open wounds) |
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Term
| How do we treat carpal hygromas? |
|
Definition
-bandaging/splinting
-systemic and topical anti-inflammatories
-drainage followed by corticosteroid injections
-drainage with penrose drain placement
-complete surgical excision |
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|
Term
| What is the prognosis with a carpal hygroma? |
|
Definition
| -good (may have permanent cosmetic blemish) |
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Term
|
Definition
| -carpal osteochondral fragmentation |
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Term
| What is the typical horse that gets knee chips? What causes them? |
|
Definition
-racehorses
-due to hyperextension as a result of accumulated microdamage and repetitive loading during race training |
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Term
| What are the common locations for knee chips? |
|
Definition
-distal aspect of radial carpal bone = MOST COMMON
-proximal aspect of intermediate carpal b
-proximal aspect of radial carpal b
-lateral aspect of distal radius
-distal aspect of intermediate carpal b |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of knee chips? |
|
Definition
-joint effusion/synovitis
-mild-mod lameness: positive response to upper limb flexion |
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|
Term
| How do we diagnose knee chips? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do we treat knee chips? |
|
Definition
-arthroscopic removal
-postop rest and rehab
-intra-articular anti-inflammatories |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of knee chips? |
|
Definition
-depends on degree of articular cartilage damage
-acute lesions vs chronic |
|
|
Term
| What is a carpal slab fracture? In which horses are they common? |
|
Definition
-extends from one carpal joint surface to another
-common in racehorses |
|
|
Term
| What causes carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
| -accumulated microdamage and repetitive loading during race training |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common location of carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
| -frontal plane of radial facet of 3rd carpal bone |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
-acute severe lameness: very positive to carpal flexion
-mod-severe joint effusion |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
-rads: including skyline projections
-CT/MRI |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
| -surgery: internal fixation or removal of fracture fragments |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of carpal slab fractures? |
|
Definition
-fair to poor: depends on bone involved and configuration
-C3: fair for return to racing at a lower class level |
|
|
Term
| What is a radial osteochondroma/exostosis? |
|
Definition
| -cartilage growth of the palmar distal aspect of the radius within the carpal canal |
|
|
Term
| How do radial osteochondromas/exostoses affect the DDFT? |
|
Definition
| -can cause tenosynovitis and/or direct trauma |
|
|
Term
| Regarding radial osteochondromas/exostoses, projection of <___mm are usually clinical significant. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs fo radial osteochodnromas/exostoses? |
|
Definition
-variable lemeness: positive response to upper limb flexion
-carpal canal effusion |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose radial osteochondromas.exostoses? |
|
Definition
-local anesthesia of the carpal canal
-rads
-US
-nuclear scintigraphy |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat radial osteochondromas/exostoses? |
|
Definition
-surgical removal via carpal sheath teoscoy
-post op injections of hyaluronate may be required |
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|
Term
| What is the prognosis with radial osteochondromas/exostoses? |
|
Definition
| -good but concurrent DDF tendonitis and/or adhesion formation may increase likelihood of a chronic lameness |
|
|
Term
| What are some common causes and presentations of radial fractures? |
|
Definition
-kicks or falls
-commonly comminuted and open
-most are displaced, obvious fractures but non-displaced fractures may be more difficult to ID |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of radial fractures? |
|
Definition
-high grade lameness
-soft tissue swelling
-skin wound medially |
|
|
Term
| HOw do we diagnose radial fractures? |
|
Definition
-history
-clinical signs
-rads
-nuclear scintigraphy |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat a complete, displaced radial fracture? A non-dsplaced? |
|
Definition
-Complete, displaced: internal fixation, euthanasia in an adult
-NOn-displaced: conservative, standing internal fixation |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of radial fractures? |
|
Definition
-guarded for complete fractures in foals
-fair to good for non-displaced fractures |
|
|
Term
| What are the common names for olecranon bursitis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the common causes of olecranon bursitis? |
|
Definition
-trauma induced swelling
-common occurs during recumbency due to pressure from shoes |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of olecranon bursitis? |
|
Definition
| -flocculent swelling not associated with the bone |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat olecranon bursitis? |
|
Definition
-cosmetic blemish, no treatment needed
-very large or open infected mass: intralesional injection, surgical curettage/excision |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of olecranon bursitis? |
|
Definition
| -excellent-good unless open/infected (then guarded) |
|
|
Term
| How does a dropped elbow present in the horse? |
|
Definition
-horse is unable to advance the limb into a weight bearing position
-"hops" and drags the limbs in a flexed position |
|
|
Term
| What are the differentials for a dropped elbow presentation? |
|
Definition
-radial nerve paralysis
-olecranon fracture
-triceps myopathy
-human fracture |
|
|
Term
| What does the radial nerve innervate? |
|
Definition
| -flexors of the shoulder and extensors of the elbow, carpus, and distal limb |
|
|
Term
| When is the equine radial nerve vulnerable to damage? |
|
Definition
| -trauma from brachial area or when a horse is placed in lateral recumbency under general anesthesia |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose radial nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
-history and clinical signs with no evidence of fracture
-electromyography |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat radial nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
| -rest and anti-inflammatories |
|
|
Term
| In which age group of horses are olecranon fractures more common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the six types of olecranon fractures? |
|
Definition
-apophyseal
-articular SH type II
-articular transverse
-non-articular
-comminuted
-articular oblique |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of an olecranon fracture? |
|
Definition
-dropped elbow presentation
-lameness
-swelling and pain on palpation |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose lcranon fractures? |
|
Definition
| -rads: medial to lateral projection |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat olecranon fractures? |
|
Definition
-use conservative treatment for non-displaced, non-articular fractures
-Internal fixation: tension band wiring, plate application |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of olecranon fractures? |
|
Definition
| -good: 80% return to full function with appropriate management |
|
|
Term
| In which horses are humeral fractures common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of humeral fractures? |
|
Definition
-dropped elbow
-soft tissue swelling
-crepitus upon palpation |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose humeral fractures? |
|
Definition
-rads
-nuclear scintigraphy |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat humeral fractures? |
|
Definition
-stress fractures are best managed with stall confinement and rehab
-complete displaced fractures in foals are best treated with internal fixation (IM pins or nails) |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of humeral fractures? |
|
Definition
-stress fractures = good
-complete fractures: foals with fixation = fair-good & adults = grave |
|
|
Term
| What is the common name for suprascapular nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sweeny? What causes it? |
|
Definition
-loss of lateral support of the shoulder due to supraspinatus and infraspinatus dysfunction
-direct trauma to the nerve as it courses dorsally over the supraglenoud tubercle or chronic injury that results in characteristic m atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of suprascapular nerve paralysis? |
|
Definition
-history of shoulder trauma
-shoulder dislocation
-prominent scapular spine |
|
|
Term
| How do we diagnose sweeny? |
|
Definition
-history and clinical signs
-electromylography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-stall rest
-systemic and topical anti-ifnlammatories
-surgical decompression ofthe nerve |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of sweeny? |
|
Definition
-good in most cases
-if function has not returned in 12 month reinnervation to the area is unlikely |
|
|
Term
| What are the causes of scapular fractures? |
|
Definition
| -usually result from direct trauma from a fall or kick to the shoulder area: supraglenoid tubercle, neck, body |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of scapular fractures? |
|
Definition
-soft tissue swelling of the shoulder area
-pain and crepitus on palpation
-variable lameness |
|
|
Term
| How do we treat scapular fractues? |
|
Definition
-Supraglenoid tubercle: fragment removal or internal fixation
-neck/body: euthanasia |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of scapular fractures? |
|
Definition
| -fair to good with fragment removal or internal fixation |
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