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98
Anatomy
Post-Graduate
05/05/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
1.     _____ is a biologic discipline which deals with the etiology and pathogenesis involved in the structural, functional, biochemical, and molecular changes which accompany disease states.
Definition
PATHOLOGY
Term
2.     _____ is the ability of cells to handle normal physiological demands.
Definition
HOMEOSTASIS
Term
3.     _____ is the loss of cell homeostasis
Definition
PATHOLOGY
Term
4.     _____ is the cause of disease.
Definition
ETIOLOGY
Term
5.     _____ is the manner of development of disease.
Definition
PATHOGENESIS
Term
6.     _____ is any aspect of disease a patient tells a doctor.
Definition
SYMPTOM
Term
7.     _____ is any aspect of disease a doctor finds on a patient.
Definition
SIGN
Term
8.     _____ is a condition that is usually happening within that is caused by some sort of genetic defect.
Definition
ENDOGENOUS
Term
9.     _____ is an acquired condition that comes from the outside.
Definition
EXOGENOUS
Term
10.  _____ is having one condition that leads to another.
Definition
CO-MORBIDITY
Term
11.  In response to a stimulus, a cell will undergo a series of changes which may include some or all 3 of these features.
Definition
1) CELLULAR ADAPTATION, 2) REVERSIBLE CELL INJURY, 3) IRREVERSIBLE CELL INJURY
Term
12.  Irreversible cell injury leads to _____.
Definition
CELL DEATH
Term
13.  The ability of a tissue or organ to adapt to an injury/stress is dictated by these 6 factors.
Definition
1) THE POTENTIAL FOR CELL REGENRATION, 2) THE SEVERITY OF THE INJURY, 3) THE DURATION OF THE INJURY, 4) THE CONDITION OF THE CELL, 5)THE LOCATION OF THE CELL, 6) THE DEGREE OF SPECIALIZATION
Term
14.  _____ cells are continuously renewing cell populations.
Definition
LIABLE CELLS
Term
15.  _____ cells are an expanding cell population.
Definition
STABLE CELLS
Term
16.  The most important classes of stable cells are _____ and _____ cells.
Definition
LIVER AND EPITHELIAL CELLS
Term
17.  _____ cells are a static cell population.
Definition
PERMANENT CELLS
Term
18.  The most common permanent cells are _____, _____ and _____.
Definition
NEURONS, SKELETAL MUSCLE CELLS, AND MYOCARDIAL CELLS
Term
19.  5 ways a cell can adapt to a stimulus.
Definition
1) ATROPHY, 2) HYPERTROPHY, 3) HYPERPLASIA, 4) METAPLASIA, 5) DYSPLASIA
Term
20.  _____ refers to the shrinkage of a cell or organ due to a loss of organelles.
Definition
ATROPHY
Term
21.  _____ atrophy consists of a normal loss of endocrine stimulation.
Definition
PHYSIOLOGICAL ATROPHY
Term
22.  _____ atrophy is caused by a diminished blood supply, inadequate nutrition, loss of innervation, loss of endocrine stimulation, and a decreased workload.
Definition
PATHOLOGICAL ATROPHY
Term
23.  _____ is an increase in the size of a cell or organ due to an increase in the number of organelles.
Definition
HYPERTROPHY
Term
24.  _____ hypertrophy is caused by an increased oxygen demand such as exercise.
Definition
PHYSIOLOGICAL HYPERTROPHY
Term
25.  _____ hypertrophy is caused by excessive demands on an organ.
Definition
PATHOLOGICAL HYPERTROPHY
Term
26.  A _____ is a pathological hypertrophy caused by hyperactivity of an endocrine gland.
Definition
GOITER
Term
27.  A _____ is a pathological hypertrophy caused by hyperactivity of a endocrine gland.
Definition
HORMONE-SECRETING TUMOR
Term
28.  _____ is an increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to an increase in the number of cells.
Definition
HYPERPLASIA
Term
29.  2 causes of physiological hyperplasia.
Definition
1) HORMONAL STIMULATION, 2) INCREASE IN RBC’S AT HIGH ALTITUDE
Term
30.  3 types of pathological hyperplasia.
Definition
1) ENDOMETRIOSIS, 2) PSORIASIS, 3) LIVER REGENERATION FOLLOWING DAMAGE
Term
31.  _____ is a cellular change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type in response to persistent injury or irritation.
Definition
METAPLASIA
Term
32.  2 different types of metaplasia.
Definition
1) SQUAMOUS METAPLASIA IN THE BRONCHUS OR BLADDER, 2) MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
Term
33.  _____ is the turning of soft tissue into a bone like mass.
Definition
MYOSITIS OSSIFICANS
Term
34.  _____ is a pre-neoplastic lesion caused by a loss of uniformity of cells, as well as a loss in architectural orientation leading to disordered growth.
Definition
DYSPLASIA
Term
35.  _____, _____ and _____ may give rise to neoplasia which is cancer.
Definition
DYSPLASIA, HYPERPLASIA, AND METAPLASIA
Term
36.  Accumulation of material within a cell and/or organ fall into these 3 categories.
Definition
1) A NORMAL CELLULAR CONSISTUENT, 2) AN ABNORMAL SUBSTANCE, 3) A PIFMENT
Term
37.  Substances in intracellular accumulation may accumulate _____ or _____.
Definition
TRANSIENTLY OR PERMANENTLY
Term
38.  Substances in intracellular accumulation may be either _____ or _____.
Definition
HARMLESS OR TOXIC
Term
39.  Substances in intracellular accumulation may be located within the _____ of the cytoplasm or the _____.
Definition
LYSOSOMES; NUCLEUS
Term
40.  Substances in intracellular accumulation accumulate due to these 4 causes.
Definition
1) INCREASED PRODUCTION, 2) DECREASED METABOLISM, 3) INCREASED DEPOSITION, 4) DECREASED TRANSPORT
Term
41.  6 examples of intracellular accumulations.
Definition
1) STEATOSIS, 2) HYDROPIC CHANGE, 3) PIGMENTS, 4) PROTEINS, 5) GLYCOGEN, 6) CHOLESTEROL
Term
42.  _____ is intracellular accumulation caused by a fatty change
Definition
STEATOSIS
Term
43.  _____ is intracellular accumulation leading to cellular swelling.
Definition
HYDROPIC CHANGES
Term
44.  Pigments of intracellular accumulation may be either _____ or _____.
Definition
EXOGENOUS OR ENDOGENOUS
Term
45.  What is an example of an exogenous pigment in intracellular accumulation.
Definition
ANTHRACOSIS (COAL CAUSING BLACK LUNG)
Term
46.  3 examples of endogenous pigments in intracellular accumulation.
Definition
1) LIPOFUSCIN, 2) BILIRUBIN, 3) HEMOSIDERIN
Term
47.  _____ are the functioning cells within the body.
Definition
PARENCHYMAL CELLS
Term
48.  _____ are protein deposits in intracellular accumulation.
Definition
AMYLOIDS
Term
49.  _____ is accumulation of triglycerides within parenchymal cells.
Definition
STEATOSIS
Term
50.  The most common organ involved in steatosis is the _____, while the 2nd most common organ involved is the _____.
Definition
LIVER; HEART
Term
51.  4 causes of steatosis.
Definition
1) PROTEIN MALNUTRITION, 2) TOXINS SUCH AS ALCOHOL, 3) OBESITY, 4) ANOXIA
Term
52.  _____ is an increase in water accumulation within parenchymal cells.
Definition
WATER ACCUMULATION
Term
53.  What is the most common cause of water accumulaton within parenchymal cells (cellular swelling).
Definition
A LOSS OF ATP RESULTING IN THE FAILURE OF THE SODIUM-POTASSIUM ATPASE PUMP
Term
54.  In cellular swelling occurs within the _____ and _____ of the cell.
Definition
CYTOPLASM; CYTOPLASMIC ORGANELLES
Term
55.  _____ is accumulation of iron within parenchymal cells, and within the interstitium.
Definition
HEMOSIDEROSIS/HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Term
56.  _____ hemosiderosis is a common bruise derived from hemoglobin upon the breakdown of RBC’s.
Definition
LOCALIZED HEMOSIDEROSIS
Term
57.  _____ hemosiderosis is caused by blood transfusions and hemolytic anemias.
Definition
SYSTEMIC HEMOSIDEROSIS
Term
58.  _____ is caused by an increased dietary absorption of iron, which is a genetic defect.
Definition
HEMOCHROMATOSIS
Term
59.  If one has hemosiderosis/hemochromatosis, they will have _____ granules.
Definition
GOLDEN BROWN
Term
60.  _____ are a group of diverse extracellular proteins deposited within a cell.
Definition
AMYLOIDS
Term
61.  2 features of amyloid accumulation.
Definition
1) EXCESSIVE PRODUCTION OF PROTEIN THAT IS NON-FUNCTIONING, 2) AMYLOID DEPOSITS BETWEEN CELLS CAN INHIBIT NORMAL CELLULAR FUNCTION
Term
62.  Silver like filaments/fibrils with a beta-pleated sheet ultra-structural morphology stains _____ with a congo red stain.
Definition
POSITIVE (GREEN)
Term
63.  Amyloid accumulation is associated with _____ and _____.
Definition
ALZHEIMERS DISEASE, MULTIPLE MYELOMA
Term
64.  Cholesterol can accumulate in macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells within blood vessel walls, which is called _____.
Definition
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
65.  Ultimately _____ is the #1 cause of death.
Definition
ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Term
66.  7 different causes of cell injury.
Definition
1) HYPOXIA, 2) PHYSICAL AGENTS, 3) CHEMICAL AGENTS, 4) INFECTIOUS AGENTS, 5) IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS, 6) GENETIC DEFECTS, 7) NUTRITIONAL IMBALANCES
Term
67.  _____ is a cause of cell injury due to ischemia or a decreased O2 carrying capacity of blood.
Definition
HYPOXIA
Term
68.  4 physical agents that can cause cellular injury.
Definition
1) TRAUMA, 2) TEMPERATURE, 3) RADIATION, 4) SHOCK
Term
69.  5 chemical agent and drugs that can cause cellular injury.
Definition
1) BIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 2) POSIONS, 3) POLLUTANTS, 4) INDUSTRIAL HAZARDS, 5) SOCIAL AND THERAPEUTIC DRUGS
Term
70.  During cellular injury, if there is a lack of oxygen or excess of oxygen, there is a _____.
Definition
DECREASED SYNTHESIS OF ATP
Term
71.  During cellular injury, if there is an increase in intracellular calcium and a loss of calcium homeostasis, there is _____.
Definition
ACTIVATION OF CALCIUM-DEPENDENT ENZYMES
Term
72.  If we have excess intracellular calcium, _____ binds to the calcium and releases it activating calcium dependent enzymes that can destroy our cells.
Definition
CALMODULIN
Term
73.  During cellular injury, if there is a depletion of ATP, there is a _____ and _____.
Definition
LOSS OF MEMBRANE FUNCTION AND INTRACELLULAR PROCESSES
Term
74.  _____ are cells responsible for laying down scar tissue.
Definition
FIBROBLASTS
Term
75.  Both _____ and _____ are reversible cell injuries, but they have the ability to become irreversible.
Definition
CELLULAR SWELLING AND STEATOSIS
Term
76.  3 types of irreversible cellular injuries.
Definition
1) VACUOLIZATION OF THE MITOCHONDRIA, 2) RUPTRUE OF LYSOSOMES, 3) NUCLEAR CHANGES
Term
77.  If lysosomes rupture, these 2 substances are released.
Definition
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE AND CREATINE KINASE
Term
78.  During a myocardial infarction, if there is a high level of _____ in the blood it means the heart cells are greatly damaged.
Definition
LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE
Term
79.  _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a small shrunken and dark nucleus.
Definition
PYKNOSIS
Term
80.  _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a fragmented nucleus.
Definition
KARRYORRHEXIS
Term
81.  _____ is an irreversible cellular injury characterized by a faded nucleus.
Definition
KARYOLYSIS
Term
82.  2 important causes of irreversible cellular injury.
Definition
1) HYPOXIC/ISCHEMIC INJURY, 2) FREE RADICAL INDUCED INJURY
Term
83.  9 hypoxic/ischemic causes of irreversible cellular injury.
Definition
1) COMPROMISED AEROBIC RESPIRATION, 2) INCREASED RATE OF ANAEROBIC GLYCOLYSIS, 3) DECREASED CELLULAR PH, 4) ACUTE CELLULAR SWELLING, 5) DETATCHMENT OF RIBOSOMES FROM ROUGH ER, 6) MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, 7) SEVERE MITOCHONDRIAL VACUOLIZATION, 8) LYSOSOMAL MEMBRANE RUPTURE, 9) ACTIVATION OF CALCIUM DEPENDENT ENZYMES
Term
84.  _____ is a final common pathway in a variety of cell processes that leads to irreversible cellular injury.
Definition
FREE RADICAL INDUCED INJURY
Term
85.  Free radical induced injury consist of chemical special which are highly reactive, autocatalytic, and unstable that damages cells in these 3 ways.
Definition
1) LIPID PEROXIDATION OF CELL MEMBRANES, 2) OXIDATIVE MODIFICATION OF CELLULAR PROTEINS, 3) DAMAGE TO CELLULAR DNA
Term
86.  5 important free radicals.
Definition
1) SUPEROXIDE ANION, 2) HYDROGEN PEROXIDE, 3) HYROXYL ION, 4) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE, 5) TRANSITION METALS
Term
87.  The role of _____ and _____ is to reduce free radical induced injury.
Definition
ANTIOXIDANTS AND ENZYME INHIBITORS
Term
88.  4 important antioxidants/enzyme inhibitors that reduce free radical induced injury.
Definition
1) VITAMIN E, 2) CYSTEINE,3 ) CATALASES, 4) ALLOPURINALS
Term
89.  _____ is a miscellaneous features of cell injury that implies the abnormal deposition of calcium salts in soft tissues.
Definition
CALCIFICATION
Term
90.  _____ is calcium deposits in dead (necrotic)/non-viable tissue.
Definition
DYSTROPHIC CALCIFICATION
Term
91.  _____ is calcium deposition in normal tissues due to hypercalcemia.
Definition
METASTATIC CALCIFICATION
Term
92.  What is the primary cause of hypercalcemia?
Definition
OVERACTIVITY OF ONE OF THE 4 PARATHYROID GLANDS (PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM)
Term
93.  _____ is a condition caused by lipofuscin accumulation leading to a small brown heart in elderly people, those who are bed ridden for years.
Definition
BROWN ATROPHY OF THE HEART
Term
94.  2 diseases where you can have normal delivery of ATP to tissues with a lack of oxygen.
Definition
1) CO POISONING, 2) SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
Term
95.  _____ Is an enzyme that hydrolyzes hypoxanthine into uric acid in the breakdown of ATP.
Definition
XANTHINE OXIDASE
Term
96.  In a state of ischemia, we have a build-up of _____, and _____ due to a lack of oxygen.
Definition
URIC ACID AND XANTHINE OXIDASE
Term
97.  Xanthine oxidase is a co-factor for _____ formation which causes reperfusion injury.
Definition
FREE RADICAL
Term
98.  _____ is a drug that patients with gout use, that blocks xanthine oxidase not allowing uric acid to form.
Definition
ALLOPURINOL
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