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136
Anatomy
Professional
05/05/2012

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Term
1.     _____ refers to a spectrum of morphologic changes that occurs in cells following cell death in a living tissue.
Definition
NECROSIS
Term
2.     Necrosis occurs only in _____.
Definition
LIVING ORGANISMS
Term
3.     Necrosis is the sum of two processes that follow death in living tissues or organs which are _____ and _____.
Definition
DENATURATION OF PROTEINS AND ENZYMATIC DIGESTION OF ORGANELLES
Term
4.     Necrosis represents the point of _____.
Definition
NO RETURN
Term
5.     These are the 5 different types of necrosis.
Definition
1) COAGULATIVE NECROSIS, 2) LIQUEFACTIVE NECROSIS, 3) GANGRENOUS NECROSIS, 4) CASEOUS NECROSIS, 5) ENZYMATIC FAT NECROSIS
Term
6.     _____ necrosis is when tissues are turned into liquid and completely unrecognizable.
Definition
LIQUFACTIVE NECROSIS
Term
7.     2 places where one can see liquefactive necrosis.
Definition
1) BACTERIAL INFECTION WITH STREP OR STAPH, 2) IN THE BRAIN IN RESPONSE TO STROKE
Term
8.     _____ necrosis is a denaturation of proteins.
Definition
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Term
9.     _____ causes of coagulative necrosis in all tissues of the body other than the brain.
Definition
ISCHEMIA
Term
10.  _____ is a cheese like necrosis.
Definition
CASEOUS NECROSIS
Term
11.  Caseous necrosis is most commonly seen in _____.
Definition
TUBERCULOSIS
Term
12.  _____is most commonly seen in the pancreas.
Definition
ENZYMATIC FAT NECROSIS
Term
13.  _____ causes enzymatic fat necrosis.
Definition
PANCREATITIS
Term
14.  If a person has acute pancreatitis, there will be a _____ appearance of the pancreas.
Definition
SOAPY
Term
15.  _____ is programmed cell death.
Definition
APOPTOSIS
Term
16.  3 causes of apoptosis.
Definition
1) EMBRYOGENESIS, 2) HORMONE-DEPENDENT INVOLUTION IN THE ADULT, 3) CELL DELETION IN POPULATIONS OF CELLS WHICH HAVE NORMAL “TURNOVER”
Term
17.  _____ is considered a natural event which plays an important role in the regulation of normal cell population density.
Definition
APOPTOSIS
Term
18.  Apoptosis may play a major role in the pathogenesis of _____.
Definition
NEOPLASMS
Term
19.  _____ are proteins involved in adaptation to stressful/injurious stimuli.
Definition
HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS
Term
20.  5 characteristics regarding heat shock proteins.
Definition
1) INDUCED AND CONSTITUTIVELY SYNTHESIZED, 2) PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN NORMAL CELL METABOLISM, 3) ESSENTIAL FOR CELL SURVIVAL IN ALL SPECIES SUBJECTED TO INJURY, 4) INCREASED SYNTHESIS DURING MYOCARDIAL AND CEREBRAL ISCHEMIA, 5) INCREASED EXPRESSION IS CORRELATION WITH ATTENUATION OF CELL INJURY/DEATH
Term
21.  _____ and _____ are 2 heat shock proteins that are chaperonins involved in protein folding and targeting to its final destination.
Definition
HSP 60; HSP 70
Term
22.  _____ is a heat shock protein that facilitates degradation of damaged proteins by marking them for degradation by proteases.
Definition
UBIQUITIN
Term
23.  _____ is a complex reaction arising in vascularized connective tissue in response to an injury or injurious agent.
Definition
INFLAMMATION
Term
24.  Inflammation results in the accumulation of _____ and _____ in extravascular tissues that is ultimately involved with the _____.
Definition
FLUID AND LEUKOCUTES; REPAIR PROCESS
Term
25.  Leukocytes break down into 2 classes which are _____ and _____.
Definition
AGRAULOCYTES AND GRANULOCYTES
Term
26.  3 types of agranulocytes.
Definition
1) LYMPHOCYTES, 2) MONOCYTES, 3) MEGAKARYOCYTE
Term
27.  2 types of lymphocytes.
Definition
B AND T LYMPHOCYTES
Term
28.  Monocytes become _____.
Definition
MACROPHAGES
Term
29.  Megakaryocytes become _____.
Definition
PLATELETS
Term
30.  3 types of granulocytes.
Definition
1) NEUTROPHILS, 2) EOSINOPHILS, 3) BASOPHILS
Term
31.  _____ sets into motion a series of events which heal and reconstitute the damaged tissue.
Definition
INFLAMMATION
Term
32.  _____ involves replacement of injured tissue.
Definition
REPAIR
Term
33.  Repair of injured tissue occurs through _____, _____ or both.
Definition
CELL REGENERATION, SCAR FORMATION
Term
34.  4 tissues involved in inflammation.
Definition
1) WHITE BLOOD CELLS, 2) BLOOD VESSELS, 3) CONNECTIVE TISSUE CELLS, 4) EXTRECELLULAR MATRIX
Term
35.  2 types of connective tissue cells.
Definition
1) MAST CELLS, 2) FIBROBLASTS
Term
36.  _____ are connective tissue cells that release histamine.
Definition
MAST CELLS
Term
37.  _____ are connective tissue cells that form scar tissue by releasing and synthesizing collagen.
Definition
FIBROBLASTS
Term
38.  5 major causes of inflammation.
Definition
1) ISCHEMIA, 2) PHYSICAL AGENTS, 3) CHEMICAL AGENTS, 4) MICROBIOLOGICAL AGENTS, 5) IMMUNE RESPONSES
Term
39.  3 physical agents that can cause inflammation.
Definition
1) TRAUMA, 2) THERMAL CAUSES, 3) IRRADIATION
Term
40.  2 chemicals that can cause inflammation.
Definition
1) CORROSIVE AGENTS, 2) DRUGS
Term
41.  4 microbiological agents that can cause inflammation.
Definition
1) BACTERIA, 2) VIRUSES, 3) FUNGI, 4) PROTOZOA
Term
42.  2 immune reactions that can cause inflammation.
Definition
1) ALLERGIC REACTIONS, 2) IMMUNE MEDIATED DISEASES
Term
43.  Inflammation can be either _____ or _____.
Definition
ACUTE OR CHRONIC
Term
44.  The _____ inflammatory response is of rapid onset, it is short lived, and it causes symptomology.
Definition
ACUTE INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE
Term
45.  These 2 cells are involved in the acute inflammatory response.
Definition
1) NEUTROPHILS, 2) MACROPHAGES
Term
46.  4 characteristics regarding the chronic inflammatory response.
Definition
1) SLOW ONSET, 2) LONG-LIVED, 3) SYMPTOMS APPEAR LATE, 4) PRONOUNCED TISSUE DAMAGE
Term
47.  These 3 cell types are involved in the chronic inflammatory response.
Definition
1) LYMPHOCYTES, 2) MACROPHAGES, 3) FIBROBLASTS
Term
48.  While the process of inflammation is essentially a protective device, the process of inflammation can be potentially harmful and can manifest as a _____.
Definition
DISEASE PROCESS
Term
49.  5 cardinal signs of inflammation.
Definition
1) HEAT, 2) SWELLING, 3) REDNESS, 4) PAIN, 5) LOSS OF FUNCTION
Term
50.  Heat = _____.
Definition
CALOR
Term
51.  Swelling = _____.
Definition
TUMOR
Term
52.  Redness = _____.
Definition
RUBOR
Term
53.  Pain = _____.
Definition
DOLOR
Term
54.  Loss of function = _____.
Definition
FUNCTIO LAESA
Term
55.  Inflammation involves both _____ and _____.
Definition
EXUDATION AND INFLAMMATORY EDEMA
Term
56.  3 types of exudation that occurs in inflammation.
Definition
1) TRANSUDATE, 2) EXUDATE, 3) EFFUSION
Term
57.  _____ is thin and watery, and is indicative of severe tissue damage.
Definition
TRANSUDATE
Term
58.  _____ is a thicker mucous material, made up of leukocytes.
Definition
EXUDATE
Term
59.  Purulent exudates are the same thing as _____.
Definition
PUS
Term
60.  2 types of effusion that occur in exudation inflammation.
Definition
1) SEROUS EFFUSION, 2) SEROSAGUINOUS EFFUSION
Term
61.  _____ is the movement of fluid between 2 spaces causing an excess accumulation of the fluid.
Definition
EFFUSION
Term
62.  _____ effusion is a thin and watery accumulation of fluid.
Definition
SEROUS EFFUSION
Term
63.  If effusion contains blood it is called _____.
Definition
SEROSANGUINOUS EFFUSION
Term
64.  3 major components of the inflammatory response.
Definition
1) CHANGE IN VESSEL WALL PERMEABILITY, 2) VASODILATION, 2) MIGRATION OF LEUKOCYTES
Term
65.  7 events in the inflammatory cascade.
Definition
1) TRANSIENT VASOCONSTRICTION, 2) VASODILATION, 3) MARGINATION, 4) ADHESION/PAVEMENTATION, 5) EMIGRATION/MIGRATION VIA CHEMOTAXIS, 6) AGGREGATION, 7) PHAGOCYTOSIS
Term
66.  _____ is a step of the inflammatory cascade that causes a decrease in blood flow.
Definition
TRANSIENT VASOCONSTRICTION
Term
67.  _____ is a step in the inflammatory cascade that results in increased blood flow to the damaged tissue.
Definition
VASODILATION
Term
68.  _____ is a step in the inflammatory cascade when there is a vascular response which causes a leakiness of endothelium.
Definition
PERMEABILITY CHANGES
Term
69.  In the immediate-transient response during the permeability changes of inflammation, there is _____.
Definition
ENDOTHELIAL CELL CONTRACTION
Term
70.  In the immediate-sustained response during the permeability changes of inflammation, there is _____.
Definition
ENDOTHELIAL CELL DAMAGE
Term
71.  Vasodilation and increased vascular wall permeability causes _____ of blood within the vascular lumen.
Definition
STASIS
Term
72.  Stasis of blood causes _____.
Definition
INCREASED VISCOSITY
Term
73.  Increased viscosity of blood leads to _____.
Definition
MARGINATION OF WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Term
74.  _____ is when white blood cells completely line the blood vessel wall.
Definition
PAVEMENTATION
Term
75.  _____ is the movement of white blood cells toward the vascular wall.
Definition
MARGINATION
Term
76.  These 3 proteins are involved in the adhesion/pavementation response of inflammation.
Definition
1) SELECTINS, 2) INTEGRINS, 3) IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Term
77.  Defects in leukocyte adhesion is due to _____ in adhesion molecules on white blood cells.
Definition
GENETIC DEFECTS
Term
78.  Genetic defects in these 2 white blood cell adhesion molecules leads to defects of leukocyte adhesion.
Definition
LAD (LEUKOCYTE ADHESION DEFICIENCY) TYPE 1; LAD TYPE 2
Term
79.  Emigration/migration of inflammatory cells takes place via _____.
Definition
CHEMOTAXIS
Term
80.  ­­­­_____ is the movement of white blood cells from the blood vessel lumen to the site of injury along a chemical concentration gradient.
Definition
CHEMOTAXIS
Term
81.  These are the 4 chemical mediators of chemotaxis.
Definition
1) TISSUE NECROSIS FACTOR, 2) C5A, 3) LTB4, 4) SPECIFIC CYTOKINES
Term
82.  ____ is the ingestion of dead tissues or foreign particles by macrophages and sometimes neutrophils.
Definition
PHAGOCYTOSIS
Term
83.  During phagocytosis, recognition and binding of WBC to foreign particles occurs via _____.
Definition
OPSONIZATION
Term
84.  _____ are a naturally occurring protein which coat bacterium acting as a surface marker for WBC’s to combine.
Definition
OPSONINS
Term
85.  2 main opsonins which coat bacterium are _____ and _____.
Definition
C3B AND IgG
Term
86.  During phagocytosis, engulfment of bacterium by macrophages occurs via _____.
Definition
ENDOCYTOSIS
Term
87.  During the process of phagocytosis, the killing of bacterium inside macrophages occurs via _____, _____ and _____.
Definition
FREE RADICALS, LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES, AND PRODUCTION OF AA METABOLITES
Term
88.  Substances which act to initiate and/or enhance an inflammatory reaction follow these 5 patterns.
Definition
1) ORIGINATE FROM EITHER PLASMA OR CELLS, 2) MAY TRIGGER THE RELEASE OF MEDIATORS FROM TARGET CELLS THEMSELVES, 3) THEY ARE SHORT LIVED CONTROLLED PHENOMENONS, 4) MAY HAVE HARMFUL EFFECTS ON THE HOST, 5) REDUNDANCY PROVIDES AMPLIFICATION
Term
89.  The 2 major sources of inflammatory mediators are _____ or _____.
Definition
PLASMA DERIVED MEDIATORS OR PREFORMED/STORED MEDIATORS WITHIN CELLS
Term
90.  _____ are proteins that are always in blood.
Definition
PLASMA DERIVED MEDIATORS
Term
91.  _____ are proteins that are preformed and released to cause vasodilation and increased vascular permeability.
Definition
INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS WITHIN CELLS
Term
92.  _____ is the inducible synthesis of inflammatory mediators within cells.
Definition
DE-NOVO SYNTHESIS
Term
93.  These 3 cascading and inter-related systems are the source of chemical mediators.
Definition
1) KININ SYSTEM, 2) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM, 3) COAGULATION SYSTEM
Term
94.  _____ is the key source of plasma derived inflammatory mediators. It activates the release of mediators from the coagulation system, the kinin system, and the complement cascade.
Definition
HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII)
Term
95.  _____ is the common denominator that can activate the kinin system, complement system, and coagulation system.
Definition
HAGEMAN FACTOR (FACTOR XII)
Term
96.  _____ is derived from the kinin family of proteins, and is the most important and potent chemical mediator in the kinin family.
Definition
BRADYKININ
Term
97.  Bradykinin causes these 3 inflammatory effects.
Definition
1) PAIN, 2) VASODILATION, 3) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Term
98.  Bradykinin is activated by the _____ and is rapidly degraded.
Definition
1) PAIN, 2) VASODILATION, 3) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Term
99.  _____ is the protein that is responsible for holding blood clots together.
Definition
FIBRIN
Term
100.                 _____ is a family of 20 proteins that are mediators of inflammation.
Definition
COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Term
101.                 2 functions of the C3a protein of the complement system.
Definition
1) VASODILATION, 2) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY
Term
102.                 4 functions of the C5a protein of the complement system.
Definition
1) VASODILATION, 2) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, 3) CHEMOTAXIS, 4) ACTIVATES AA METABOLISM
Term
103.                 What is the function of the C3b protein of the complement system.
Definition
THEY ARE OPSONINS
Term
104.                 _____ of the complement system proteins are the membrane attack complex that punches holes in cell membranes causing their destruction.
Definition
C5b-C9
Term
105.                 The _____ is a family of proteins involved in blood clot formation.
Definition
COAGULATION SYSTEM
Term
106.                 Some components of the coagulation system play a role as _____.
Definition
MEDIATORS OF INFLAMMATION
Term
107.                 Fibrinogen needs _____ to be converted into fibrin in order for clots to be formed.
Definition
THROMBIN
Term
108.                 Thrombin is a component of the coagulation system that performs these 3 tasks.
Definition
1) INCREASED VASCULAR PERMEABILITY, 2) INCREASED WBC ADHERENCE TO ENDOTHELIUM, 3) INCREASED FIBROBLAST PROLIFERATION
Term
109.                 _____ are components of the coagulation system that increase vascular permeability following the degradation of fibrin.
Definition
FIBRIN SPLIT PRODUCTS
Term
110.                 _____ is a component of the coagulation system that cleaves C3 to form C3a and C3b causing fibrinolysis.
Definition
PLASMIN
Term
111.                 2 vasoactive amines that are cell-derived mediators of inflammation.
Definition
1) HISTAMINE, 2) SEROTONIN
Term
112.                 Histamine is mainly released by _____ cells.
Definition
MAST CELLS
Term
113.                 3 things that cause the release of histamine.
Definition
1) BLUNT TRAUMA, 2) HYPOTHERMIA, 3) HYPERTHERMIA
Term
114.                 Histamine plays a role in _____ reactions.
Definition
TYPE 1 HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTIONS
Term
115.                 _____ is a phospholipid that sits in the phospholipid bilayer.
Definition
ARACHIDONIC ACID
Term
116.                 Arachidonic acid is activated by _____, which causes it to come into the cell cytoplasm to be metabolized into _____ or _____.
Definition
PLA2; PROSTAGLANDINS, LEUKOTRIENES
Term
117.                 6 arachidonic acid metabolites that are cell-derived mediators of inflammation.
Definition
1) PGI2, 2) TXA2, 3) LTB4, 4) LTC4, 5) LTD4, 6) LTE4
Term
118.                 This is an arachidonic acid metabolite that causes vasodilation.
Definition
PGI2
Term
119.                 This is an arachidonic acid metabolite the causes vasoconstriction and platelet aggregation.
Definition
TXA2
Term
120.                 This is an arachidonic acid metabolite that causes chemotaxis.
Definition
LTB4
Term
121.                 These 3 arachidonic acid metabolites cause increased permeability, vasodilation, and edema.
Definition
LTC4, LTD4, LTE4
Term
122.                 3 clinical products used to inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism.
Definition
1) CORTICOSTEROIDS, 2) NSAIDS, 3) FISH OILS
Term
123.                 _____ is the most common corticosterioid used to inhibit arachidonic acid metabolism, by blocking PLA2 from binding to arachidonic acid.
Definition
PREDNISONE (CORTISOL)
Term
124.                 These are the most common NSAIDS used as inhibitors of arachidonic acid metabolism.
Definition
1) ASPIRIN, 2) IDOMETHACIN, 3) IBUPROFIN
Term
125.                 Inflammatory cytokines are produced by _____ and _____ during inflammation.
Definition
LYPHOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES
Term
126.                 5 cytokines that mediate inflammation.
Definition
1) IL-1, 2) IL-2, 3) IL-6, 4) IL-8, 5) TNF
Term
127.                 Secretion of inflammatory cytokines is stimulated by these 3 things.
Definition
1) ENDOTOXINS, 2) IMMUNE COMPLEXES, 3) PHYSICAL INJURY
Term
128.                 5 roles of cytokines in inflammation.
Definition
1) INDUCE SYNTHESIS OF ENDOTHELIUM ADHESION, 2) INDUCE SYNTHESIS OF NITRIC OXIDE, 3) INDUCE AGGREGATION OF NEUTROPHILS, 4) INDUCE SYSTEMIC ACUTE-PHASE REACTIONS, 5) CHEMOTACTIC FOR NEUTROPHILS
Term
129.                 _____which is continually produced by endothelial cells, is responsible for the normal basal tone of blood vessels.
Definition
NITRIC OXIDE
Term
130.                 4 systemic acute-phase reactions to inflammatory cytokine release.
Definition
1) FEVER, 2) DECREASED APPETITIE,3 ) INCREASED SYNTHESIS OF PROTEINS INVOLVED IN INFLAMMATION, 4) LEUKOCYTOSIS
Term
131.                 _____ is a mediator of inflammation synthesized by endothelial cells and macrophages, it is a soluble free gas with a short half life.
Definition
NITRIC OXIDE
Term
132.                 There are 2 forms of nitric oxide which are _____ and _____.
Definition
CONSTITUTIVE AND INDUCIBLE
Term
133.                 What is the action of nitric oxide?
Definition
IT IS A VASODILATOR AND A CYTOTOXIC FREE RADICAL
Term
134.                 _____ is a very potent and versatile mediator of inflammation synthesized by all inflammatory cells, endothelial cells, and injured tissues.
Definition
PLATELET ACTIVATING FACTOR (PAF)
Term
135.                 PAF is derived from _____.
Definition
MEMBRANE PHOSPHOLIPDS
Term
136.                 5 functions of PAF.
Definition
1) INCREASED PERMEABILITY, 2) VASODILATION, 3) PLATELET AGGREGATION, 4) INCREASED ARACHIDONIC ACID METABOLISM, 5) INCREASED LEUKOCYTE ADHERENCE
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