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Dr Mundy Final
review of slides from class
144
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
12/14/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is Anatomy?
Definition
Anatomy is the structure or morphology of our body from our skeletal shape down to the individual shape of a single cell
Term
What is Physiology?
Definition
the function of our body and its organ systems---how it works
Term
Sub Divisions of Anatomy (6)
Definition
Gross Anatomy

Regional

Systematic

Surface

Microscopic

Developmental
Term
Sub Divisions of Physiology (4)
Definition
Renal

Neuro

Muscular

Cardiovascular
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The aquistion of food and utilization of its energy, plus excretion constitutes metabolism
Term
What is Catabolism?
Definition
The breakdown of organic matter usually with the release of energy
Term
What is Anabolism?
Definition
The build up of organic matter usually requiring an input of energy
Term
What controls homeostais?
Definition
positive and negative feedback
Term
cycle of stimulus
Definition
Stimulus -> receptor (sensor) -> control center -> effector
Term
What consist of the Skeletal System?
Definition
Bones & Joints
Ligaments
Cartilage
Term
What consist of the Lymphatic System?
Definition
Tonsils
Lymph Nodes
Spleen and thymus

Functions:
Drainage and immunity
Term
What consist of the Integumentary system?
Definition
Skin

Hair

Nails


Functions:
Acts as protection & defense
Regulates body temperature
Term
What consist of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
Heart
Blood Vessels

Functions:
Transport of Materials
Defends Against disease
Term
what consist of the muscular system?
Definition
Muscles
Tendons

Functions:

Movement
Body Heat
Term
What consist of the Endocrine System?
Definition
Pituitary Gland
Thyroid Gland


Functions:
Slow chemical control
Releases hormones
Term
What consist of the Nervous system?
Definition
Brain
Spinal Cord

Functions:
Nervous Control
Interprets Changes in body's external and internal environment
Term
What consist of the Respirator System?
Definition
Lungs
Trachea
Nose
Larynx

Functions:
Gas Exchange
Produces Sound
Term
What consist of the Reproductive System?
Definition
Ovaries
Testes


Functions:
Producing offspring
hormone release
Term
What consist of the Excretory system?
Definition
Kidneys
Bladder


Function:
Filtering wastes
Maintain body's mineral balance
Term
What consist of the digestive system?
Definition
Stomach
Intestines

Function:
breakdown and absobtion of food
eliminates solid waste
Term
What is medial?
Definition
Nearer to the midline of the body



Example: The heart lies medial to the lungs
Term
What is lateral?
Definition
Farther from the midline of the body


Example: the thumb is on the lateral side of the hand
Term
Define: Sagital
Transverse
Coronal
Definition
Sagital: median plane ... symmetrical

Transverse: horizontal view... in half

Coronal: frontal cut.... separates the back from front
Term
What consists of the body Cavities?
Definition
Dorsal Cavity: Cranial & Vertebral


Ventral: Thoracic cavity
contains the Diaphragm

Adominopelvic cavity: abdominal
pelvic
Term
What is matter?
Definition
Anything that takes up space
Term
What makes the atomic number?
Definition
Amount of Protons
Term
What makes the atomic weight?
Definition
The amount of protons & neutrons
Term
Define Isotopes
Definition
Atoms of an element with different number of neutrons
Term
Define radioactive:
Definition
Number of neutrons in the nucleus that makes the atom unstable
Term
when an atom gains or loses electrons it becomes what?
Definition
Ion
Term
Oppositely charged ions attract each other and form what?
Definition
ionic bonds
Term
What are covalent bonds?
Definition
Bonds formed by the sharing of electrons to become stable with filled outer shells
Term
Describe & define hydrogen bonds
Definition
Weak

Causes surface tension

Water bonding
Term
What are the 3 types of mixtures
Definition
Solutions

Colloids

Suspensions
Term
What is Exergonic reactions?
Definition
Release of energy

Products have less energy than the initial reactants

Energy/heat is given off
Term
What is endergonic reactions?
Definition
Absorbs energy
reactions contain more potential energy in the chemical bonds
Term
What can influence a reaction?
Definition
temperature
concentration
particle size
catalysts substances
Term
PH represents what?
Definition
The concentration of hydrogen ions H+ in a solution
Term
pH Scale
Definition
pH 7 - Neutral

0-7 acidic

7-14 basic
Term
Carbrohydrates are made from what?
Definition
Monosaccharides (simple sugars)
Term
What are the building blocks of proteins?
Definition
Amino acids
Term
Phospholipids contain what?
Definition
Phospholipids contain glycerol, two fatty acids, and a phosphate group
Term
What makes up a steroid?
Definition
Steroid is made up of a complex ring structure and include cholesterol which is used to synthesize the sex hormones
Term
Function of nucleic acids
Definition
Nucleic acids form genes
Take parts protein synthesis
Term
Nucleic Acids contain what?
Definition
Nucleic Acids consist of
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorus


which are bound into building blocks called nucleotides
Term
What are the three main parts of the cell?
Definition
The cell's three main parts are

nucleus
cytoplasm
cell membrane
Term
Phospholipds
Definition
Phospholipds are the basic framework of cell membrane and consist of a double layer of fatty acid tails turned inward
Term
What can pass through the lipid bilayer?
Definition
molecules that are soluble in lipids


oxygen
carbon dioxide
steroid hormones
Term
The lipid bilayer is impermeable to what?
Definition
The lipid bilayer is impermeable to

amino acids
sugars
proteins
nucleic acids
various ions
Term
What does rough er do?
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
what does the smooth er do?
Definition
lipid synthesis
Term
ribosomes are found where and are composed of what? What is there function?
Definition
in the ER and anre scattered throughout the cytoplasm

they are composed of protein and RNA and provide a structural support for the RNA molecules that come together in protein synthesis/
Term
The golgi apparatus is composed of what nad what is its function?
Definition
Flattened sacs, and refines, packages, modifies and delivers proteins
Term
what are vessicles?
Definition
a pizza delivery service :)
Term
define lysosomes
Definition
garbage disposal of the cell and contain digestive enzymes to break up old cell componets and bacteria
Term
define peroxisomes
Definition
contain enzymes that function in the sythesis of bile acids, breakdown of lipids, degradation of rare biochemicals, and detoxification of alcohol.

abundant in the liver and kidney cells
Term
define mitochondria
Definition
powerhouse of the cell

contain enzyme sneeded for aerobic respiration
Term
microfiliments?

microtubules?
Definition
microfilaments-made of actin, cause various cellular movements

microtubles-made of globular protien tubulin
Term
what is a centrosome
Definition
structure made up of two hollow cylinders called centrioles that function in the separtion of chromosomes during cell division
Term
what are cilia and flagella?
Definition
motile extensions from the cell
Term
nucleolus is composed of?
Definition
RNA and protein and is the site of ribosome production
Term
what is chromotin?
Definition
consists of loosely coiled fibers and protein and DNA
Term
Define passive transport
Definition
requires no energy
Includes: diffusion
facilitated diffusion
osmosis
filtration
Term
Define Active Transport
Definition
Requires cellular energy

Includes: active transport
endocytosis
exocytosis
Term
What is diffusion?
Definition
random motion of molecules from an area greater of concentration to an area of lower concentration


to create equilibrium
Term
Facilited diffusion
Definition
Facilited diffusion uses membrane proteins that function as carriers to move molecules across the cell membrane


Limited by the number of carrier molecules in the cell membrane
Term
Osmosis
Definition
the diffusion of water from an area of greater water concentration across a selectively permeable membrane to an area of lower water concentration
Term
Isotonic
Hypertonic
Hypotonic
Definition
Isotonic: same pressure as body fluids/area around it

Example: normal red blood cell


Hypertonic: Higher pressure inside

Example: shriveled red blood cell



Hypotonic: lower pressure

Example: bloated red blood cell
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Pinocytosis engulfs liquids
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Takes in lager particles... engulfs
Term
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
receptor mediated endocytosis allows the cell to take in very specific molecules that pair up with specific receptors on teh cell surface
Term
Define enzymes
Definition
Enzymes control the rates of all the metabolic reactions of the cell.

Also lowers the activation energy needed
Term
A G C T
Definition
T C G A
Term
describe epthelial tissue
Definition
Function: protection
secretion
absorption
excretion

Location: All over body surface
line the internal organs

Characteristics: lack blood vessels
cells tightly packed
Term
describe connective tissue
Definition
function: bind
support
protect
fill spaces
store fat
produce blood cells

Location: widely distributed throughout the body

Characteristics: good blood supply
cells are farther apart than cells of epithelia
Term
Describe muscle tissue
Definition
function: movement

Location: attached to bones
in walls of hollow internal organs
heart

Characteristics: Contractile
Term
Define nervous tissue
Definition
Function: transmit impulses for coordination

Location: Brain/ Spinal Cord/ Nerves

Characteristics: cells connect to each other & body parts
Term
[image]
Definition
Epidermous layer
Term
Define Melanocytes
Definition
Melanocytes lie deep in the epidermis and underlying dermis

produce a pigment called melanin
Term
What causes skin color?
Definition
Skin color results from a combination of genetic, environmental, and physiological factors.

Genetic differences are the result of the differing amounts of melanin
Term
What is the function of the dermis?
Definition
The dermis binds the epidermis to the underlying tissues
Term
The dermis layer contains what?
Definition
The dermis contains:

nerve fibers
sensory fibers
hair follicles
sebaceous glands
sweat glands
Term
What is the subcutaneous layer?
Definition
The subcutaneous layer is composed of loose connective tissue and insulating adipose tissue.

Binds the skin to the underlying organs and contains the blood vessels that supply the skin
Term
[image]
Definition
Hair shaft
Term
What do nails consist of?
Definition
Nails consist of stratified squamous epithelial cells
Term
Basic bone functions
Definition
Basic bone functions:

support
protection
assistance in movement
mineral homeostasis
blood cell production
triglyceride production
Term
[image]
Definition
Term
What does the axial skeleton consist of?
Definition
The axial skeleton consist of the:

Skull
hyoid bone
vertebral column
thorax (ribs and sternum)
Term
What does the appendicular skeleton system consist of?
Definition
The appendicular skeleton consist of the following:

pectoral girdle (scapulae and clavicles)
upper limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarpls and phalanges)

Pelvic girdle (coxal bones articulating with the sacrum)

lower limbs (femur, tibia, fibula, patella, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges)
Term
The picture depicts types of bone fractures
Definition
[image]
Term
This picture is a depiction of bone healing
Definition
[image]
Term
How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?

What is its function?
Definition
There are 7 vertebrae bones

Function: make up the neck
support the head
Term
What is special about the 1st and 2nd cervical vertebrae?
Definition
Special function: 1st vertebra (atlas) appears as a bony ring and supports the head

Special function: 2nd vertebra (axis) has tooth like dens and pivots within the atlas
Term
The following is a depiction of the axis and atlas vertebrae
Definition
[image]
Term
The thoracic vertebrae contains how many vertebrae?
Definition
The thoracic vertebrae contains 12 vertebrae that articulate with the ribs

Are stronger than the cervical vertebrae
Term
The following is a depiction of the vertebrae
Definition
[image]
Term
How many vertebrae consist of the lumbar region?

What is their function?
Definition
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae

Function: to support the weight of the body
Term
What is the sacrum?
Definition
the sacrum is a triangular structure at the base of the vertebral column made up of five vertebrae fused into one bone
Term
The following is a depiction of the sacrum and coccyx
Definition
[image]
Term
What makes up the coccyx?
Definition
The coccyx is made up of four fused vertebrae and is the lowermost portion of the vertebral column
Term
The following is a depiction of the thoracic cage
Definition
[image]
Term
The following is a depiction of scoliosis
Definition
[image]
Term
The following is a depiction of lordosis
Definition
[image]
Term
The following is a depiction of kyphosis
Definition
[image]
Term
RAWR!!!
Definition
T A K E


A


B R E A K !!!!!
Term
Types of Muscle Tissue?
Definition
The types of Muscle Tissue are

Skeletal

Cardiac

Smooth
Term
thick filaments of myofibrils are made up of what protein?
Definition
myosin
Term
Thin filaments of myofibrils are made up of what protein?
Definition
actin
Term
A sacromere extends from where to where?
Definition
A sacromere extends from z line to z line?
Term
Myosin consist of what?
Definition
Myosin consists of two twisted strands with globular cross-bridged projectd outward along the strands.
Term
What is actin?
Definition
Actin is a globular protein with myosin binding sites; Tropomysosin and troponin are two proteins associated with the surface of the actin filaments.
Term
the following depicts the muscle contraction cycle
Definition
[image]
Term
define latent period
Definition
the time delay between when the stimulus is applied and when the muscle contracts
Term
what muscles move the head?
Definition
sternocleidomastoid, splenius capitis, and semispinalis capitis
Term
muscles of mastication
Definition
masseter and temporalis
Term
muscles of facial expression
Definition
epicranius, orbicularis oculi, orbicularis oris, buccinator, zygomatigus
Term
muscles that move the arm
Definition
Flexors: corabrachialis and pectoralis major

extensors: teres major and latissimus dorsi

abducters: supraspinatus and the deltoid

rotators: subscapulairs, infraspinatus, and teres minor
Term
muscles that move the forearm
Definition
flexors: biceps brachii, brachialis, brachioradialis

extensor: triceps brachii

rotators: supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus
Term
muscles that move the wrist, hand, fingers
Definition
flexors: flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, palmaris longus, and flexor digitorum profundus

extensors: extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor carpi ulnaris, and extensor digitorum
Term
muscles that move the thigh
Definition
Anterior group: psoas major and iliacus

posterior group: gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae

thigh adductors include the adductors longus, adductor magnus, and gracilis
Term
the following is a depiction of the thigh muscles
Definition
[image]
Term
What are the muscles that move the leg
Definition
flexors: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus, and sartorius

extensor: rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, and vastus intermedius

Plantar flexors: gastrocnemius soleus, flexor digitorum longus

Invertor: Tibialis posterior

Evertor: Peroneus longus
Term
Nervous system is next!!!!
Definition
Ready for the next part?
Term
Overview image of the nervous system
Definition
[image]
Term
Basic neuron
Definition
[image]
Term
Complete overview neuron
Definition
[image]
Term
Define sympathetic nervous system
Definition
Sympathetic division operates under conditions of stress or emergency
Term
Define parasympathetic nervous system
Definition
Parasympathetic nervous system operates under normal conditions
Term
What is the function of sensory neurons (afferent neurons)
Definition
Sensory neurons/Afferent

conduct impulses from peripheral receptors to the cns

Unipolar
Term
What are interneurons?
Definition
Interneurons are multi-polar neurons lying within the CNS that form links between other neurons
Term
What are motor neurons?
Definition
Motor neurons are multipolar neurons that conduct impulses from the CNS to effectors
Term
What is the Synapse and its function?
Definition
Synapse is the junction between two communicating neurons

In which exists a synaptic cleft between them across which the impulse must be conveyed
Term
Basic Brain Overview
Definition
[image]
Term
Brain Function
Definition
[image]
Term
Internal parts of the brain
Definition
[image]
Term
HELLO THERE!!
Definition
YOU'RE ALMOST DONE!!...>.>




..... IF YOU'RE DOING THE CARDS IN ORDER
Term
Ear parts
Definition
[image]
Term
Enlarged image of ear parts
Definition
[image]
Term
Define taste cells
Definition
Modified epithelial cells that function as receptors
Term
Define taste hairs
Definition
Taste Hairs are taste cell portions that are sensitive to taste. The hairs protrude from openings called taste pores
Term
Taste portions
Definition
[image]
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