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Diseases, Conditions, Toxins, and Drugs
BIO 203 Exam 2 Study
31
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/04/2009

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Rigor Mortis
Definition

  • rigidity of death
  • Ca+ diffuses into skeletal muscles, muscles contract
  • oxidative phosphorylation no longer occurs= no ATP
  • means detachment step does not occur and muscle stays contracted

Term
Myasthenia Gravis
Definition

  • rare autoimmune disorder
  • antibodies against acetycholine receptors at neuromuscular junction
  • means muscles fatigue easily and progressive weakening of voluntary movements

Term
Curare
Definition

  • binds acetylcholine receptors and blocks action of acetylcholine 

Term
alpha-Bungarotoxin
Definition
  • toxin found in snake venom
  • binds postsynaptically to acetylcholine receptors
Term
Botulinum Toxin
Definition

  • prevents exocytotic release of acetylcholine by blocking fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane at the synaptic terminal

Term
Black Widow Toxin
Definition
explosive release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular juntion
Term

Muscular Atrophy:

 

What is it?

What are the causes?

Definition

Wasting away of muscles.

 

Causes:

  • disuse
  • zero gravity conditions
  • myasthenia gravis
  • duchenne muscular dystrophy

Term

Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy


What is it?

What causes it?

Definition

Hereditary disease.

 

Mutation of gene for dystrophin.

Term
Muscular Hyperplasia
Definition
formation of new muscle fibers from satellite cells and myoblasts
Term
Muscular Hypertrophy
Definition
enlargement of existing muscle fibers leading to an increase in cross-sectional area and therefore the volume of the muslce
Term
What is the mathematical reasoning for Muscular Hypertrophy enabling muscles to do more work??
Definition

  • Force µ Cross Sectional Area
  • Distance Shortened µ Length of Muscle
  • Work done = force x distance shortened
    therefore
  • work done µ cross-sectional area x length = vol. of muscle

Term

Glial Cell Tumors

 

Names?

Worse one?

Definition

  • Astrocytoma
  • Glioblastoma- bad, accounts for 60% of all intracranial tumors
  • Oliogodendrogliomos

Term
Meningitis
Definition
infection and inflammation of meninges
Term
Multiple Sclerosis
Definition

  • degeneration of myelin sheath
  • interferes with nerve signal transmission

Term

Myelin Sheath

 

What is it mainly composed of?

What is it formed by?

What are the spaces in between called?

Definition

  • Phospholipids
  • Schwann cells
  • Nodes of Ranvier

Term

Tay-Sachs Disease

 

What is it?

What causes it?

How does it manifest?

Definition

  • neurolipidosis
  • the breakdown of plasma membrane lipids is impaired
  • lipids accumulate in neurons, which balloon and then deteriorate

Term

Huntington's Chorea

 

What part of the brain is affected?

What is the cause?

Definition

 

  • Basal ganglia
  • triplet of trinucleotide repeat expansion
  • GABA-ergic neurons affected at beginning stages

 

Term

Huntington's Chorea

 

Symptoms?

Definition
  • hyperactivity of movement
  • continuous, uncontrollable, quick movements of limbs
  • often cognitive and personality disturbances
Term

Parkinson's Disease

 

Parts of the brain affected?

 

Definition

basal ganglion affected by:

  1. degeneration of dopmaminergic fibers (dopamine) and 
  2. degeneration of substantia nigra

Term

Parkinson's Disease

 

Symptoms?

Definition

  • tremors when at rest
  • muscle rigidity (tone)
  • slowness of movements
  • difficulty starting movements
  • poverty of movement (no facial expression when talking)
  • stooped posture
  • shuffling walk
  • possible dementia

Term

Parkinson's Disease:

 

Treatment?

Definition

  • L-dopa injection
  • transplantation of fetal dopaminergic tissue
  • stem cell transplantation
  • gene therapy

Term

Amytrophic Lateral Sclerosis

 

Common name?

Symptoms?

Cause?

Definition

  • Lou Gehrig's Disease
  • difficulty breathing and swallowing (gagging)
  • head drop due to muscle weaknes
  • muscle cramps and weakness
  • speech problems
  • nerve cells waste away and die so they can no longer send messages to muscles

Term

Epilepsy

 

Cause?

Treatments (3)?

Definition

  • Neuron Hyperactivity
  • Treatment:
  1. enhancing inhibitory GABA pathways,
  2. inhibiting excitatory glutamergic pathways, or
  3. acting on ion channels (ex. voltage-gated Na channels)

Term

Schizophrenia

 

What is it?

What is the cause?

What are 3 possible treatments?

Definition

  • marked disturbances in thinking, emotional responses, and behavior
  • prefrontal cortex abnormality: possible excess of dopamine and/or glutamate
  • Treatment: chlorpomazine, haloperiodal, clozapine

Term

Clinical Depression

 

Biogenic Amine Hypothesis?

Treatment?

Definition

 

  • diminished activity of norepinephrine and seratonin pathways (which drive the limbic system)
  • destroy or inhibit the re-uptake of norepinephrine and seratonin

 

Term

Clinical Anxiety

 

Cause?

Treatment?

Definition

  • Deficiency of GABA in amygdala allows for hyperactivity of neurons
  • Benzodiazapines:  bind to and increase responsiveness of GABA Receptors to GABA 
  • (this enhances effectiveness of GABA and depresses over-activity of neurons in the amygdala)

Term

Cerebrovascular Accident (Stroke)

 

Cause?

 

Definition

  • excitotoxicity of glutamate
  • glutamate taken up by astrocytes and synapses

Term

SSRIs

 

What does it stand for?

Examples?

How does it work?

What does it treat?

Definition

  • Seratonin Specific Re-uptake Inhibitors
  • Zoloft, Prozac
  • Inhibits re-uptake of seratonin
  • Treats clinical depression

Term

Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs)

 

Definition
Norepinephrine, dopamine, seratonin
Term

Cocaine

 

Effects on neurotransmitters?

Definition
inhibits re-uptake of dopamine and seratonin
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