Term
| What is the "Definition" of disease? |
|
Definition
| Alteration of the state of the body or some of its parts which interrupt or disturbs the proper performance of bodily functions |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 types of disease? |
|
Definition
-infectious
-non-infectious |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signs you can see, objective evidence |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any change in the body or its function as perceived by the patient. May not be evident to us |
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|
Term
| In the context of infectious disease, what is contamination? |
|
Definition
| Presence of microorganisms in the body. |
|
|
Term
| In the context of infectious disease, what does infection mean? |
|
Definition
| The presence and REPLICATION of microorganisms in the body |
|
|
Term
| What does it mean to be a contagious infection? |
|
Definition
| It is transmitted from one animal to another |
|
|
Term
| What is a non contagious infection? |
|
Definition
| One that is not transmitted to other animals |
|
|
Term
| What is a zoonotic infection? |
|
Definition
| One that can be transmitted from animal to human or human to animal |
|
|
Term
| What are the 8 methods of disease spread? |
|
Definition
-direct contact
-fomites
-carriers
-soil
-food nd water
-airborne
-insects
-resident flora
-laboratory exposure |
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|
Term
| Whatis a peracute disease? |
|
Definition
| One that affects an animal Rapidly. Animal normally dies before signs are seen |
|
|
Term
| What is an acute disease? |
|
Definition
| One that arises in a few hours and is resolved in a few days or weeks |
|
|
Term
| How are acute diseases "resolved" |
|
Definition
| With either recovery or death |
|
|
Term
| What is a subacute disease? |
|
Definition
| One where clinical signs develop in 1-3 weeks and is resolved by death or recovery |
|
|
Term
| What is a chronic disease? |
|
Definition
| One that has an insidious (sneaky) onset-over weeks, months, or years |
|
|
Term
| What is a subclinical disease? |
|
Definition
| One that the patient just ADR. and normally self corrects in a few days |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 properties of infectious agents? |
|
Definition
-Virulence
-Bacterial enzymes
-Toxin production |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The capacity of a microorganism to cause diesase AND the ability to grow and thrive in the environment provided by the host |
|
|
Term
| How to infectious agents destroy cells? |
|
Definition
| By presence, secretion, and/or host response |
|
|
Term
| What does virulence result in? |
|
Definition
-local infections
-systemic infections
(septicemia, viremia, bacteremia) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacterial enzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid. |
|
|
Term
| Why is hyaluronidase good for virulence? |
|
Definition
| It breaks down the tissure "glue", making it more liquidy and easy for microorganisms to get through is |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacterial enzyme produced by certain Staphylococci that lyses fibrin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A bacterial enzyme produced by certain Streptococci that breaks down red blood cells (aka a hemolysin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A beta lactamase. (Breaks down beta lactam ring, causing resistance to most penicillins) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Chemical substances that are destructive to the body. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| toxins produced by bacterial cells that are released when the bacteria die. |
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|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of endotoxemia? |
|
Definition
-Fever, inflammation
-hemorrhage, shock, DIC |
|
|
Term
| What are the characteristics of endotoxins? |
|
Definition
-poor antigens
-act locally |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
"true toxins"
Produced and released by plants, animals, and bacteria. |
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|
Term
| What are the characteristics of exotoxins? |
|
Definition
-highly poisonous
-excellent antigens |
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|
Term
| What are the primary host defenses against disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sebaceous glands defend against disease? |
|
Definition
| They have antifungal and antibacterial properties |
|
|
Term
| What are reflex barriers? |
|
Definition
| Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| What is antitoxin production? |
|
Definition
| When an antibody is formed to fight a specific toxin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A protein produced by cells exposed to a virus, bacteria, antigens etc. that has the ability to inhibit viral replication |
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|
Term
| How does a fever aid in defending against disease? |
|
Definition
| High temps may inhibit the growth of viruses and bacteria |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| A fever causing substance-from the infectious agent or from host body cells |
|
|
Term
| What is considered dangerous fever levels in small animals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the five cardinal signs of inflammation? |
|
Definition
-Heat
-Redness
-Swelling
-Pain
-Loss of function |
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|
Term
| What are the primary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secondary lymphoid organs? |
|
Definition
-Lymphnodes
-Spleen
-Other lymphoid tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where do lymphoid and erythromyeloid cells come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lymphoid cells produce? |
|
Definition
-B lymphocytes (B cells)
-T lymphocytes (T cells) |
|
|
Term
| What do B lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| Mature into plasma cells which secrete antibodies |
|
|
Term
| What do T lymphocytes do? |
|
Definition
| Mediate cell-mediated immune reactions |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 cell-mediated immune reactions? |
|
Definition
-cell lysis
-phagocytosis
-produce substances that direct cell functions |
|
|
Term
| Where do the precursors of T lymphocytes go? |
|
Definition
| They migrate to the thymus during the embyo-fetal stage of development (T=thymus) |
|
|
Term
| Where do the precursors to Blymphocytes go? |
|
Definition
| They remain in the bone marrow (B=bone marrow) |
|
|
Term
| After T and B lymphocytes enter the blood circulation what happens? |
|
Definition
| They colonize the secondary lymphoid organs |
|
|
Term
| What fraction of lymphocytes in the blood circulation are T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subsets of T lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
-T helper cells
-T cytotoxic
-T memory cells
-natural killer cells |
|
|
Term
| What do T helper cells do? |
|
Definition
| secrete cytokines that regulate or assist in the immune response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A group of regulatory molecules (proteins) |
|
|
Term
| What do T cytotoxic cells do? |
|
Definition
| Mediate killing of virus-infected or tumor cells (that are recognized as foreign) |
|
|
Term
| What do T memory cells do? |
|
Definition
| They make clones of Ag-sensitized T cells and multiply upon re-exposure to that antigen. |
|
|
Term
| What are Natural killer cells? |
|
Definition
| T cells that don't recognize specific antigens and dont require previous sensitization to kill them. |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Fully differentiated descendants of B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Why is the cytoplasm of plasma cells basophilic? |
|
Definition
| due to the presence of ribosomes |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary secretory product of plasma cells? |
|
Definition
| antibodies (immunoglobulins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| How the body protects itself against microorganisms, toxins, parasites, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What is an autoimmune response? |
|
Definition
| when the body develops an immune response to itself |
|
|
Term
| What are the bodies two main lines of defense? |
|
Definition
-Innate or "non-specific" immune system
-Adaptive or "specific" immune system |
|
|
Term
| What are the cellular components of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| The cells-Macrophages, neutrophils, lymphocytes, etc. |
|
|
Term
| What are the humoral components of the immune system? |
|
Definition
| Antibodies, complement, etc |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is the innate immune system antigen specific? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the main function of the adaptive immune system? |
|
Definition
| To make antigen-specific antibodies that results in immunologic memory on re exposure. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A component of humoral immunity that is a group of serum proteins. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Lyse bacteria
-opsonize bacteria for enhanced phagocytosis
-Recruit and activate phagocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are coagulation factors? |
|
Definition
| A component of humoral immunity |
|
|
Term
| What do coagulation factors do? |
|
Definition
-increase vascular permeability
-attract phagocytic cells |
|
|
Term
| How do lactoferrin and transferrin function in humoral immunity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do lysozymes do in humoral immunity/ |
|
Definition
| break down cell walls of bacteria |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An immunoglobulin molecule that combines with the specific antigen that induced its formation "good guy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance foreign to the body that can induce a specific immune response. "bad guy" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| to permit a microorganism to be phagocytized |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A substance which binds to the surface of a particle, enhancing its uptake by a phagocyte |
|
|
Term
| What is an immunopreventive technique? |
|
Definition
| Vaccination!-induces active immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are immunodiagnostics? |
|
Definition
| Diagnosis by immune reaction. (sllergic skin testing, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Bone marrow/thymus transplants
-allergic hyposensitization
-immunopotentiators
-passive immunization |
|
|
Term
| What is passive immunization? |
|
Definition
| Giving a patient pre-formed antibodies which have been actively produced in a different ndividual for temporary immunity |
|
|
Term
| What are some routes of passive immunity? |
|
Definition
-serum
-colostrum
-transplacental
-yolk |
|
|
Term
| What are immunoglobulins? |
|
Definition
| one of the types of plasma proteins |
|
|
Term
| How many amino acids make up immunoglobulins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What shape are antibodies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are amino acids arranged? |
|
Definition
| In heavy and light chains |
|
|
Term
| Whats special about heavy chains? |
|
Definition
| They are immunoglobulin class specific |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| they determine the properties and functions of each class of immunoglobulins |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 parts of an antibody molecule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the constant part of an antibody do? |
|
Definition
| Binds to specific receptors on segs and macrophages |
|
|
Term
| What does the variable part of an antibody molecule do? |
|
Definition
| It is custom-tailored to bind to its specific antigen |
|
|
Term
| What is the first immunoglobulin to appear after immunization? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of IgM? |
|
Definition
-largest Ig in size
-too big to cross cell membranes of endothelial cells
-stays in the plasma
-neutralizes microorganisms
-fixes complement |
|
|
Term
| What are some characteristics of IgG (gamma)? |
|
Definition
-smallest in size
-present in the greatest quantity
-mediate many systemic infections
-can get into the placents/fetus
-acts as an opsonin
-fixes complement |
|
|
Term
| What cells can IgG bind to? |
|
Definition
| Macrophages, segs, eosinophils, and lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgA (alpha) found? |
|
Definition
| In the external secretions of the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Helps protect the intestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts. Usually does NOT fix complement. |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgE (epsilon) found? |
|
Definition
| present in trace amounts in Serum and is locally attached to mast cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-does not fix complement
-mediates allergic reactions in tissues |
|
|
Term
| If there is a systemic release of IgE what can happen? |
|
Definition
| May lead to anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
| Where is IgD (delta) found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Functions as a receptor for antigens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antigen presenting cell, such as a macrophage |
|
|
Term
| Once a B cell is activated by being presented with an antigen, what happens? |
|
Definition
| They differentiate into plasma cells. |
|
|
Term
| What does the first response to antigen exposure result in? |
|
Definition
| IgM production-first, then temporary IgG production |
|
|
Term
| On second exposure to the same antigen, what happens? |
|
Definition
| There is a stronger and quicker IgG response that lasts longer |
|
|
Term
| What happens to antigen specific B cells that do not become antibodies? |
|
Definition
| They revert to memory cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Provide a "head start" on the antigen |
|
|
Term
| What is an Ag-Ab complex? |
|
Definition
| When and antigen and an antibody/antibodies are bound together by chemical or physical bonds |
|
|
Term
| If an Antibody is bound to a soluble Ag circulating in the blood, what are the four possibilities that can occur |
|
Definition
1. Small complexes may remain soluble (in blood)
2. Small complexes may attach to RBCs or endothelial cells
3. Small complexes may filter through capillary walls into urine or tissues
4. Large complexes are phagocytized in the liver and spleen by fixed macrophages |
|
|
Term
| If an Antibody is bound to an insoluble Ag what happens? |
|
Definition
| The Ab becomes bound to the cell membrane |
|
|
Term
| If Antibodies bind to RBCs and coat the surface, what are the 2 possibilities for the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do antibodies coating the RBCs cause lysis? |
|
Definition
| The Ab-RBC Ag may activate complement, causing lysis of the cell and ultimately hemolysis. |
|
|
Term
| How do antibodies coating the RBCs cause agglutination? |
|
Definition
| Coated RBCs become bound to eachother and clump together |
|
|
Term
| What is hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Excessive, undesirable reactions produced by the normal immune system. |
|
|
Term
| Can hypersensitivity reactions occur on first exposure? |
|
Definition
| NO. Reactions require previous exposure to the offending antigen |
|
|
Term
| What are exogenous antigens? |
|
Definition
| Antigens that come from outside of the body. |
|
|
Term
| What can exogenous antigens cause? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are endogenous antigens? |
|
Definition
| Antigens inside the body that the body doesn't recognize as "self". (autoimmune reactions) |
|
|
Term
| What is type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Immediate, or anaphylactic hypersensitivity. It is mediated by IgE and mast cells or basophils |
|
|
Term
| What causes the histamine release in Type I hypersensitivity reactions? |
|
Definition
| Degranulation of mast cells due to Ag-Ab complexes forming on the mast cell surface |
|
|
Term
| What does histamine release cause? |
|
Definition
-increased vascular permeability and edema
-accumulation of inflammatory cells (mostly eos) |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of type I hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
-Hay fever
-Allergic Dermatitis
-Anaphylactic shock |
|
|
Term
| What is Type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Cytotoxic sensitivity mediated by IgG, IgM complement |
|
|
Term
| Are antigens causing Type II hypersensitivity endogenous or exogenous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What happens with Type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| IgG or IgM with antigenic body cell membranes, causing cell lysis |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 clinical examples of type II hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
-Hemolytic anemia
-Transfusion reaction |
|
|
Term
| What is type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
Immune complex hypersensitivity.
Mostly mediated by Soluble IgG complexes, but sometimes IgM |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 examples of type III hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
-Serum sickness
-Systemic lupus erythematosis |
|
|
Term
| What is Type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| Cell-mediated or delayed-type hypersensitivity characterized by erythema and induration (localized hardening of tissue) |
|
|
Term
| How are granulomas caused in type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
| The cells and antigen accumulate at the site to cause granulomas |
|
|
Term
| What are the examples of type IV hypersensitivity? |
|
Definition
-Tuberculin reaction
-Contact dermatitis-poison ivy |
|
|
