Term
| most common fecal organism, gram negative bacilli: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All enterics are gram __, __ __, and __ __. |
|
Definition
- gram negative
- glucose fermenters
- catalase negative |
|
|
Term
| 4 big non-lactose fermenters: |
|
Definition
- Shigella
- Yersinia
- Salmonella
- Vibrio |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, produces H2S: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gram negative rod microaerophillic grows best at 42 degrees celsius. grown on special media: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shigella is transmitted by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Shiga toxin inhibits __ __ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram negative curved bacillus, non-lactose fermenting, OXIDASE POSITIVE, causes NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA via ENTEROTOXIN, requires alkaline media: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| oxidase positive enteric? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| catalase positive enterics? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enteric that requires very little amount to cause disease? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 enterics that can be from chicken? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| unpasteurized milk and fresh cheese carries: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| enteric that grows at 42 degrees celsius and is oxidase positive? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 likely causes of acute blood diarrhea: |
|
Definition
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- Salmonella |
|
|
Term
| part of the normal flora but can be come pathogenic via colon puncture> abdominal abscess? |
|
Definition
| Bacterioides fragilis- strict anaerobe |
|
|
Term
| not an enteric, in contaminated milk and water, fecal oral route, invades and causes blood diarrhea via enterotoxin: |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Not cultured, urease positive, survives stomach acid by making ammonia: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| diagnosis of Clostridium difficile? |
|
Definition
- bacterial toxin identification in stool
- too hard to culture |
|
|
Term
| gram positive aerobic rod, emetic toxin in 1-6 hours in fried rice, diarrheal toxin in 8-16 hours in dried beans. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| potato/egg salads, mayonnaise, cream pastries, comes from ingestion of preformed enterotoxins from infected/colonized food handler. Symptomatic within 12 hours. Outbreaks. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Clostridium food poisonings: |
|
Definition
- Clostridium perfringens: secretory diarrhea, heavily contaminated meats, poultry,legumes, heat resistance spores
Clostridium botulinium: infantile butulism from honey |
|
|
Term
| comes from contaminated water or raw shell fish, coastal marine saltwater uncooked or raw seafood (sushi), leading cause of diarrhea in Japan? |
|
Definition
Vibrio parahaemolyticus
INVASIVE VIBRIO UNLIKE CHOLERAGRA |
|
|
Term
| gram negative rod that can cause gastroenteritis from ingesting contaminated seafood, OR WOUND INFECTIONS AND PRIMARY SEPTICEMIA. Those with liver disease, uremia, or immunocompromised are more prone to this. Causes PRIMARY SEPTICEMIA: fever, chills, septic shock, and death. BLISTERS occur in 70% of cases: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Attacks the ileocecal region, is picked up by macrophages in the lymphoid regions of Peyer's patches, spread throughout body via mononuclear phagocytic cells. Causes Bacteremia. Carrier state is possible.
Headache, fever, lethargy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bactermia.
In carrier state is shed from gallbladder. |
|
Definition
| Salmonella typhi aka Typhoid fever |
|
|
Term
| opportunistic acid fast infection common in AIDs patients: |
|
Definition
| Mycobacterium avium-intracellullare (MAI) |
|
|
Term
| another name for acid fast stain: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does TB usually start? |
|
Definition
- lower middle lobe
- upper lower lobe |
|
|
Term
| primary tubuerculosis more common in the __ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Reactivation of TB tends to occur in __ lobes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Ghon complex occurs with __ TB. Explain. |
|
Definition
- primary
ipsilateral lymphadenopathy b/c infected lymph drained along the interstitium to the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes |
|
|
Term
| If primary TB is not treated, ___ TB can develop. Explain. |
|
Definition
Miliary TB
- venous drainage from lungs allows for hematogenous spread of the infection> bone marrow, kidneys, etc. |
|
|
Term
| with primary tb look for __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Primary TB: gohn complexes
2. Progressive Primary: usually immunocompromised, Miliary TB, systemic disseminated disease
3. PostPrimary- reactivation |
|
|
Term
| Progressive primary TB likely has __ __ manifested by small __ __ granulomas. |
|
Definition
Miliary TB
small millet seed granulomas |
|
|
Term
| In healed primary TB infections you will see: |
|
Definition
| Sub-pleural fibro-calcific nodules |
|
|
Term
| primary TB infection has resolved, but the bacteria are dormant/hibernating and then the bacteria become active when pt is immunocompromised: |
|
Definition
| Postprimary/reactivation TB |
|
|
Term
| location in upper lobes of lungs/apical areas is ___ TB. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| immunocompromised patient. Histopathology shows TREMENDOUS NUMBERS of acid-fast bacilli with plump histiocytes. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gram negative kidney-bean/coffee bean shaped diplococci, also the ONLY PATHOGENIC GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome: |
|
Definition
- gram negative septic shock
- hypotension
- petechial skin lesions
- bilateral adrenal hemorrhage
- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) |
|
|
Term
| Neisseria is very fastidious and requires what kind of media? |
|
Definition
blood agar media
chocolate agar
Thayer martin VCN media(Vancmycin, Colistin, Nystatin)
High CO2 levels required by neiesseria |
|
|
Term
| STD that tends to be asymptomatic in females but causes purulent penile discharge in males? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Meningitis in young children/adults following pharyngitis is most likely: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 gram negative spirochetes: |
|
Definition
Treponema and Borrelia
THESE HAVE A GRAM NEGATIVE ENVELOPE BUT CANNOT BE GRAM STAINED |
|
|
Term
| spirochetes are visualized by: |
|
Definition
silver stain
dark field/fluourescent microscopy |
|
|
Term
| Screening test for Treponema pallidum (syphilis): |
|
Definition
Non-treponemal Reaginic Tests:
- VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Lab Test)
- RPR (rapid plasma reagin test)
- high sensitivity, low specificity
- non-specificic antigens (cardiolipin, lechithin)
- false positives with pregnancy, elderly, and viral infections |
|
|
Term
| confirmation test for syphillis: |
|
Definition
Treponemal Antibody Tests:
- TAB-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test)
- MHA-TP (microhemogglutination treponema pallidum test)
antibody titer increases with disease and remains positive for years even after treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- non-tender indurated chancre with smooth margins at site of inoculation- highly infectious
- regional lymphadenopathy
- heals spontaneously in 4-6 weeks without scar |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- rash
- condyloma
- alopecia
- rising RPR titer before tmt (fourfould increase within 6 months) and a corresponding fall after treatment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Asymptomatic patient with positive RPR and TPHA with one of the following:
- negative serology withing past 2 years (new onset positive serology)
- 4 fold increase in RPR titer on subsequent testing
- 4 fold decrease in RPR titer within 12 months after treatment |
|
|
Term
| Tertiary aka Late syphilis: |
|
Definition
- late SYMPTOMATIC is proven by POSITIVE TREPONEMAL TESTS (RPR may be negative at this point) in association with typical neurological and cardiovascular signs
- late ASYMPTOMATIC neurosyphilis is suggested by positive serology and positive CSF VDRL
- diseas is active if there are 5 or more mononuclear cells/mm3 in the CSF |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- aortis
- gummas: localized inflammation in bones, skin, and viscera
- tabes dorsalis
- subacute meningitis
- general paresis |
|
|
Term
| VDRL/RPR + and FTA-ABS/MHA-TP positive: |
|
Definition
| active syphilis infection |
|
|
Term
| VDRL/RPR + and FTA-ABS/MHA-TP - : |
|
Definition
| false positive (maybe pregnant, elderly, or viral infection) |
|
|
Term
| - VDRL/RPR and + FTA-ABS/MHA-TP: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| - VDRL/RPR and - MHA-TP/ FTA-ABS |
|
Definition
| negative, or too early to tell, or immunocompromised |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- late stage tertiary syphilis
- mass of dead/swollen fiber like tissue representing localization of syphilis infection |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi
(erythematous migrans with central clearing and necrotic center)
comes from infected deer tick bite
fever, chills, fatigue, headache |
|
|
Term
| vector for Lymes disease: |
|
Definition
Ixodes ticks- must be attached for 24-48 hours to infect
rash occurs within 1-4 weeks of bite in 50% of people |
|
|
Term
| Dx of Lyme disease/Borrelia burgdorferi: |
|
Definition
- culture
- serology
- PCR
remember Borrelia is also a spirochete so it does NOT gram stain, spiral shaped |
|
|
Term
| flexible spiral shaped gram negative spirochete with internal flagella: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| non-staining bacteria that causes pneumonia: |
|
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumonia- pleomorphic organism, unlike bacteria it lacks a cell wall, and ulike viruses it does NOT need host to replicate
COMMUNITY AQUIRED ATYPIAL PNEUMONIA |
|
|
Term
| non gram staining bacteria that is an OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Non-gram staining bacteria that is an obligate intracellular pathogen and cause of Rocky mountain spottend fever: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| bacteria that do NOT gram stain: |
|
Definition
- Sprirochetes: treponema and borrelia
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsia
- TB |
|
|
Term
| Obligate intracellular VERY SMALL bacteria that cannot make ATP and thus has to reside in other cells, can be called an INTRACELLULAR PARASITE, it has both DNA and RNA? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia is like bacteria b/c has DNA and RNA, but like virus b/c it has to be intracellular. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inclusion conjunctivitis in new borns: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Nongonococcal urethritis: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Cervicitis
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Nongonococcal urethritis
- Epididymitis
- Newborn inclusion conjunctivitis
- Infant pneumonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chlamydia urethritis aka Nongonococcal urethritis |
|
|
Term
| most common sexually transmitted disease in U.S. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Chlamydia infected cells will show: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| aka Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, swelling of eylids, sensitivity to light, scarring of conjunctiva and cornea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct Immunofixation Antibody labeling (DIF) |
|
|
Term
| male with penile lesion and UNILATERAL SWELLING OF INGUINAL REGION: |
|
Definition
Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis
- painless papule/ulcer as primary lesion with HA, fever, myalgia
- progress to inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes and dessemination
- late> development of ulcers, fistula, and genital elephantiasis |
|
|
Term
| Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atypical pneumonia transmitted to humans by exposure to infected birds or dried bird excrement. Often see macular rash. Serology for dx. |
|
Definition
| Psittacosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci |
|
|
Term
| atypical pneumonia with inclusion bodies: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atypical pneumonias include: |
|
Definition
- Viral
- Chlamydia
- Mycoplasma
See streaky lung infiltrates on Xray
nonproductive cough |
|
|
Term
| Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia is made how? |
|
Definition
| clinical presentation, culture takes too long |
|
|
Term
| species of Mycoplasma that metabolizes urea and causes urethritis and prostatitis: |
|
Definition
Ureaplasma urealyticum
can be part of normal flora of some healthy women |
|
|
Term
| Enterococcus faecalis is gram __ __ in chains. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal flora in axilla, perineum, and toe webs (moist areas): |
|
Definition
- staph aureus
- corynebacterium
- gram negative bacteria |
|
|
Term
| normal flora on most skin: |
|
Definition
- Staph. epidermidis
- Propionobacterium (corynebacterium) |
|
|
Term
| normal part of skin but can cause acne gets trapped in hair follicle: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upper respiratory tract normal flora: |
|
Definition
- Strep. pneumonia
- Strep. pyogenes
- Neisseria meningitidisand other gram negative rods
- Haemophilus influenzae |
|
|
Term
| Oral cavity normal flora: |
|
Definition
- Viridians streptococcus (causes dental plaques)
- Actinomyces
- Anaerobes
Streptococcus mutans is primary bacterium involved in plaque formation: OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION, one omf most costly infectious disease in United states |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- BACTERIOIDES (PREDOMINANT ORGANISM)
- Clostridium
- Escherichia
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Clostridium perfringens
- GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBES |
|
|
Term
| gram positive, non-spore forming, lactic acid bacteria of the gut. Friendly bacteria of the gut. Put in probiotics. |
|
Definition
BiFIDobacteria is your FRIEND.
Bifidobacterium bifidum- bacteria in gut of breast fed infants where it prevents colonization by pathogens |
|
|
Term
| anterior urethra normal flora: |
|
Definition
- Staph epidermidis
- Enterococcus faecalis
- alpha hemolytic strp |
|
|
Term
| urine culture is ___ procedure. |
|
Definition
quantitative
10^5 CFUs/mL = UTI |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
E. coli
most UTIs are caused by gram negative bacilli |
|
|
Term
| Things that should be sterile: |
|
Definition
- blood
- urine
- CSF
- sinuses
- lower respiratory tract
- stomach
- SI (few organisms) |
|
|
Term
| Bacteria have adhesins or ligands that adhere to host receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bacteria with capsules that impair phagocytosis: |
|
Definition
Sometimes Kara Has Bad Years.
- Strep. pneumonia
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenza
- Bacillus anthracis
- Yersinia pestis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- destroy WBCS that are phagocytes
Made by Staph and Strep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- destroy RBCs
- bad by Clostridium perfringens (gangrene) and Streptococci |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| exoenzyme made by staph aureus that PRODUCES CLOTS in blood to wall off infection from host immune system |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exoenzymes that break down clots produced by body to isolate infection
made by staph and strep |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
exoenzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid leading to connective tissue breakdown
made by some streptococci and Clostridium pefringens (gangrene) |
|
|
Term
| most bacterial damage is carried out by: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| exotoxins made by mostly __ __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 examples of neurotoxins exoToxins: |
|
Definition
- Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin: inhibits release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine> flaccid paralysis
- Clostridium tetani > tetanus neurotoxin> blocks relaxation of skeletal muscle> uncontrolled spasms and lockjaw and convuslions |
|
|
Term
| Cornybacterium diphteriae toxin: |
|
Definition
| - Deptheria exotoxin CYTOTOXIN: inhibits protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erythrogenic exotoxin: damage blood capillaries> red rash |
|
|
Term
| 2 important ENTEROTOXIN EXOTOXINS: |
|
Definition
- Vibrio entertoxin from vibrio cholerae. A subunit causes epithelial cells to discharge large amounts of fluid and electrolytes
- Staph. aureus entertoxi
- other enterotoxins cause toxic shock syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- from outer membrane of gram NEGATIVE bacteria
- lipid portion of lipopolysacharide, called lipid A
- effect exerted when gram negative cell dies and cell wall is lysed> endotoxin liberated
- antibodies do NOT form against it
- fever, chills, weakness, shock |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- gram positive
- antibodies form against
- made inside bacteria and released into host
- cause diseases symptoms |
|
|
Term
| organsims that make endotoxins: |
|
Definition
- Salmonella typhi
- Proteus spp.
- Pseudomonas
- Neisseria
- E. coli |
|
|
Term
| what that is released by macrophages that have ingested endotoxins,causes fever: |
|
Definition
| IL-1> hypothalamus> prostaglandins> fever |
|
|
Term
| in septic shock what is released by gram negative phagocytosed bacteria that leads to altered capillary permeablity > loss of fluid> drop in blood pressure: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small circular pieces of DNA are not connected to chromosome, capable of independent replication, carry R factors for antibiotic resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - can incorporate into genetic material and remain latent |
|
|
Term
| 3 most common causes of UTI: |
|
Definition
- E. coli
- Proteus (will be swarming plate)
- Enterococcus |
|
|
Term
| Strep pyogenes has M protein on fibriae of cell surface that help it resist phagocytosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Drumstick, large rod with endospore at one end: |
|
Definition
| Clostridium tetani: Anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive rod |
|
|
Term
| Aerobic non-spore forming, catalase positive rods with TUMBLING MOTILITY: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Listeria is in raw milk and cheese and deli meats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| very large, aerobic, spore forming gram positive rod: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clostridum botulinum (large gram positive anaerobic rods_ causes : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SMALL GRAM POSITIVE ROD, CLUB SHAPED SWELLING AT END, NO SMORES, METACHROMATIC GRANULES: |
|
Definition
| Corynebacterium diphteria |
|
|
