Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Disease Final Bacteria
bacteria review
128
Anatomy
Graduate
05/07/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
most common fecal organism, gram negative bacilli:
Definition
Bacterioides fragalis
Term
All enterics are gram __, __ __, and __ __.
Definition
- gram negative
- glucose fermenters
- catalase negative
Term
4 big non-lactose fermenters:
Definition
- Shigella
- Yersinia
- Salmonella
- Vibrio
Term
major lactose fermenter:
Definition
E. coli
Term
Gram negative rod, non-lactose fermenter, produces H2S:
Definition
Salmonella
Term
Gram negative rod microaerophillic grows best at 42 degrees celsius. grown on special media:
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
Shigella is transmitted by:
Definition
fecal-oral route
Term
Shiga toxin inhibits __ __
Definition
protein synthesis
Term
gram negative curved bacillus, non-lactose fermenting, OXIDASE POSITIVE, causes NONINVASIVE DIARRHEA via ENTEROTOXIN, requires alkaline media:
Definition
Vibrio cholera
Term
oxidase positive enteric?
Definition
Vibrio and Campylobacter
Term
catalase positive enterics?
Definition
E. coli and Shigella
Term
Motile enteric?
Definition
Salmonella
Term
enteric that requires very little amount to cause disease?
Definition
Shigella
Term
2 enterics that can be from chicken?
Definition
salmonella
campylobacter
Term
raw eggs carry:
Definition
salmonella
Term
unpasteurized milk and fresh cheese carries:
Definition
campylobacter
Term
enteric that grows at 42 degrees celsius and is oxidase positive?
Definition
Campylobacter
Term
3 likely causes of acute blood diarrhea:
Definition
- Campylobacter
- Shigella
- Salmonella
Term
part of the normal flora but can be come pathogenic via colon puncture> abdominal abscess?
Definition
Bacterioides fragilis- strict anaerobe
Term
not an enteric, in contaminated milk and water, fecal oral route, invades and causes blood diarrhea via enterotoxin:
Definition
Yersinia enterocolitica
Term
Not cultured, urease positive, survives stomach acid by making ammonia:
Definition
H. pylori
Term
diagnosis of Clostridium difficile?
Definition
- bacterial toxin identification in stool
- too hard to culture
Term
gram positive aerobic rod, emetic toxin in 1-6 hours in fried rice, diarrheal toxin in 8-16 hours in dried beans.
Definition
Bacillus cereus
Term
potato/egg salads, mayonnaise, cream pastries, comes from ingestion of preformed enterotoxins from infected/colonized food handler. Symptomatic within 12 hours. Outbreaks.
Definition
Staph. aureus
Term
Clostridium food poisonings:
Definition
- Clostridium perfringens: secretory diarrhea, heavily contaminated meats, poultry,legumes, heat resistance spores

Clostridium botulinium: infantile butulism from honey
Term
comes from contaminated water or raw shell fish, coastal marine saltwater uncooked or raw seafood (sushi), leading cause of diarrhea in Japan?
Definition
Vibrio parahaemolyticus

INVASIVE VIBRIO UNLIKE CHOLERAGRA
Term
gram negative rod that can cause gastroenteritis from ingesting contaminated seafood, OR WOUND INFECTIONS AND PRIMARY SEPTICEMIA. Those with liver disease, uremia, or immunocompromised are more prone to this. Causes PRIMARY SEPTICEMIA: fever, chills, septic shock, and death. BLISTERS occur in 70% of cases:
Definition
Vibrio vulnificus
Term
Attacks the ileocecal region, is picked up by macrophages in the lymphoid regions of Peyer's patches, spread throughout body via mononuclear phagocytic cells. Causes Bacteremia. Carrier state is possible.

Headache, fever, lethargy, abdominal pain, diarrhea, bactermia.

In carrier state is shed from gallbladder.
Definition
Salmonella typhi aka Typhoid fever
Term
opportunistic acid fast infection common in AIDs patients:
Definition
Mycobacterium avium-intracellullare (MAI)
Term
another name for acid fast stain:
Definition
Ziehl-Neelsen stain
Term
fungal stains:
Definition
H&E stains
silver stain
Term
where does TB usually start?
Definition
- lower middle lobe
- upper lower lobe
Term
primary tubuerculosis more common in the __ lobes.
Definition
lower
Term
Reactivation of TB tends to occur in __ lobes.
Definition
upper
Term
Ghon complex occurs with __ TB. Explain.
Definition
- primary

ipsilateral lymphadenopathy b/c infected lymph drained along the interstitium to the hilar and mediastinal lymph nodes
Term
If primary TB is not treated, ___ TB can develop. Explain.
Definition
Miliary TB

- venous drainage from lungs allows for hematogenous spread of the infection> bone marrow, kidneys, etc.
Term
with primary tb look for __ __.
Definition
Gohn complexes
Term
3 stages of TB:
Definition
1. Primary TB: gohn complexes
2. Progressive Primary: usually immunocompromised, Miliary TB, systemic disseminated disease
3. PostPrimary- reactivation
Term
Progressive primary TB likely has __ __ manifested by small __ __ granulomas.
Definition
Miliary TB
small millet seed granulomas
Term
In healed primary TB infections you will see:
Definition
Sub-pleural fibro-calcific nodules
Term
primary TB infection has resolved, but the bacteria are dormant/hibernating and then the bacteria become active when pt is immunocompromised:
Definition
Postprimary/reactivation TB
Term
location in upper lobes of lungs/apical areas is ___ TB.
Definition
reactivation/postprimary
Term
immunocompromised patient. Histopathology shows TREMENDOUS NUMBERS of acid-fast bacilli with plump histiocytes.
Definition
Mycobacterium avium
Term
gram negative kidney-bean/coffee bean shaped diplococci, also the ONLY PATHOGENIC GRAM NEGATIVE COCCI:
Definition
Neisseria
Term
Waterhouse-Friderichsen Syndrome:
Definition
- gram negative septic shock
- hypotension
- petechial skin lesions
- bilateral adrenal hemorrhage
- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Term
Neisseria is very fastidious and requires what kind of media?
Definition
blood agar media
chocolate agar
Thayer martin VCN media(Vancmycin, Colistin, Nystatin)

High CO2 levels required by neiesseria
Term
STD that tends to be asymptomatic in females but causes purulent penile discharge in males?
Definition
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Term
Meningitis in young children/adults following pharyngitis is most likely:
Definition
Neisseria meningitidis
Term
The 2 gram negative spirochetes:
Definition
Treponema and Borrelia

THESE HAVE A GRAM NEGATIVE ENVELOPE BUT CANNOT BE GRAM STAINED
Term
spirochetes are visualized by:
Definition
silver stain
dark field/fluourescent microscopy
Term
Screening test for Treponema pallidum (syphilis):
Definition
Non-treponemal Reaginic Tests:
- VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Lab Test)
- RPR (rapid plasma reagin test)
- high sensitivity, low specificity
- non-specificic antigens (cardiolipin, lechithin)
- false positives with pregnancy, elderly, and viral infections
Term
confirmation test for syphillis:
Definition
Treponemal Antibody Tests:
- TAB-ABS (fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test)
- MHA-TP (microhemogglutination treponema pallidum test)

antibody titer increases with disease and remains positive for years even after treatment
Term
Primary syphillis:
Definition
- non-tender indurated chancre with smooth margins at site of inoculation- highly infectious
- regional lymphadenopathy
- heals spontaneously in 4-6 weeks without scar
Term
Secondary syphillis:
Definition
- rash
- condyloma
- alopecia
- rising RPR titer before tmt (fourfould increase within 6 months) and a corresponding fall after treatment
Term
Early latent syphilis:
Definition
Asymptomatic patient with positive RPR and TPHA with one of the following:
- negative serology withing past 2 years (new onset positive serology)
- 4 fold increase in RPR titer on subsequent testing
- 4 fold decrease in RPR titer within 12 months after treatment
Term
Tertiary aka Late syphilis:
Definition
- late SYMPTOMATIC is proven by POSITIVE TREPONEMAL TESTS (RPR may be negative at this point) in association with typical neurological and cardiovascular signs
- late ASYMPTOMATIC neurosyphilis is suggested by positive serology and positive CSF VDRL
- diseas is active if there are 5 or more mononuclear cells/mm3 in the CSF
Term
Tertiary syphilis:
Definition
- aortis
- gummas: localized inflammation in bones, skin, and viscera
- tabes dorsalis
- subacute meningitis
- general paresis
Term
VDRL/RPR + and FTA-ABS/MHA-TP positive:
Definition
active syphilis infection
Term
VDRL/RPR + and FTA-ABS/MHA-TP - :
Definition
false positive (maybe pregnant, elderly, or viral infection)
Term
- VDRL/RPR and + FTA-ABS/MHA-TP:
Definition
treated syphilis
Term
- VDRL/RPR and - MHA-TP/ FTA-ABS
Definition
negative, or too early to tell, or immunocompromised
Term
gumma:
Definition
- late stage tertiary syphilis
- mass of dead/swollen fiber like tissue representing localization of syphilis infection
Term
Lyme Disease:
Definition
Borrelia burgdorferi

(erythematous migrans with central clearing and necrotic center)

comes from infected deer tick bite
fever, chills, fatigue, headache
Term
vector for Lymes disease:
Definition
Ixodes ticks- must be attached for 24-48 hours to infect

rash occurs within 1-4 weeks of bite in 50% of people
Term
Dx of Lyme disease/Borrelia burgdorferi:
Definition
- culture
- serology
- PCR

remember Borrelia is also a spirochete so it does NOT gram stain, spiral shaped
Term
flexible spiral shaped gram negative spirochete with internal flagella:
Definition
Borrelia
Term
non-staining bacteria that causes pneumonia:
Definition
Mycoplasma pneumonia- pleomorphic organism, unlike bacteria it lacks a cell wall, and ulike viruses it does NOT need host to replicate


COMMUNITY AQUIRED ATYPIAL PNEUMONIA
Term
non gram staining bacteria that is an OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PATHOGEN:
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Non-gram staining bacteria that is an obligate intracellular pathogen and cause of Rocky mountain spottend fever:
Definition
Rickettsia
Term
bacteria that do NOT gram stain:
Definition
- Sprirochetes: treponema and borrelia
- Mycoplasma pneumonia
- Chlamydia
- Rickettsia
- TB
Term
Obligate intracellular VERY SMALL bacteria that cannot make ATP and thus has to reside in other cells, can be called an INTRACELLULAR PARASITE, it has both DNA and RNA?
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Chlamydia is like bacteria b/c has DNA and RNA, but like virus b/c it has to be intracellular.
Definition
Term
inclusion conjunctivitis in new borns:
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Nongonococcal urethritis:
Definition
Chlamydia
Term
Chlamydia can cause:
Definition
- Cervicitis
- Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
- Nongonococcal urethritis
- Epididymitis
- Newborn inclusion conjunctivitis
- Infant pneumonia
Term
clear penile discharge:
Definition
Chlamydia urethritis aka Nongonococcal urethritis
Term
most common sexually transmitted disease in U.S.
Definition
chlamydia
Term
Chlamydia infected cells will show:
Definition
INCLUSION BODIES
Term
Glandular trachomatis:
Definition
aka Trachoma, caused by Chlamydia trachomatis, swelling of eylids, sensitivity to light, scarring of conjunctiva and cornea
Term
Dx of Chlamydia:
Definition
Direct Immunofixation Antibody labeling (DIF)
Term
male with penile lesion and UNILATERAL SWELLING OF INGUINAL REGION:
Definition
Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis

- painless papule/ulcer as primary lesion with HA, fever, myalgia
- progress to inflammation and swelling of lymph nodes and dessemination
- late> development of ulcers, fistula, and genital elephantiasis
Term
Lymphogranuloma venereum is caused by:
Definition
Chlamydia trachomatis
Term
Atypical pneumonia transmitted to humans by exposure to infected birds or dried bird excrement. Often see macular rash. Serology for dx.
Definition
Psittacosis caused by Chlamydia psittaci
Term
atypical pneumonia with inclusion bodies:
Definition
Chlamydia pneumonia
Term
Atypical pneumonias include:
Definition
- Viral
- Chlamydia
- Mycoplasma

See streaky lung infiltrates on Xray
nonproductive cough
Term
Diagnosis of Mycoplasma pneumonia is made how?
Definition
clinical presentation, culture takes too long
Term
species of Mycoplasma that metabolizes urea and causes urethritis and prostatitis:
Definition
Ureaplasma urealyticum

can be part of normal flora of some healthy women
Term
Enterococcus faecalis is gram __ __ in chains.
Definition
gram positive cocci
Term
E. coli is gram __ __.
Definition
gram negative rod
Term
normal flora in axilla, perineum, and toe webs (moist areas):
Definition
- staph aureus
- corynebacterium
- gram negative bacteria
Term
normal flora on most skin:
Definition
- Staph. epidermidis
- Propionobacterium (corynebacterium)
Term
normal part of skin but can cause acne gets trapped in hair follicle:
Definition
Propionibacterium acnes
Term
Upper respiratory tract normal flora:
Definition
- Strep. pneumonia
- Strep. pyogenes
- Neisseria meningitidisand other gram negative rods
- Haemophilus influenzae
Term
Oral cavity normal flora:
Definition
- Viridians streptococcus (causes dental plaques)
- Actinomyces
- Anaerobes

Streptococcus mutans is primary bacterium involved in plaque formation: OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION, one omf most costly infectious disease in United states
Term
Colon normal flora:
Definition
- BACTERIOIDES (PREDOMINANT ORGANISM)
- Clostridium
- Escherichia
- Enterococcus faecalis
- Clostridium perfringens
- GRAM NEGATIVE ANAEROBES
Term
gram positive, non-spore forming, lactic acid bacteria of the gut. Friendly bacteria of the gut. Put in probiotics.
Definition
BiFIDobacteria is your FRIEND.

Bifidobacterium bifidum- bacteria in gut of breast fed infants where it prevents colonization by pathogens
Term
anterior urethra normal flora:
Definition
- Staph epidermidis
- Enterococcus faecalis
- alpha hemolytic strp
Term
urine culture is ___ procedure.
Definition
quantitative

10^5 CFUs/mL = UTI
Term
number one cause of UTI:
Definition
E. coli

most UTIs are caused by gram negative bacilli
Term
Things that should be sterile:
Definition
- blood
- urine
- CSF
- sinuses
- lower respiratory tract
- stomach
- SI (few organisms)
Term
Bacteria have adhesins or ligands that adhere to host receptors.
Definition
Term
Bacteria with capsules that impair phagocytosis:
Definition
Sometimes Kara Has Bad Years.

- Strep. pneumonia
- Klebsiella pneumonia
- Haemophilus influenza
- Bacillus anthracis
- Yersinia pestis
Term
Leukocidins:
Definition
- destroy WBCS that are phagocytes

Made by Staph and Strep
Term
Hemolysins:
Definition
- destroy RBCs
- bad by Clostridium perfringens (gangrene) and Streptococci
Term
coagulase:
Definition
exoenzyme made by staph aureus that PRODUCES CLOTS in blood to wall off infection from host immune system
Term
Bacterial kinases:
Definition
exoenzymes that break down clots produced by body to isolate infection

made by staph and strep
Term
Hyaluronidase:
Definition
exoenzyme that breaks down hyaluronic acid leading to connective tissue breakdown

made by some streptococci and Clostridium pefringens (gangrene)
Term
most bacterial damage is carried out by:
Definition
toxins
Term
exotoxins made by mostly __ __ __.
Definition
gram positive bacteria
Term
2 examples of neurotoxins exoToxins:
Definition
- Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin: inhibits release of neurotransmitter acetylcholine> flaccid paralysis

- Clostridium tetani > tetanus neurotoxin> blocks relaxation of skeletal muscle> uncontrolled spasms and lockjaw and convuslions
Term
Cornybacterium diphteriae toxin:
Definition
- Deptheria exotoxin CYTOTOXIN: inhibits protein synthesis in eucaryotic cells
Term
Strep pyogenes toxin:
Definition
Erythrogenic exotoxin: damage blood capillaries> red rash
Term
2 important ENTEROTOXIN EXOTOXINS:
Definition
- Vibrio entertoxin from vibrio cholerae. A subunit causes epithelial cells to discharge large amounts of fluid and electrolytes

- Staph. aureus entertoxi

- other enterotoxins cause toxic shock syndrome
Term
Endotoxins:
Definition
- from outer membrane of gram NEGATIVE bacteria
- lipid portion of lipopolysacharide, called lipid A
- effect exerted when gram negative cell dies and cell wall is lysed> endotoxin liberated
- antibodies do NOT form against it
- fever, chills, weakness, shock
Term
Exotoxins:
Definition
- gram positive
- antibodies form against
- made inside bacteria and released into host
- cause diseases symptoms
Term
organsims that make endotoxins:
Definition
- Salmonella typhi
- Proteus spp.
- Pseudomonas
- Neisseria
- E. coli
Term
what that is released by macrophages that have ingested endotoxins,causes fever:
Definition
IL-1> hypothalamus> prostaglandins> fever
Term
in septic shock what is released by gram negative phagocytosed bacteria that leads to altered capillary permeablity > loss of fluid> drop in blood pressure:
Definition
tumor necrosis factor
Term
plasmid:
Definition
small circular pieces of DNA are not connected to chromosome, capable of independent replication, carry R factors for antibiotic resistance
Term
Bacteriophage:
Definition
- can incorporate into genetic material and remain latent
Term
3 most common causes of UTI:
Definition
- E. coli
- Proteus (will be swarming plate)
- Enterococcus
Term
Strep pyogenes has M protein on fibriae of cell surface that help it resist phagocytosis
Definition
Term
Drumstick, large rod with endospore at one end:
Definition
Clostridium tetani: Anaerobic, spore forming, gram positive rod
Term
Aerobic non-spore forming, catalase positive rods with TUMBLING MOTILITY:
Definition
Listeria
Term
Listeria is in raw milk and cheese and deli meats
Definition
Term
very large, aerobic, spore forming gram positive rod:
Definition
Bacillus anthracis
Term
clostridum botulinum (large gram positive anaerobic rods_ causes :
Definition
desencding paralysis
Term
SMALL GRAM POSITIVE ROD, CLUB SHAPED SWELLING AT END, NO SMORES, METACHROMATIC GRANULES:
Definition
Corynebacterium diphteria
Supporting users have an ad free experience!