Term
| compartments of fluid in body: |
|
Definition
- intracellular
- extracellular= interstitial + vascular |
|
|
Term
| if plasma oncotic pressure ____ or plasma hydrostatic pressure ____, fluid will move out of vessel into interstitial space. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Normal (isotonic) saline (0.9%) approximates plasma tonicity (POsm). It is infused in patients to maintain the blood pressure when there is a significant loss of sodium-containing fluid (e.g., blood loss, diarrhea, sweat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Some of the normal saline enters the interstitial compartment and some remains in the vascular compartment, the latter being responsible for the increase in blood pressure. Other solutions that are used that are more expensive include Ringer's lactate and 5% albumin (remains in the vascular compartment |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood is intravascular fluid made of RBCs and plasma. Plasma has ___, ____, ____, and fat. If you take the clotting proteins out of plasma you have ___. |
|
Definition
- water
- proteins
- CHOs
- serum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| excessive fluid in interstitial space or body cavity (pleural, peritoneal, pericardial) due to changes in Starling forces, vascular permiability, or lymphatic blockage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- changes in Starling forces
- increased permeability of vasculature
- lymphatic blockage |
|
|
Term
| normally when fluid accumulates lymph drainage takes care of it and returns it to circulation via the __ __. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- transudate
- exudate
- lymphedema |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protein poor (less than 3g/dL)
- cell poor
- produces dependent edema and body cavity effusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protein rich (greater than 3g/dL)
- cell rich (neutrophils)
- produces swelling of tissues but no pitting edema |
|
|
Term
| which type of fluid causes pitting edema? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- protein rich fluid
- nonpitting edema |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that cause transudate edema due to increased hyrostatic pressure: |
|
Definition
- congestive heart failure
- constrictive pericarditis
- Ascites from liver cirrhosis
- venous obstruction or compression
- lower extremity inactivity with prolonged dependency |
|
|
Term
| Conditions that cause reduced plasma oncotic pressure (hypoproteinemia) resulting in transudate edema: |
|
Definition
- protein losing glomerulopathies (Nephrotic syndrome)
- ascites from liver cirrhosis
- protein-losing gastroenteropathy |
|
|
Term
| Alterations in starling pressures produces a ___ edema which does/does not cause pitting edema |
|
Definition
- transudate
- does cause pitting edema |
|
|
Term
| With left sided heart failure, you will see ____ ___ edema due to ____ vascular ___ pressure. |
|
Definition
- pulmonary transudate
- increased
- hydrostatic |
|
|
Term
| With right sided heart failure, you will see ___ ___ edema due to ____ vascular ___ pressure. |
|
Definition
- peripheral transudate
- increased
- hydrostatic |
|
|
Term
| Pt with cardiomegaly, dilated heart chambers, and low left ventricular heart contractility, would have ___ ___ pressure resulting in ___ ___ edema. |
|
Definition
- increased hydrostatic
- transudate pitting |
|
|
Term
| transudate is aka ___ effusion. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Edema of the ankles and feet is a common manifestation of ___ ___ heart failure. |
|
Definition
| - right sided heart failure |
|
|
Term
| If protein in urine is greater than ____g in 24 hours, then you have ____ ____. |
|
Definition
3.5grams/24 hours
Nephrotic syndrome |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lymphedema in arms following modified radical mastectomy and radiation
Filariasis due to Wuchereria bancrofti, thread-like worms, causes swollen tissue caused by obstruction of the lymph fluid
Scrotal and vulvar lymphedema due to lymphogranuloma venereum, chronic (long-term) infection of the lymphatic system caused by bacteria |
|
|
Term
| cause of purulent suppurative inflammation: |
|
Definition
| - localized proliferation of pus forming orangisms, such as the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus |
|
|
Term
| Fibrinous inflammation causes: |
|
Definition
- increased vascular permeability with deposition of fibrin rich exudate
- often occurs on serosal lining of pericardium, peritoneum, or pleura |
|
|
Term
| causes of serous inflammation: |
|
Definition
Thin watery exudate (blister in second-degree burns, viral pleuritis)
Insufficient amount of fibrinogen to produce fibrin |
|
|
Term
| another cause of transudate from increased hydrostatic pressure and decreased oncotic pressure is: |
|
Definition
| renal retention of sodium and water |
|
|
Term
| Exudates are due to ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
increased vascular permeability
- like with acute inflammation- following a bee sting |
|
|
Term
| Exudate is/is not always purulent. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Acute meningitis would cause ___ ___over the brain. |
|
Definition
| purulent exudate b/c its an infection |
|
|
Term
| acute tonsilitis would form an ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 50 year old patient comes in. He is an alcoholic, has fever, productive cough, and dyspnea. He has history of coronary artery disease and angina. He has a pleural effusion. It is discovered that the effusion is protein rich and neutrophill rich, what is he here for? What type of effusion is this? |
|
Definition
- bacterial pneumonia, which caused inflammation and the effusion due to increased vascular permeability
- purulent exudate |
|
|
Term
| what does pleural effusion mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - intravascular mass attached to vessel wall and is composed of varying proportions of coagulation factors, RBCs, and platelets |
|
|
Term
Thrombi can develop anywhere in the cardiovascular system (in cardiac chambers, on valves, or in arteries, veins, or capillaries).
The size and shape of thrombi depend on the site of origin and the cause. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterial and cardiac thrombi usually begin at sites of ____ or ___ ___, while venous thrombi tend to occur at sites of ___. |
|
Definition
- turbulence or endothelial injury
- stasis |
|
|
Term
| Arterial thrombi tend to grow ___ from the site attachment on the vascular surface, while venous thrombi tend to extend in the ___ of ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- retrograde
- direction of blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Why is it significant which way arterial and venous thrombi extend? |
|
Definition
| they both ultimately extend towards the heart |
|
|
Term
| thrombi due to endothelial cell injury are typically due to ___ blood flow at ___ ____ or overlying ___ ___ or from ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- turbulent
- arterial bifurcations
- atherosclerotic plaques
- cigarrete smoke |
|
|
Term
| define Hypercoagulability and give examples: |
|
Definition
- activation of the coagulation system
- pregnancy and birth control do this |
|
|
Term
| Venous thrombi occur due to ___ or being in a ___ state. Common sites include ___ ___ in the lower extremity below the ___ (90% of cases). Other sites include the ___ __ vein, the __ vein, ___ veins, and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- stasis
- hypercoagulable state
- deep vein
- knee
- superficial saphenous vein
- hepatic vein
- renal veins
- dural sinuses |
|
|
Term
| Venous thrombi are ____ , invariably ____ dark red ___ clots. They are in the lower extremities and propagate towards the heart, and put one in danger of a ____ ___ ____. Anticoagulants ___ and ___ prevent formation of venous thrombi. |
|
Definition
- adherent
- occlusive
- fibrin
- pulmonary artery embolism
- heparin and warfarin |
|
|
Term
| Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) affects mainly the veins in the lower leg and the thigh. It involves the formation of a clot (thrombus) in the larger veins of the area. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thrombus broken off and floating around |
|
|
Term
| a venous thrombi is aka _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| risk factors for developing venous thrombi aka phlebothrombosis: |
|
Definition
- slow venous return due to decrease leg muscle action with bed rest, immobilization, advanced age
- injury to blood vessels
- hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
| venous thrombi can cause: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| symptoms of deep venous thrombosis: |
|
Definition
- changes in skin color in one leg (redness)
- increased warmth in that leg
- leg pain on one side
- leg tenderness on one side
- swelling of the leg |
|
|
Term
| A pulmonary thromboembolus travels from a ___ __ in the __ up the ___ ____ ___ to the main ___ ___ as they branch. |
|
Definition
- large vein in the leg
- inferior vena cava
- pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| causes of arterial thrombi: |
|
Definition
- turbulent blood flow
- platelets adhere to injured sites
- hypercoagulable state |
|
|
Term
| Sites of arterial thrombi: |
|
Definition
- elastic and muscular arteries
- majority of arterial thrombi overly atherosclerotic plaques: aorta or with coronary artery thrombosis |
|
|
Term
| examples of arterial thrombi in heart: |
|
Definition
Thrombus in left ventricle due to a transmural myocardial infarction (mural thrombus)
Thrombus in left atrium in patients with mitral stenosis complicated by atrial fibrillation |
|
|
Term
| With aneurysms, thrombi in the ___ usually develop. |
|
Definition
aorta
(abdominal aortic aneurysm) |
|
|
Term
| ___ and ___ therapy helps prevent arterial thrombi. |
|
Definition
| Aspirin and anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| With coronary artery thombosis, the lumen is occluded, so you are at risk for ___ and subsequent ___ or ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- infarction and subsequent necrosis
- chronic ischemia |
|
|
Term
| arterial thrombi are ___ occlusive, while venous thrombi are ___ occlusive. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most frequent locations of arterial thrombi: |
|
Definition
- coronary arteries
- cerebral arteries
- mesentery arteries
- renal arteries
- lower leg arteries |
|
|
Term
| Arterial thrombi put you at risk for ____ or ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- infarction
- chronic ischemia |
|
|
Term
| Thrombi occuring in the heart chambers or in the aortic lumen are called ___ ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Precursors to aortic mural thrombus: |
|
Definition
- abnormal myocardial contractions (arrhythmias or MIs)
- ulcerated atherosclerotic plaques
- aneurysmal dilation |
|
|
Term
| Aortic Mural Aneurysm with Thrombus Aneurysms are typically either saccular or fusiform in appearance. Because of local disturbances in the normal flow of blood caused by the dilation of the vessel, large aneurysms are typically found to contain thrombus. Portions of thrombus may embolize downstream. An even more serious complication of aneurysm is rupture, the chances of which increase as the aneurysm increases in size. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| detached clot that is carried through the blood to a distant site |
|
|
Term
| The majority of pulmonary thromboembolisms originate from the ___ ___, ___ ___, or ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- femoral vein
- pelvic veins
- vena cava |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary thromboemobolism occurs in pulmonary ___ even though the clot originated in ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary thromboembolism often results in : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pulmonary thromboembolisms can cause sudden death due to a ___ ___ occluding the major branches, or may cause ___ ____ which occurs when small to medium ___ ___ are occluded, but less than 10% cause this. |
|
Definition
- saddle embolus
- pulmonary infarction
- small to medium pulmonary arteries |
|
|
Term
| pulmonary thrombosis can occur secondary to ___ state, ___ state, or use of __ ____. |
|
Definition
- postoperative
- post-partum
- oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| define systemic embolism: |
|
Definition
| embolism traveling in arterial system |
|
|
Term
| causes of systemic emboli: |
|
Definition
- 80% are caused by thrombus from left side of the heart, mural thrombus from left ventricle following MI, thrombus in left atrium from mitral stenosis, or a-fib can cause atrial clot formation
- atrial myxoma, vegetations from aortic or mitral valve |
|
|
Term
| what arteries are most susceptible to systemic embolism? |
|
Definition
| cerebral arteries> stroke |
|
|
Term
| Brain emboli> stroke can be from thrombus in ___ (mural) or from ___ arteries. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Atherosclerotic plaques in arteries of legs> plaques lodge in microvasculature> dry gangrenous toes aka coagulative necrosis (presentation would be claudication- pain in legs walking a while) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Leg embolism: blockage of an artery supplying blood to the leg; gangrene may develop below the blockage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gangrene of the Toes: Patient with peripheral vascular disease that has lead to infarct of several toes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peripheral vascular disease can lead to infarctin of toes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common site of embolism in brain is the ___ ___ artery, which would be secondary to cardiogenic embolism. this would be an ___ stroke, not a ___ stroke. |
|
Definition
- middle cerebral
- embolic stroke not hemorrhagic stroke |
|
|
Term
| A thrombus can resolve on its own via ___, so if the thrombus is in nondangerous area can give pt therapeutic doses of proteins to lyse the clot. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 4 options for a thrombus: |
|
Definition
- resolution via lysis
- pulmonary thromboemoblism
- organized and incorporated into wall
- organized and recanalized |
|
|
Term
| If a patient survives the initial thrombosis, in the ensuing days to weeks thrombi undergo some combination of the following four events: |
|
Definition
Propagation. Thrombi accumulate additional platelets and fibrin.
Embolization. Thrombi dislodge and travel to other sites in the vasculature. Resolution. Result of fibrinolysis, which can lead to the rapid shrinkage and total disappearance of recent thrombi
Organization and recanalization. Older thrombi become organized and capillary channels eventually form that re-establish the continuity of the original lumen, albeit to a variable degree. |
|
|
Term
| explain a Paradoxical Embolism: |
|
Definition
- venous thromboembolus passes through an atrial septal defect into the systemic circulation
- clot in a vein moves to right side of heart and passes through to left side of heart and then into arterial circulaion, pulmonary circulation gets bypassed |
|
|
Term
| With endocarditis, the ___ and ___ valves are the most common sites for infection, although valves of the right heart may also be involved, particulary in IV drug abusers. The vegatations may be single or multiple and can involve more than one valve. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With endocarditis, ___ ___ may occur at any time b/c of the __ nature of the vegetations, and may result in infarcts in the ___, ___, __, and other tissues. |
|
Definition
- systemic emboli
- friable
- brain, kidneys, myocardium |
|
|
Term
| With endocarditis, b/c the embolic fragments contain many ___ ___, ___ often develop at the sites of infarcts, when this occurs it is called a ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- virulent organisms
- abscesses
- septic infarct |
|
|
Term
| Pt comes in with fever, delirius, and you hear heart murmur, may be ___. If if he has shortness of breath and cough by have ___ ___ as result of friable vegetations, our could have stroke if clot came from left chamber. |
|
Definition
endocarditis
- pulmonary embolism |
|
|
Term
| Thrombi on heart valves are called ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ ___ ___ damages valves and makes one more suscpetible to ___ ___ b/c blood bourne bacteria or fungi may adhere to these damaged valves. |
|
Definition
Rheumatic heart disease
infective endocarditis |
|
|
Term
| In a person with fine heart valves, ___ ___ may occur due to a ____ state. |
|
Definition
- sterile vegetations
- hypercoaguable state |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Most often due to traumatic fracture of the long bones (e.g., femur)
Other causes include trauma to fat-laden tissues, fatty liver. |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of fat emoblism: |
|
Definition
Microglobules of fat from the bone marrow obstruct microvasculature
Produces ischemia and hemorrhage
Fatty acids damage vessel endothelium.
Formation of platelet thrombi in areas of injury |
|
|
Term
| Amniotic fluid embolism occurs during labor or immediately postpartum. Explain the pathogenesis: |
|
Definition
- tears in placental membranes or uterine veins
- infusion of amniotic fluid with procoagulants into maternal circulation |
|
|
Term
| Clinical findings of aminiotic fluid embolism: |
|
Definition
- dyspnea due to pulmonary embolism or acute respiratory distress syndrome
- cyanosis
- hypotension
- bleeding due to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
very abrupt onset of all of this |
|
|
Term
| upon autopsy, fetal squamous cells are present in pulmonary vessels. How did this patient die? |
|
Definition
| - amniotic fluid embolism |
|
|
Term
| Decompression sickness is a from of ___ ____. who is this seen in? |
|
Definition
gas embolism
- seen with scuba diving and deep sea diving most commonly |
|
|
Term
| pathogenesis of decompression sickness: |
|
Definition
- atmospheric pressure increases by 1 for every 33 feet under water
- nitrogen gas is forced out of alveoli and is dissolved in blood and tissues and person goes under water
- rapid ascent causes nitrogen to expand and form gas bubbles in tissue and vessel lumens |
|
|
Term
| Clinical findings of decompression sickness: |
|
Definition
- pain develops in joints, muscles, and bones, called "the bends"
- pneumothorax: complication of sudden rise to surface, due to rupture of preexisting subpleural bleb, causes dyspnea and pleurtic chest pains
- pulmonary embolus: pressure on veins in lower extremities produces stasis and thrombus formation, pumonary thromboembolism occurs
- causes dyspnea and pleuritic chest pains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| clot traveled from a different site |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the clot formed at that location |
|
|
Term
| Shock is ___ ___ to tissues, which results in impaired _____ of tissues. |
|
Definition
- reduced perfusion
- impaired oxygenation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Hypovolemic shock
2. Cardiogenic shock
3. Septic shock |
|
|
Term
| Hypovolemic shock is due to excess __ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Hypovolemic shock can result in hemorrhage. Explain: |
|
Definition
Loss of greater than 20% of blood volume (∼1000 mL) results in shock.
No initial effect on hemoglobin and hematocrit concentration
Infusion of 0.9% saline immediately uncovers the RBC deficit.
Plasma is replaced first with fluid from the interstitial space.
Uncovers the RBC deficit within hours to days
RBC response in the bone marrow begins in 5 to 7 days. |
|
|
Term
| hypovolemic shock occurs with loss of greater than ___ blood volume (1000mL), there is ___ ___ ___ on hemoglobin and hematocrit, this is revealed when infused with 09% saline. Plasma is first replaced with fluid from ___ space which will uncover the RBC deficit in hours to days. The RBC response in bone marrow occurs in 5-7 days. |
|
Definition
- 20%
- no initial effect
- interstitial |
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of hypovolemic shock: |
|
Definition
Decreased cardiac output (CO)
Due to decreased volume of blood
Decreased left ventricular end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP)
Increased peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)
Due to vasoconstriction of arterioles from catecholamines and angiotensin II, which are released in response to the decreased CO |
|
|
Term
| with hypovolemic shock the decreased cardiac output causes ___ and ___ to be released which causes ___ of arterioles. |
|
Definition
- angiotension II
- catecholamines
- vasoconstriction |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of hypovolemic shock: |
|
Definition
Cold, clammy skin due to vasoconstriction of skin vessels
Hypotension; rapid, weak pulse (compensatory response to decreased CO) |
|
|
Term
| Cardiogenic shock is most commonly caused by ___ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of cardiogenic shock: |
|
Definition
- decreased cardiac output
- increased left ventricular end diastolic pressure
- increased peripheral vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of cardiogenic shock: |
|
Definition
| - chest pain followed by signs similar to that of hypovolemic shock |
|
|
Term
| Septic shock aka septicemia is most commonly due to ___ ___ bacteria, like E. coli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pathophysiology of septic shock: |
|
Definition
- initial increase in cardiac output
- decreased left ventricular end diastolic pressure
- decreased peripheral vascular resistance |
|
|
Term
| clinical findings of septic shock: |
|
Definition
Warm skin, due to vasodilation of skin vessels
Bounding pulse, due to increased CO
Acute respiratory distress syndrome
Due to neutrophil transmigration into alveoli
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
Due to activation of the intrinsic and extrinsic coagulation system |
|
|
Term
| causes of cardiogenic shock: |
|
Definition
- MI
- ventricular rupture
- cardiac tamponade
- pulmonary embolism |
|
|
Term
| Increased vessel permeability due to histamine, which is a marker of acute inflammation, causes a non-pitting type of peripheral edema. The edema fluid is a protein-rich exudate (>3 g/dL) that contains polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Exudates also accumulate in body cavities (e.g., pleural effusion in pneumonia). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Obstruction of lymphatic channels Obstruction of lymphatic channels causes leakage of lymphatic fluid into the interstitial space (e.g., filariasis), producing a nonpitting lymphedema.
Lymphatic fluid accumulates in body cavities (e.g., chylous effusions in the pleural cavities caused by a tear in the thoracic duct)…. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leakage of lymphatic fluid into interistial space |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| lymphatic fluid accumulating in body cavity (may be caused by tear in thoracic duct) |
|
|
Term
| Lymphedema: Parasitic worms transferred to people by infected mosquitoes can block the lymphatic system, causing the puffiness and swelling of lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| movement of water between extracellular and intracellular compartments is called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary cause of water movement via osmosis b/w extracellular and intracellular compartment: |
|
Definition
| changes in sodium concentration in ECF |
|
|
Term
| In hyponatremia water moves from ___ to the ___ compartment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In hypernatremia, water moves from the ___ to the ___ compartment. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tender hepatomegaly, distended neck veins, and dependent pitting edema can be indicative of : |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| dyspnea and bibasilar crackles may indicate: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| right sided heart failure causes a backup of blood flow in the ___ system, which ___ ____ pressure and is the primary cause of pitting edema. |
|
Definition
- venous
- increases hydrostatic |
|
|
Term
Pitting edema is due to Increased serum concentration of aldosterone (secondary aldosteronism) is partly responsible for retention of sodium in this patient and the presence of pitting edema.
Pitting edema is due to an alteration in Starling’s pressure.
Sodium retention increases plasma hydrostatic pressure and decreases oncotic pressure (dilutes serum albumin due to an excess in plasma volume). The fluid that accumulates in the interstitial tissue is protein-poor and cell-poor (i.e., transudate). The patient has signs and symptoms of biventricular heart failure, decreased cardiac output decreases renal blood flow, which activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system, which leads to an increase in the serum concentration of aldosterone. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In biventricular heart failure, decreased ___ ___ activates the ___ _____ pathway and leads to an increase in ___. |
|
Definition
- cardiac output
- renin angiotension pathway
- renin |
|
|
Term
| Biventricular failure causes volume overload in both atria. When either atrium is dilated with blood, ANP is released, with a subsequent increase (not decrease) in the serum concentration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| With decompression sickness, Gas bubbles within skeletal muscle and supporting tissues around joints cause a painful condition called the bends. Treatment involves recompression in a compression chamber to force the gas bubbles back into solution followed by slow decompression to prevent them from re-forming |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A 72 year old patient who dies 5 days after hip replacement and had lung issue likely died from: |
|
Definition
| acute right sided ventricular strain from the femoral vein |
|
|
Term
Vegetations from the mitral valve embolized to the brain, causing an infarction in the left cerebral cortex in the distribution of the middle cerebral artery
Note another source of emboli to brain: : irregular heart rate and rhythm (atrial fibrillation) predisposes to atrial wall thrombosis (mural thrombus) and embolization |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Stasis of blood flow is the most common cause of venous thrombus formation, which most often occurs in the deep veins below the knee.
Stasis of blood causes endothelial cell injury and local activation of the coagulation system, resulting in the formation of an adherent, occlusive, firm, dark red fibrin clot that entraps RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
The treatment of DVT is low molecular weight heparin, compression stockings, and long-term treatment (3 to 6 months) to prevent recurrent DVTs with warfarin. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fat embolism symptoms Symptoms are usually delayed until 24 to 72 hours after the initial injury. Diagnosis of fat embolism is usually a clinical diagnosis based on the above findings. Search for fat globules in urine, pulmonary alveolar lavage, and spinal fluid is sometimes helpful. Treatment is supportive with an emphasis on maintaining good arterial oxygenation. Mortality < 10&percnt |
|
Definition
|
|
