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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Towards the front of nose, away from cranium.
The nares are rostral to the orbital foramen. |
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Definition
Towards the head: away from the nose, or away from the caudal area.
The ears are cranial to the lips. The cervical vertebrae are cranial to the thoracic vertebrae. |
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Term
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Definition
Towards the tail end.
The gluteal muscles are caudal to the intercostal muscles. |
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Definition
Towards the point of origin, attached end.
The humerus is proximal to the phalanges. |
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Definition
Towards the point furthest from the origin, furthest from the body axis.
The hock is distal to the femur. |
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Term
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Definition
Ventral/caudal part of the forelimb below the carpus.
The dog's footpad is on the palmar surface of the forelimb. |
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Term
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Definition
The caudal/ventral side of the hindlimbd below the tarsus.
A cow's calcaneus bone is on the plantar surface of the hindlimb. |
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Term
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Definition
| The top surface, pointing towards the spine. Limbs: upper front surface of the hind and forelimbs below the tarsus/carpus. |
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Term
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Definition
Towards the abdominal midline and corresponding features of the head, neck and tail.
The sternum is the ventral-most bone in the thoracic cavity. |
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Term
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Definition
Towards the axis of the body/structure.
The cranial and caudal cruciate ligaments are axial to the collateral ligaments of the patella. |
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Term
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Definition
Faces away from the axis:
The ribs are abaxial to the spine. |
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Term
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Definition
Toward or near the median plane.
The heart is medial from the ribs. |
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Term
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Definition
Away from the median plane.
First and fifth digits are the most lateral digits on the hand. |
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Term
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Definition
Bones are united by dense fibrous connective tissue with little capacity for movement.
Ex: Skull plates, tooth to socket, canine radius/ulna. |
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Term
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Definition
Bones united by cartilage, limited or some movement.
Ex: Between vertebral bodies (discs), pubic symphisis and mandibular symphisis. |
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Term
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Definition
Bones separated by space filled with synovial fluid. Made up of a joint capsule, articular cartilage, menisci and ligaments. Allows for a wide range of movements.
Ex: stifle, hip, elbow.
Types: Ball-and-socket, Hinge (elbow), Plane, Condylar (stifle), Pivot (Atlanto-axial), Ellipsoidal (canine radiocarpal), Saddle (interdigital). |
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Term
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Definition
| Projecting the limb cranially as though walking. |
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Term
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Definition
| Pulling the limb backwards |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduces the angle between two bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Increases angle between bones. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bring laterally away from body. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bring medially towards body. |
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Term
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Definition
| To move in part of a circle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of part around its long axis. |
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Term
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Definition
| To roll out laterally exposing palmar/plantar surface. |
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Term
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Definition
| To roll in medially, exposing dorsal surface. |
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