Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Digestive, Metabolism, Acid/base
Lecture
162
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/14/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
digestion
Definition
breaking down of food materials for use by body cells
Term
forms of digestion
Definition
mechanical and chemical
Term
chemical digestion
Definition
breakdown of food into small molecules that can be used by body
accomplished by enzymes and acids
Term
mechanical digestion
Definition
chewing-teeth and tongue mix and break food into small pieces
churning-stomach and small intestines mix food with enzymes
Term
layers of GI tract
Definition
mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
Term
mucosa
Definition
innermost lining of digestive tract with specialized layers
three sublayers-epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae
Term
epithelium (mucosa)
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium in mouth and esophagus and anal canal. protects against abrasion and infection
simple columnar in stomach and intestine- absorbs food and secretes mucus, enzymes and hormones
Term
lamina propria (mucosa)
Definition
connective tissue that has blood and lymph vessels
supports epithelium while transporting nutrients
Term
muscularis mucosae (mucosa)
Definition
smooth muscle of two layers
circular inner layer and longitudinal outer layer
causes folds in mucosa for increased surface area
Term
submucosa
Definition
loose connective tissue that binds mucosa to third layer
blood, lymph vessels, and nerve endings
Term
muscularis
Definition
composed of mouth, pharynx, esophagus-skeletal muscle creates swallowing
rest is smooth muscle of inner circular fibers and longitudinal outer fibers. (stomach has third layer, large intestine has single layer)
Term
serosa
Definition
outermost layer of connective tissue, visceral peritoneum for protection
Term
mouth
Definition
chamber where food is placed while eating
lips, cheeks, and tongue manipulate food for chewing
Term
teeth composition
Definition
dentin-soft inner substance
enamel-harder external layer
Term
types of teeth
Definition
incisors-for nipping and biting
canines-ripping stabbing
premolars, molars-grinding and chewing
Term
tongue
Definition
floor of oral cavity
dorsal surface covered in papillae-filiform and fungiform
Term
filiform papillae (tongue)
Definition
conical projections in parallel rows
anterior 2/3 of tongue-no taste buds, gives gripping power
Term
fungiform papillae (tongue)
Definition
mushroom projections among filiform papillae
dense near tip
has taste buds
Term
salivary glands
Definition
three pairs-parotid, sublingular, submandibulars
Term
parotid gland
Definition
near ears that open into upper second molar
Term
sublingular gland
Definition
under the tongue that opens to the floor of mouth
Term
submandibulars
Definition
under base of tongue, opens to lower incisors
Term
saliva composition
Definition
99% water, 0.5% solutes (salts)
mucin, lysozyme, salivary amylase, growth factor, lingual lipase
Term
mucin
Definition
Saliva
forms mucus coat on food, from submandibular and sublingual glands
Term
lysozyme
Definition
saliva
destroys bacteria
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
saliva
from parotid gland
breaks down startch
Term
growth factor
Definition
saliva
recently found in humans
purpose is to help in healing
Term
lingual lipase
Definition
saliva
breaks down lipids
Term
saliva function
Definition
keeps mucus membranes moist
dissolves chemicals for taste
lubricates
initiates chemical digestion of food
Term
bolus
Definition
ball of chewed food and swallowed
Term
esophagus
Definition
10" long
connects pharynx with stomach
passes through diaphragm
1/3 skeletal muscle, 2/3 smooth muscle
secretes mucus that moves bolus
Term
peristalsis
Definition
involuntary waves of muscle contractions
circular muscles above the bolus contract and push bolus down
longitudinal muscles below bolus contract to open esophagus for bolus
Term
stomach
Definition
J shaped, 1.5 liters
parts-cardia, fundus, body, pylorus, greater and lesser curvatures, rugae
Term
cardia
Definition
stomach
portion where esophagus joins stomach
contains cardiac sphincter
Term
fundus
Definition
stomach
rounded portion superior and left of the stomach
Term
body
Definition
large central portion
Term
pylorus
Definition
portion that connects to duodenum
contains pyloric sphincter-between stomach and small intestine
Term
greater and lesser curvatures
Definition
greater-convex outer curve
lesser-inner concave
Term
rugae
Definition
large folds in the wall- increases surface area of stomach
Term
stomach muscles
Definition
three layers of muscle for mixing
oblique, circular, and longitudinal
Term
mucosa(stomach)
Definition
simple columnar that extend into lamina propria for gastric pits
Term
mucous surface cells
Definition
secretes mucus for stomach protection
Term
chief cells
Definition
secrete pepsinogen-chief gastric enzyme that attacks proteins
Term
parietal cells
Definition
secretes HCl
Term
chemical digestion
Definition
food remains in fundus ~1 hr before mixing with gastric juice
in stomach-carb, fat, lipid digestion continue in stomach.
lingual lipase and salivary lipase are active until mixed with gastric juice.
acidic environment kills bacteria and and unwinds proteins
hormones stimulate flow of bile and pancreatic juice
Term
protein digestion
Definition
begins in stomach with pepsin breaking peptide bonds
effective at low pH
little absorption in stomach(water, ions, and some drugs, caffeine, alcohol)
Term
pancreas
Definition
6" long triangular behind stomach
empties pancreatic juice into duodenum-sodium bicarbonate and enzymes raise pH and digest carbs, proteins and fats more
Term
secretion of pancreatic juice
Definition
secretion caused by vagus nerve and movement of chyme in small intestine
Term
liver
Definition
largest gland in body (3lb)
functional unit-lobule
secretes bile
Term
bile
Definition
~1 qt a day
pH between 7-8
contains h20, bile salts, bile acids, cholesterol, pigments ions, and lecthin (phospholipid)
functions to emulsify lipids
Term
emulsification
Definition
phospholipid lecthin breaks lipid into small drops
increases surface area to make enzymes more effective
Term
liver function
Definition
carb metabolism (converts glucose into glycogen)
protein/lipid metabolism
removal of drugs and hormones
detox
synthesis of bile salts
storage of glycogen and vitamins
phagocytosis of worn out blood cells
activation of vitamin D
Term
gall bladder
Definition
small sac under liver
bile storage
connected to liver by duct leading to duodenum
Term
small intestine
Definition
23 feet long, 1" diameter
all absorption occurs here almost
three sections-duodenum(10"), jejunum(8'), and ileum(14')
Term
circular folds
Definition
folds in mucosa and submucosa that project into lumen
controls spiral movement of food
ileocecal valve-junction of small and large intestine
Term
mucosa structure (intestine)
Definition
villi- projections from mucosa that give velvety appearance
increases Surface area
microvilli-fingerlike folds on surface to increase SA. absorption takes place here
Term
mucosal glands
Definition
intestinal juice, antibacterial enzymes, gastric acid neutralizers, various hormones
Term
carbohydrate chemical digestion
Definition
starts in mouth and stomach
pancreatic amylase continues in small intestine-works on glycogen and starch, but not celulose
alpha dextrinase- clips off one glucose at a time
maltase, sucrase, and lactase- break up disaccharides
Term
protein chemical digestion
Definition
starts in stomach with pepsin
pancreatic enzyme break peptide bonds as well
five pancreatic enzymes
Term
lipid digestion
Definition
majority occurs in small intestine
mostly triglycerides
bile salts break droplets into 1mm diameter
pancreatic lipase splits trigylcerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
Term
nucleic acid chemical digestion
Definition
pancreatic juice breaks down with ribonuclease and deoxyribonuclease
Term
carbohydrate absorption
Definition
monosaccharides are absorbed
fructose-facilitated diffusion
glucose and galactose by secondary active transport with Na+
Term
protein absorption
Definition
single amino acids-active transport in duodenum and jejunum
dipeptides and tripeptides-secondary active transport with Na+ into epithelieal cells
epithelieal cells convert to single amino acids
Term
lipid absorption
Definition
short chain-diffusion
long chain-bonded to micelle(sphere of polar molecules soluble in water) then diffused through villi
Term
water absorption
Definition
small intestine absorbs 8.3 L by diffuion
large intestine absorbs .9L and .1L is in poop
Term
large intestine
Definition
5' long, 3-4 inches in diameter
ileocecal valve or sphincter
appendix
colon
rectum
anus
Term
ascending colon
Definition
right side of the body until right below the liver then turns left
Term
transverse colon
Definition
horizontal across abdomen toward left side underneath the spleen
turns downward
Term
descending colon
Definition
goes down left side on top of ileum
Term
sigmoid
Definition
from the top of the ileum at an angle to midline where it becomes rectum
Term
rectum
Definition
last 20cm of GI tract
Term
anus
Definition
terminal end of GI tract ending with anal sphincter muscle
Term
mucosa (large intestine)
Definition
lacks villi, lots of goblet cells for mucus
Term
muscularis (large intestine)
Definition
three bands called teniae coli
gathers large intestine to pouches called haustra
Term
mechanical digestion (large intestine)
Definition
haustral churning, peristalsis, mass peristalsis
Term
haustral churning
Definition
haustra relaxed as fill, at certain point they contract and push food to next haustrum
Term
peristalsis
Definition
slower than in anterior portion of GI
Term
mass peristalsis
Definition
strong peristaltic wave that starts at transverse colon
pushes food to rectum (3-4 times a day after meal)
Term
chemical digestion (large intestine)
Definition
bacteria does the digestion of carbs and protein
some B and K vitamins are produced by bacteria
Term
water absorption (large intestine)
Definition
chyme is converted to feces 3-10 hours after reaching colon
contains water, inorganic salts, mucosal cells, bacteria/products, and undigested food
water absorbed by osmosis
Term
catabolism
Definition
splits nutrient molecule and releases energy
60% heat(maintain body temp), 40% chemical
Term
anabolism
Definition
combines smaller molecules into larger ones
stores energy, needed for maintenance, growth, and reproduction
Term
carbs
Definition
ingested as complex carbs that must be broken down to monosaccharides before absorption
Term
carbohydrate metabolism
Definition
glycolysis followed by krebs cycle (aerobic) and electron transfer system
Term
glycolysis
Definition
outside mitochondria (anaerobic)
glucose is split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules
4 ADP converted to 4 ATP
Net yield is 2 ATP and 2 NADh2(energy carrier)
Term
Krebs cycle
Definition
ouside mitchondria
pyruvic acid converted to Acetyl CoA
produces 2 NADH2
Acetyl CoA reacts wtih oxaloacetic acid to form citric acid
Term
Krebs cycle products
Definition
6 CO2, 8 NAHDH2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
Based on 2 pyruvic acid moelcules
Term
electron transfer system
Definition
inside mitochondria
molecules pass electrons along a chain to form ATP
electrons from NADH2 and FADH2 (NADH2 converted to FADH2)
3 ATP from NADH2 and 2 ATP form FADH2
Term
anaerobic respiration
Definition
NAD picks up H and passes it to pyruvic acid
pyruvic acid becomes lactic acid (ethanol is plants)
ethanol and lactic acid are toxic at high concentrations
Term
glycogenesis
Definition
anabolic
joins glucose to larger sugar
occurs when blood glucose levels are above average (after meals)
Term
glycogenolysis
Definition
splits up glycogen
regular cells split to glucose-6-phosphate
liver, kidneys, and intestineal mucose split to free glucose
Term
gluconeogenesis
Definition
formation of new glucose from proteins or glycerol from fats
occurs in liver
Term
control of glucose metabolism
Definition
insulin, glucagon, epinephrine, ACTH and glucocorticoids, growth hormone
Term
insulin
Definition
produced in pancreas
decreases blood glucose by accelerating movement through cell membrane
stimulates formation of glucose-6-phosphate
increases catabolism and glycogenesis
Term
glucagon
Definition
produced by alpha cells of pancreas
increases blood glucose levels
stimulates glycogenlysis-release by liver
Term
epinephrine
Definition
secreted by adrenall medulla
stimulates glycogenolysis in liver and muscle
increases blood glucose levels
Term
ACTH and glucocorticoids
Definition
increases blood glucose levels
ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to increase glucocorticoids
glucocorticoids increase conversion of amino acids to glucose
Term
growth hormone
Definition
secreted by anterior pituitary
increases blood glucose
shifts from carb to fat catabolism
Term
lipids
Definition
from triglycerides, phospholipids in membrane, and cholesterol
Term
trigylcerides
Definition
glycerol and three fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated)
Term
lipid transport
Definition
chylomicrons, lipoproteins, fatty acids
Term
chylomicrons
Definition
small fat droplets in blood after absorption
recombination of fatty acids and glyceride
move toward adipose tissue
Term
lipoproteins
Definition
95% are in this form after meal
in blood, composed of lipid/protein
Term
fatty acids
Definition
enter blood and combine with albumin to form free fatty acids
when metabolizing fat, very common
Term
lipid catabolism
Definition
trigylcerides are split into fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids converted to Acetyl CoA and goes to citiric acid cycle
glycerol transformed and enters glycolysis
Term
lipid anabolism (lipogenesis)
Definition
made from excess fatty acids, glycerol, excess glucose, and amino acids
Term
lipid metabolism control
Definition
by hormones
inversely related to carb metabolism (if carbs meet needs, fat stops metabolizing)
Term
proteins
Definition
made from essential (10) and nonessential (10) amino acids
essential (cannot be metabolized)
Term
protein metabolism
Definition
one pathway-deamination
splitting of amino group from chain
results in ammonia molecule and keto acid (ammonia->ura and peed out)
keto acid enters citric acid cycle or converted to glucose/lipid
Term
protein metabolism control
Definition
growth hormone and testosterone or glucocorticoids
Term
protein and growth hormone
Definition
stimulates protein synthesis
Term
protein and glucocorticoids
Definition
speeds up protein metabolism
speeds rate at which proteins are broken
Term
basal metabolic rate (BMR)
Definition
metabolic rate under resting conditions (awake, lying down)
body temp is normal
Term
factors affecting BMR
Definition
body size (surface area/volume ratio), gender (males have higher BMR, less fat), age (younger is higher), thyroid hormone(stimulates BMR), body temp (fever increases BMR, 1C=13%), drugs (uppers increase BMR)
Term
Total metabolic rate
Definition
amount of energy expended per unit time
determined by BMR, movement of skeletal muscles, time after a meal
Term
body temp homeostasis
Definition
core temp remains constant if rate of heat production=heat loss (37C or 98.6C)
core temp, shell body temp,
Term
core temp
Definition
inner organ temperature
if too high, causes protein denaturation
too low causes arrhythmias=death
Term
shell temperature
Definition
1-6C lower than core
Term
heat production
Definition
exercise, age, hormones, nervous system, food ingestion, other factors
Term
heat production (age)
Definition
younger people have higher because of increased metabolism for growth
Term
heat production (hormones)
Definition
thyroid increases BMR=heat increase
testosterone, insulin, HGH are smaller factors
Term
heat production (nervous system)
Definition
releases epinephrine and noepinephrine for increased metabolic rate
Term
heat production (ingestion)
Definition
digesting food raises metabolic rate, especially after high protein meal, less after fat or carbs
Term
heat production (other)
Definition
gender-lower in females
climate-lower in tropical
sleep-lower temp
malnutrition-lower
Term
heat loss mechanism
Definition
conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation
Term
conduction
Definition
heat exchange between materials in direct contact (3%)
heat loss or gain is much greater when submerged
Term
convection
Definition
transfer of heat by movement of fluid between areas of different temp
faster movement is higher rate of convection
(12%)
Term
radiation
Definition
transfer of heat by IR between objects, no physical contact
(60%) loss by radiation
Term
evaporation
Definition
conversion of liquid to vapor
(22%) ~700mL water per day (300 exhaled, 400 from skin)
evaporation is first defense against overheating
Term
fluid balance
Definition
2/3 of body fluid intracellular
1/3 extracellular
Term
extracellular fluid
Definition
80% interstitial fluid
20% plasma
Term
body water
Definition
45-75% body mass
female 50% water, male 60% water, infant 75% water
adipose has little water
Term
water sources
Definition
ingested water (2300mL/day)
metabolic water (200mL/Day)
Term
water loss from
Definition
breathing, urination, evaporation, feces
Term
thirst regulation (stimulation)
Definition
decreased saliva, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume
Term
thirst regulation (stimulation)
Definition
decreased saliva, increased blood osmotic pressure, decreased blood volume
Term
dry mouth causes
Definition
stimulation of hypothalamus
increased angiotensin II
Term
thirst quenched
Definition
moistening of mouth
stretching of stomach and intestines
decrease in osmotic pressure of blood
Term
fluid loss regulation
Definition
antidiuretic hormone
aldosterone
atrial natriuretic hormone
overload increases blood pressure and kidneys
Term
electrolyte
Definition
inorganic substance that dissociates into ions in solution
electrical conductor
acid, base, salt
some organic acids
Term
non electrolyte
Definition
covalent bond
doesn't dissociate in water
Term
ion functionality
Definition
control osmosis of water between body compartments
maintains acid base balance
enzyme and electrical messenger
Term
types of electrolytes
Definition
sodium, chloride, potassium, bicarbonate, calcium, phosphate, magnesium
Term
sodium
Definition
most abundant electrolyte
required to generate ATP
controlled by antidiuretic hormone, aldosterone, and atrial natriuretic hormone
Term
sodium and antidiuretic hormone
Definition
low Na+ causes ADH to stop
decreases water concentration
Term
sodium and aldosterone
Definition
increases sodium absorption
Term
sodium and atrial natriuretic hormone
Definition
increases sodium and water excretion
Term
chloride
Definition
most abundant extracellular anion
diffuses easily
controlled by aldosterione (Na and Cl together)
Term
potassium
Definition
most abundant intracellular cation
establishes resting membrane potentials
maintains fluid volume in cell
regulated by aldosterone
abnormal levels affect muscles and heart function
Term
potassium and aldosterone
Definition
causes K+ secretion
Term
bicarbonate
Definition
second most common extracellular anion
buffer in blood
Term
calcium
Definition
most abundant mineral in body (98% in bones)
regulated by parathyroid and calcitonin hormone
Term
calcium function
Definition
blood clotting, neurotransmitter release, maintenance of muscle tone, excitability of nerve and muscles
Term
phosphate
Definition
85% in bones and teeth (calcium phosphate)
intracellular ion for buffer
regulated by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
Term
magnesium
Definition
54% in bone, 45% in intracellular, 1% in extracellular
aids in protein and carb metabolism
regulated by kidney
Term
methods of controlling pH
Definition
buffer systems, exhalation of CO2, and excretion by kidneys
Term
buffer system
Definition
protein buffer system, carbonic acid, phosphate buffer system
Term
protein buffer system
Definition
most abundant in body cells
hemoglobin does teh work in RBC
free carboxyl group or amino group
carboxyl is an acid, amino group (NH2) is a base
Term
carbonic acid buffer
Definition
bicarbonate ion is weak base by binding to excess H+
carbonic acid is a weak acid that forms bicarbonate if H+ is needed
Term
phosphate buffer system
Definition
monohydrogen phosphate ion is a base
dihydrogen phosphate is a weak acid
Term
exhalation of CO2
Definition
pH can be adjusted within 1-3 minutes by changing ventilation
increasing ventilation increases pH (CO2 levels drop, carbonic acid decreases)
decreasing ventilation decreases pH ( CO2 levels increase, carbonic acid increases)
Term
kidney excretion of H+
Definition
excretes acids produced by metabolism
Supporting users have an ad free experience!