Term
| organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs |
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Definition
Alimentary canal- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Accessory digestive organs-teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas |
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Term
| How are accessory organs connected to alimentary canal? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 6 digestive processes and how each works |
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Definition
ingestion- occurs in mouth
propulsion- movement of food
mechanical digestion- prepares food for chemical digestion
chemical digestion- complex molecules broken down to chemical components
absorption- transport digested nutrients
defecation- elimination of indigestible substances such as feces |
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Term
| what is peristalsis and which smooth muscles layer is involved |
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Definition
| major means of propulsion, adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract |
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Term
| What is segmentation and which smooth muscle layer is involved? |
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Definition
| rhythmic local contractions of the intestine, mixes food with digestive juices |
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Term
| 9 regions of the abdominal surface and which organs/abdominal viscera underlying each |
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Definition
Right hypochondriac- liver and gallbladder
Epigastric- stomach
Left hypochondriac- diaphragm
Right Lumbar- ascending colon of large intestine
Umbilical- small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine
Left lumbar- descending colon of large intestine
Right iliac- cecum and appendix
hypogastric- urinary bladder
left iliac- initial part of sigmoid colon |
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Term
| what are the two layers of peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity? |
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Definition
2 layers- visceral peritoneum (surrounds digestive organs) and parietal peritoneum (lines the body wall)
Peritoneal cavity- a slit like potential space, very large |
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Term
| what is the mesentery and what does it do? |
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Definition
| It is a double layer of the peritoneum, holds organs in place, sites of fat storage, provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves |
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Term
| what are the greater and less omentum and where are they located? |
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Definition
lesser- attaches to lesser curvature of the stomach
greater- attaches to greater curvature of stomach and covers most of the organs of the intestines
all mesentery tissue |
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Term
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Definition
Liver (lesser omentum)
Stomach (greater and lesser omentum)
Ileum and jejunum (mesentery proper)
Transverse colon- mesocolon
sigmoid colon- mesocolon |
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Term
| Secondarily retroperitoneal organs |
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Definition
lack mesentaries
duodenum
ascending colon
descending colon
rectum
pancreas |
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Term
| what are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the viscera |
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Definition
longitudinal layer- parallel to long axis of organ (on top)
circular layer- deep layer, fibers run around circumference of organ (inside) |
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Term
| What do sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cause in digestion? |
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Definition
| parasympathetic causes the digestive muscles to function and sympathetic causes it to slow down substantially |
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Term
| Another name for the mouth |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the tongue |
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Definition
| grips food, repositions it, and helps break it down |
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Term
| Number of deciduous teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| Number of permanent teeth |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the names and locations of the 3 salivary glands |
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Definition
parotid- parotid duct, parallel to zygomatic arch
submandibular- lies along medial surface of mandible
sublingual- lies in floor of oral cavity |
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Term
| what is the gross anatomy of the esophagus and where does it join the stomach |
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Definition
| muscular tube, begins as a continuation of the pharynx and joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm |
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Term
| what is the role of the cardiac sphincter |
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Definition
| closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus |
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Term
| what is the function of the stomach and the different regions |
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Definition
where food is turned into chyme, secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion (functions under acidic conditions), food remains in stomach approximately 4 hours
Cardia, Fundus, Body and Pyloric regions |
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Term
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Definition
| begins protein digestion (functions under acidic conditions) |
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Term
| what are the 3 gastric glands of the stomach and which does each secrete |
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Definition
mucous neck cells- secrete a special mucus
parietal (oxyntic) cells- secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
chief (zymogenic) cells- secrete pepsinogen (activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the gastric glands) |
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Term
| what is the gross anatomy of the small intestine and its function |
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Definition
| longest portion of the alimentary canal, site of the most enzymatic digestion and absorption |
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Term
| what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestines |
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Definition
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Term
| which ducts enter duodenum |
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Definition
| main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter duodenum |
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Term
| what is the gross anatomy of the large intestine and its major divisions |
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Definition
| first half of large intestine and distal half of large intestine, superior and inferior mesenteric |
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Term
| What is the defecation reflex? |
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Definition
| reflex triggere by rectal distension; eliminates feces from body |
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Term
| what is the microscopic anatomy of the liver |
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Definition
hepatocyte- functional cells of the liver
portal triad composed of bile duct tributary, branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery
kupffer cells- destroy bacteria |
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Term
| what are the functions of the hepatocytes |
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Definition
rough ER manufactures blood proteins
smooth ER produces bile salts, detoxifies posions
peroxisomes detoxify posions (alcohol)
Glycosomes store sugar |
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Term
| What is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas |
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Definition
| acinar cells make, store and secrete pancreatic enzymes; enzymes are activated in the duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by helicobacter pylori, acid-resistant, binds to gastric epithelium (induces over secretion of acid and inflammation) |
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Term
| what is the relationship of the pancreas to cystic fibrosis |
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Definition
| pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus; clogged ducts prevent pancreatic juices from entering small intestine, leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients |
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Term
| What is the function of the kidneys |
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Definition
| maintain the chemical consistency of blood, filter many liters of fluid from blood, send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of the body (main waste products: UREA, URIC ACID, and CREATININE) |
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Term
| what is the relationship of the kidneys to vertebrae and ribs |
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Definition
| located retroperitoneally, lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae, hilum )on concave surface, vessels and nerves enter and exit), fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney (perirenal fat- external to renal capsule, renal fascia- external to perirenal fat) |
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Term
| where does the nerve supply for the kidneys come from |
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Definition
| the renal plexus- off shot of the celiac plexus |
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Term
| What is the basic function of kidneys |
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Definition
filtration (filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries)
reabsorption (most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed)
secretion (active process of removing undesirable molecules) |
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Term
| 2 main structures and functions of the renal corpuscle |
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Definition
glomerulus- tuft of capillaries, capillaries of glomeruus are fenestrated
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule- parietal layer simple squamous epithelium, visceral layer- consists of podocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| renal corpuscle and renal tubule |
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Term
| what is the function of the filtration membrane and how does it hold back most proteins |
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Definition
filter that lies between blood in the glomerulus and capsular space, consists of three layers endothelium of the capillary, slits between foot processes of podocytes, and basement membrane
basement membrane and slit like diaphragm hold back most proteins and allow through water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea |
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Term
| what are the 4 sections of the renal tube |
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Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts |
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Term
| what are the two classes of the nephron |
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Definition
cortical nephrons (85%)
juxtamedullary nephrons (15% and contribute to kidney's ability to concentrate urine) |
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Term
| what are the capillary beds associated with nephrons |
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Definition
| glomeruli, peritubular capillaries in cortical nephrons or vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons |
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Term
| Major role of the glomeruli |
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Definition
| produce filtrate that becomes urine fed and drained by arterioles (afferent and efferent arteriole has smal diameter then afferent arteriole), generate 1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes (99% of filtrate is reabsorbed by tubules) |
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Term
| Major roles of peritubular capillaries |
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Definition
| arise from the efferent arterioles, are adapted for absorption in low- pressure porous capillaries, all molecules secreted by nephrons into urine are from peritubuar capillaries |
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Term
| Major roles of vasa recta |
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Definition
| continue from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons, are thin-walled looping vessels (descend into the medulla), are part of the kidney's urine concentrating mechanism |
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Term
| What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus |
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Definition
| regulates blood pressure, initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism, regulated blood flow with the glomerulus |
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Term
| where are the uteters located and what are their function |
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Definition
| carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of the urine |
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Term
| What are urinary tract infections |
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Definition
| more common in females, causes burning sensation when you pee |
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