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Digestive, Hepatobiliary, and Urinary
anatomy 101
49
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/26/2012

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Term
organs of the alimentary canal and the accessory digestive organs
Definition
Alimentary canal- mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine
Accessory digestive organs-teeth, tongue, gallbladder, salivary glands, liver and pancreas
Term
How are accessory organs connected to alimentary canal?
Definition
by ducts
Term
The 6 digestive processes and how each works
Definition
ingestion- occurs in mouth
propulsion- movement of food
mechanical digestion- prepares food for chemical digestion
chemical digestion- complex molecules broken down to chemical components
absorption- transport digested nutrients
defecation- elimination of indigestible substances such as feces
Term
what is peristalsis and which smooth muscles layer is involved
Definition
major means of propulsion, adjacent segments of the alimentary canal relax and contract
Term
What is segmentation and which smooth muscle layer is involved?
Definition
rhythmic local contractions of the intestine, mixes food with digestive juices
Term
9 regions of the abdominal surface and which organs/abdominal viscera underlying each
Definition
Right hypochondriac- liver and gallbladder
Epigastric- stomach
Left hypochondriac- diaphragm
Right Lumbar- ascending colon of large intestine
Umbilical- small intestine and transverse colon of large intestine
Left lumbar- descending colon of large intestine
Right iliac- cecum and appendix
hypogastric- urinary bladder
left iliac- initial part of sigmoid colon
Term
what are the two layers of peritoneum and the peritoneal cavity?
Definition
2 layers- visceral peritoneum (surrounds digestive organs) and parietal peritoneum (lines the body wall)
Peritoneal cavity- a slit like potential space, very large
Term
what is the mesentery and what does it do?
Definition
It is a double layer of the peritoneum, holds organs in place, sites of fat storage, provides a route for circulatory vessels and nerves
Term
what are the greater and less omentum and where are they located?
Definition
lesser- attaches to lesser curvature of the stomach
greater- attaches to greater curvature of stomach and covers most of the organs of the intestines
all mesentery tissue
Term
intraperitoneal organs
Definition
Liver (lesser omentum)
Stomach (greater and lesser omentum)
Ileum and jejunum (mesentery proper)
Transverse colon- mesocolon
sigmoid colon- mesocolon
Term
Secondarily retroperitoneal organs
Definition
lack mesentaries
duodenum
ascending colon
descending colon
rectum
pancreas
Term
what are the 2 layers of smooth muscle in the viscera
Definition
longitudinal layer- parallel to long axis of organ (on top)
circular layer- deep layer, fibers run around circumference of organ (inside)
Term
What do sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems cause in digestion?
Definition
parasympathetic causes the digestive muscles to function and sympathetic causes it to slow down substantially
Term
Another name for the mouth
Definition
oral cavity
Term
what is the function of the tongue
Definition
grips food, repositions it, and helps break it down
Term
Number of deciduous teeth
Definition
baby teeth and 20
Term
Number of permanent teeth
Definition
adult teeth and 32
Term
What are the names and locations of the 3 salivary glands
Definition
parotid- parotid duct, parallel to zygomatic arch
submandibular- lies along medial surface of mandible
sublingual- lies in floor of oral cavity
Term
what is the gross anatomy of the esophagus and where does it join the stomach
Definition
muscular tube, begins as a continuation of the pharynx and joins the stomach inferior to the diaphragm
Term
what is the role of the cardiac sphincter
Definition
closes lumen to prevent stomach acid from entering esophagus
Term
what is the function of the stomach and the different regions
Definition
where food is turned into chyme, secretion of pepsin begins protein digestion (functions under acidic conditions), food remains in stomach approximately 4 hours
Cardia, Fundus, Body and Pyloric regions
Term
what does pepsin do?
Definition
begins protein digestion (functions under acidic conditions)
Term
what are the 3 gastric glands of the stomach and which does each secrete
Definition
mucous neck cells- secrete a special mucus
parietal (oxyntic) cells- secrete hydrochloric acid and gastric intrinsic factor
chief (zymogenic) cells- secrete pepsinogen (activated to pepsin when it encounters acid in the gastric glands)
Term
what is the gross anatomy of the small intestine and its function
Definition
longest portion of the alimentary canal, site of the most enzymatic digestion and absorption
Term
what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestines
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
which ducts enter duodenum
Definition
main pancreatic duct and common bile duct enter duodenum
Term
what is the gross anatomy of the large intestine and its major divisions
Definition
first half of large intestine and distal half of large intestine, superior and inferior mesenteric
Term
What is the defecation reflex?
Definition
reflex triggere by rectal distension; eliminates feces from body
Term
what is the microscopic anatomy of the liver
Definition
hepatocyte- functional cells of the liver
portal triad composed of bile duct tributary, branch of hepatic portal vein, branch of hepatic artery
kupffer cells- destroy bacteria
Term
what are the functions of the hepatocytes
Definition
rough ER manufactures blood proteins
smooth ER produces bile salts, detoxifies posions
peroxisomes detoxify posions (alcohol)
Glycosomes store sugar
Term
What is the function of the exocrine portion of the pancreas
Definition
acinar cells make, store and secrete pancreatic enzymes; enzymes are activated in the duodenum
Term
what cause peptic ulcers
Definition
caused by helicobacter pylori, acid-resistant, binds to gastric epithelium (induces over secretion of acid and inflammation)
Term
what is the relationship of the pancreas to cystic fibrosis
Definition
pancreatic ducts become blocked with mucus; clogged ducts prevent pancreatic juices from entering small intestine, leads to malabsorption of fats and other nutrients
Term
What is the function of the kidneys
Definition
maintain the chemical consistency of blood, filter many liters of fluid from blood, send toxins, metabolic wastes, and excess water out of the body (main waste products: UREA, URIC ACID, and CREATININE)
Term
what is the relationship of the kidneys to vertebrae and ribs
Definition
located retroperitoneally, lateral to T12-L3 vertebrae, hilum )on concave surface, vessels and nerves enter and exit), fibrous capsule surrounds the kidney (perirenal fat- external to renal capsule, renal fascia- external to perirenal fat)
Term
where does the nerve supply for the kidneys come from
Definition
the renal plexus- off shot of the celiac plexus
Term
What is the basic function of kidneys
Definition
filtration (filtrate of blood leaves kidney capillaries)
reabsorption (most nutrients, water, and essential ions reclaimed)
secretion (active process of removing undesirable molecules)
Term
2 main structures and functions of the renal corpuscle
Definition
glomerulus- tuft of capillaries, capillaries of glomeruus are fenestrated
glomerular (Bowman's) capsule- parietal layer simple squamous epithelium, visceral layer- consists of podocytes
Term
structure of the nephron
Definition
renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Term
what is the function of the filtration membrane and how does it hold back most proteins
Definition
filter that lies between blood in the glomerulus and capsular space, consists of three layers endothelium of the capillary, slits between foot processes of podocytes, and basement membrane
basement membrane and slit like diaphragm hold back most proteins and allow through water, ions, glucose, amino acids, and urea
Term
what are the 4 sections of the renal tube
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule
collecting ducts
Term
what are the two classes of the nephron
Definition
cortical nephrons (85%)
juxtamedullary nephrons (15% and contribute to kidney's ability to concentrate urine)
Term
what are the capillary beds associated with nephrons
Definition
glomeruli, peritubular capillaries in cortical nephrons or vasa recta in juxtamedullary nephrons
Term
Major role of the glomeruli
Definition
produce filtrate that becomes urine fed and drained by arterioles (afferent and efferent arteriole has smal diameter then afferent arteriole), generate 1 liter of fluid every 8 minutes (99% of filtrate is reabsorbed by tubules)
Term
Major roles of peritubular capillaries
Definition
arise from the efferent arterioles, are adapted for absorption in low- pressure porous capillaries, all molecules secreted by nephrons into urine are from peritubuar capillaries
Term
Major roles of vasa recta
Definition
continue from efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary nephrons, are thin-walled looping vessels (descend into the medulla), are part of the kidney's urine concentrating mechanism
Term
What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus
Definition
regulates blood pressure, initiates renin-angiotensin mechanism, regulated blood flow with the glomerulus
Term
where are the uteters located and what are their function
Definition
carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, oblique entry into bladder prevents backflow of the urine
Term
What are urinary tract infections
Definition
more common in females, causes burning sensation when you pee
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