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Digestive (Assistant)
n/a
42
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
01/30/2014

Additional Veterinary Medicine Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Four types of teeth
Definition
1- Incisors (cut food)

2- Canines (tear food)

3- Premolars (Grind food)

4- Molars (Grind food)
Term
Three pairs of large salivary glands:
Definition
1- Parotid salivary gland - angle between ear and back of lower jawbone

2- Submandibular Salivary Glands - Inside and forward of parotid salivary glands

3- Sublingual - beneath tounge
Term
Saliva does the following
Definition
1- Moistens food to make it easier to chew.

2- Keeps lining of oral cavity moistened.

3- brings food in contact with taste buds.
Term
Four layers of basic tube of intestinal tract.
Definition
1- Mucosal Layer (Epithelial cells)

2- Submucosa (glands and connective tissue)

3- Muslce layer (Makes movement possible

4- Serosa (Thin, tough layer of connective tissue)
Term
Compound stomach compartments and are sometimes called forestomach.
Definition
1- Reticulum (Smallest part of ruminant stomach)

2- Rumen (Largest part of forestomach)

3- Omasum (Ball-shaped cavity)

4- Abomasum (Known as true stomach) VFAS
not asborbed in rumen are absorbed here.
Term
Simple stomach is roughly J-shaped, and is also called monogastric stomach.
Definition
Simple stomach is roughly J-shaped, and is also called monogastric stomach.
1-Esophageal region
2-Cardia (near opening of esophagus)
3-Fundus (Contains most of gastric glands)
4-Body (distensible area)
5-Pyloric Antrum (grinds food and controls hydrochloric acid)
6- Pylorus (helps retain food until it is digested enough to enter small intestine.)
Term
Pyloric Antrum
Definition
1- Stimulates productive of hydrochloric Acid and pepsin

2- Stimulates contraction of stomach muscles.

3- Decreases pyloric tone to allow food to enter small intestine.
Term
Hydrochloric acid plays in digestion:
Definition
1- Activates pepsinogen to pepsin

2- Acts as antimicrobial chemical to partially sterilize stomach

3- Further breaks down food into smaller particles
Term
Small Intestine Divisions
Definition
1- Jejunum

2- Ileum

3- Duodenum
Term
What does Gastrin do?
Definition
Gastrin stimulates secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin
Term
What does Pepsin do?
Definition
Pepsin attacks protein molecules in food and breaks them into peptides and polypeptides.
Term
Three proteins needed by all animals:
Definition
1] Proteins

2] Carbohydrates (Sugar and Starches)

3] Fats
Term
What are proteins composed of?
Definition
Proteins are composed of building blocks called amino acids that link to form peptides and again to form polypeptides.
Term
What are carbs composed of?
Definition
Carbohydrates form monosaccharides that link to form diasaccharide that eventually form a three chain polysaccharide.
Term
Triglycerides composed of
Definition
Triglycerides, building blocks of fats, are composed of an alochol molecule (glycerol) bound to three fatty-acid chains
Term
Digestive tract enzymes
Definition
Proteases - break down proteins

Lipases - break fat molecules

Amylases - break down carbs
Term
Islets of Langerhan
Definition
Cells in islets of Langerhans secrete hormones (insulin and glucagon).

Endocrine: released into blood stream.

Exocrine: secrete into lumen by secreting trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase.

Lipase = fats
Amylase = Carbs
Term
Liver tissues contains an arrangement of vessels and ducts called a portal Triad. Three functions:
Definition
1. portal vein carries blood from intestines to liver.

2. hepatic artery carries blood from heart to liver.

3. Bile duct carries bile from liver to gallbladder.
Term
Cystic duct function?
Definition
Cystic duct connects gallbladder to hepatic duct. Bile obstruction can lead to jaundice, called icterus, in which yellow bile accumulates.
Term
Liver Cell Function?
Definition
Liver cells called hepatocytes store glycogen that can be broken into glucose that is used by all of the body for energy. Acts as energy supply when blood sugar is low. Proteins like albumin are synthesized for secretion into the central vein. Hepatocytes also secrete bile that digests lipids.
Term
Emulsification
Definition
break fat globules into smaller fat globules.
Term
Meiosis
Definition
Meiosis is cell division that results in formation of gametes. End result of meiosis is four daughter cells.
Term
Testes Produce?
Definition
Tetes produce Androgens, sex hormones.
Term
Sertoli cells function
Definition
Sertoli cells provide nutritional support and protection for developing spermatozoa.
Term
Epididymis function
Definition
Epididymis is for further maturation and storage until ejaculation.
Term
Spermatic Cords?
Definition
Spermatic cords contain blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels and vas deferens (connect epididymis to urethra).
Term
Os Penis
Definition
In dogs, urethra is located in a groove of bone called the os penis. Prepuce is covering of penis.
Term
Ovaries Contain?
Definition
Ovaries contain endocrine hormones called estrogens and progestins.
Term
Granulosa Cells
Definition
Granulosa cells begin to multiply and produce estrogens.

After ovulation, granulosa cells form structure known as corpus luteum that secretes a group of hormones known as progestins that help maintain pregnancy.
Term
Uterine Wall
Definition
Uterine wall composed of endometrium, myometrium, perimetrium. Labia is the lips of the vulva.

Hormones from anterior pituitary gland, FSH, and luteinizing hormone control events that occur during estrous.
Term
Heat Cycles (Estrous, etc)
Definition
Diestrous - two per year
Polyestrous - continuously throughout year
Monoestrous - one each year

Fall and spring - polyestrous - cats, horse, sheep
Term
Stages of estrous
Definition
Stages: proestrus, estrus, metestrus, diestrus.

Proestrus - follicle begins to develop

Metestrus - corpus luteum is formed.

Diestrus - begins when corpus is maximal size.

Anestrus - inactive reproductive state.
Term
Copulation
Definition
Copulation triggers release of oxytocin that causes contraction in reproductive tract. Contractions help sperm reach oviducts. Then it undergoes capacitation, process that activates spermatozoa.

Zygote undergoes cleavage. Zygote travel down oviducts. Then it develops morula, solid mass of cells. Then it becomes a blastocyst that begins as zygote reaches uterus. Blastocyst rests against endometrial lining and releases enzymes that dissolve a small depression in which it implants into.
Term
Gestation
Definition
Gestation is in trimesters. First trimester is zygote (now an embryo) implanted and develops. Second, now called a fetus and structure takes shape. Third, dramatic growth before birth.

Estrogen and prostaglandin levels rise and increase sensitivity of myometrium to oxytocin which stimulates contraction to signal birth and birth.


Labor divided into three stages. Initial stage is uterine contractions, second is rupture of membranous sacs, third is labor and delivery of placenta.

Involution is regaining normal size after pregnacy.
Term
Urinary System does:
Definition
1- dispose of metabolic waste

2- maintain water in body

3- control ph and balance body proportion of electrolytes

4- eliminate certain drugs and hormones and assist in regulating blood pressure
Term
Urine Formation
Definition
1. Filtration of blood by glomerulus

2. Modification of filtrate through reabsorption
Term
Kidney Anatomy (small)
Definition
Each kidney lies in a space called a retroperitoneal space.Cow, right kidney is cranial to the left kidney.

Cortex is composed of small tufts of capillaries called glomeruli. Medulla is kidney’s inner core and inside medulla is the renal pelvis. Is tubules that empty urine.

Mini-pelvises are called calcyes that serve same function as the pelvis.
Term
Glomerular filtration rate
Definition
Glomerular filtration rate is approximation of renal blood flow. Creatinine is waste product of metabolism.

Antidiurectic hormone also called vasopressin helps conserve water and is secreted by posterior pituitary gland.

Sodium and potassium concentration in urine under control of aldosterone. Sodium is reabsorbed and potassium is secreted in collecting duct
Term
Blood Pressure
Definition
Juxtaglomerular apparatus help maintain body blood pressure. Juxtaglomerular cells release renin that increase blood pressure when needed. Renin in blood stream acts on plasma protein called angiotensinogen and converts it to angiotensin.

Angiotensin stimulates aldosterone that increases uptake of sodium.

Kidney produces erythropoietin. This hormone released when cells of kidney sense tissue hypoxia (inadequate supply of oxygen). Helps release more red blood cells.

Ureters carry urine from kidneys to bladder.
Term
oogenesis
Definition
Cycle of oogenesis is initiated by one of the follicle-stimulating hormone that triggers the ovary to begin development of one of the ovarian follicles.
Term
Teeth Formulas
Definition
(Cat) - 30 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/2, M1/1]

(Kitten) - 26 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/2]

(Dog) - 42 [I3/3, C1/1, P4/4, M2/3]

(Puppy) - 28 [I3/3, C1/1, P3/3]

(Horse) - 40 or 42 [I3/3, C1/1, P3-4/3, M3/3]

(Pig) - 44

(Cow) - 32
Term
Teeth Info
Definition
X] Crown is the visible part of the tooth.

X] Embedded in the jaw is the root.

X] Prehensile is ability to grasp plant material

Pulp is sensitive part of the tooth.

Cheek teeth is the molars and premolars of ruminants.

Oclussion refers to upper and lower teeth touching

Floated is the filing of teeth to make them less painful.

Decidous is baby or temporary teeth, erupt during six months to three years of life.
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