Term
| What are the 5 processes in the digestive system? |
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Definition
Ingestion
Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation |
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Term
| What does propulsion include? |
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Definition
Swallowing - oropharynx
Peristalsis - esophagus, stomach, SI, LI |
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Term
| What are the 6 organs in the digestive system? |
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Definition
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine/colon |
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Term
| List the 3 parts of the small intestine |
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Definition
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Term
| List the 7 parts of the large intestine |
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Definition
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus |
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Term
| Which glands are associated with the digestive tract and where are they located? |
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Definition
Salivary glands - mouth
Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas
-Accessory Glands in SI
-Exocrine Glands
-Ducts all combine before opening into duodenum |
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Term
| What's the role of the mouth in digestion? |
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Definition
Site of ingestion
Digestion begins here |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of digestion? |
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Definition
Mechanical - by chewing
Chemical - by enzymes in saliva |
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Term
| What's the role of the salivary glands in digestion? |
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Definition
Secrete saliva (exocrine glands)
-Chemically digests carbs
-Dissolves food for tasting and swallowing |
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Term
| What are the 3 sections of the pharynx? |
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Definition
1. Nasopharynx - posterior to the nasal cavity, respiratory tract only
2. Oropharynx - posterior to the oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx - posterior to the larynx |
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Term
| What's the function of the esophagus? |
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Definition
| Contracts to move food to the stomach |
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Term
| Which structures prevent food from entering the nasal cavity and trachea (larynx) during swallowing? |
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Definition
| The soft palate and epiglottis |
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Term
| What are the 4 layers of the wall of the digestive tract? |
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Definition
1. Mucosa
-Epithelium (simple columnar)
-Lamina propria - attaches epithelium to muscularis mucosa
-Muscularis mucosa
2. Submucosa - CT, nerves, vessels
3. Muscularis Externa
-inner cirular layer (narrowing)
-outer longitudinal layer (shortening)
4. Serosa |
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Term
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Definition
Muscle of organs and blood vessels
Involuntary muscle
It can contract without innervation
Tapered cells with one nucleus per cell |
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Term
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Definition
| a huge network of axons to stimulate contraction of smooth muscle |
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Term
| What are the 4 functions of the stomach? |
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Definition
1. Storage - the muscularis externa forms sphincters at both ends of the stomach
2. Mechanical Digestion - muscularis externa grinds food (extra layer of sm. muscle)
3. Chemical Digestion - chemicals secreted by the epithelium
4. Absorption |
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Term
| What acids digest the proteins in the stomach? |
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Definition
Pepsin(ogen)
Hydrochloric acid |
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Term
| The epithelium sinks into the _____ _____ to form ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What prevents damage to the stomach lining? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
The lining of the stomach or SI erodes
Damage can penetrate entire wall - acids can leak into abdominal cavity
Usually due to bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori)
Treated with antibiotics |
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Term
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Definition
| If cardiac sphincter relaxes, stomach contents can move up into the esophagus (no protective mucus layer) |
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Term
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Definition
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease - long term exposure to stomach acid can damage the lining of the esophagus |
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Term
| The ______ sphincter is between the esophagus and stomach. |
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Definition
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Term
| The ______ sphincter is between the stomach and duodenum. |
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Definition
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Term
| Digestion is completed in the SI but ________ continues? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of the SI? |
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Definition
| Site of most enzymatic digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| Which types of food are digested quickly and which slowly? |
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Definition
Fast - carb rich
Slow - Fatty
(Full longer after a BIG Mac :) |
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Term
| What is the function of absorptive cells? |
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Definition
Transport nutrients to vessels in underlying lamina propria (CT)
-Microvilli increase surface area |
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Term
| What is the function of goblet cells? |
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Definition
| Secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the surface of the SI |
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Term
| What specializations maximize absorption of nutrients in the SI? |
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Definition
| Folds, villi and microvilli (brush border) |
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Term
| Folds, villi and microvilli increase surface area by ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the path of nutrients and toxins after they move through absorptive cells and enter vessels in the lamina propria |
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Definition
Blood capillaries receive amino acids and sugars that go to the liver via the hepatic portal system
Lymphatic capillaries receive fats that go directly into the general circulation via the thoracic duct |
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Term
| Where do exocrine glands secrete their chemicals to help digest food? |
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Definition
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Term
| The liver synthesizes ______ for digestion of ______. |
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Definition
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Term
| What's the function of the gall bladder? |
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Definition
| Stores and concentrates the bile until food enters the duodenum |
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Term
| What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas for digestion? (3) |
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Definition
Lipase - for fats
Amylase - for carbs
Peptidase - for proteins |
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Term
| What are the 2 functions of the colon/LI? |
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Definition
1. Absorption of water and electrolytes
2. Production of feces |
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Term
| What are the 2 major cell types in the epithelium (simple columnar) lining the LI? |
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Definition
Goblet cells
Absorptive cells |
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Term
| What is the difference of the goblet cells in the LI than in the SI? |
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Definition
| The proportion has increased to provide more lubrication |
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Term
| What controls defecation? |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscularis externa thickens to form a smooth muscle sphincter, the _______ anal sphincter. |
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Definition
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Term
| To provide voluntary control, there is a _______ muscle sphincter, the ________ anal sphincter. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The feces move too quickly through the large intestine and not enough water is resorbed |
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Term
| What is the epithelial turnover and what are the undesirable side affects in cancer patients? |
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Definition
The intestinal epithelium must be replaced regularly because of its exposure to digestive enzymes and other noxious substances
Radiation and chemotherapy inhibit cell division and cause denuding of intestinal lining - unable to absorb nutrients and fluids (so diarrhea, nausea and vomiting) |
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Term
| If too many toxins are absorbed, which organ is most likely to be affected? |
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Definition
| Liver - hepatic portal system (stomach/intestines to liver) |
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Term
| What does dietary fiber do? |
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Definition
Helps with digestion and prevents constipation
MAY reduce risk of colon cancer |
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Term
| What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta to the gut? (3) |
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Definition
-Celiac trunk - supplies the liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas and spleen
-Superior mesenteric artery
-Inferior mesenteric artery |
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Term
| What are the major branches of the hepatic portal vein? (3) |
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Definition
-Splenic vein
-Inferior mesenteric vein
-Superior mesenteric vein |
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Term
| List some colon cancer risk factors (8) |
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Definition
age
polyps
previous cancer
family history
other diseases
smoking
sedentary lifestyle
diet (lots of red meat, little fruits/veggies) |
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Term
| When are you supposed to begin screening for colon cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| When are you supposed to begin screening for colon cancer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Colon cancer is usually _________ and treatment depends on ___________ of disease. |
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Definition
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Term
| How is colon cancer "staged"? |
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Definition
| By how many layers it has invaded |
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