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Digestive
Hamster
53
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/16/2010

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Cards

Term
What are the 5 processes in the digestive system?
Definition
Ingestion
Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Term
What does propulsion include?
Definition
Swallowing - oropharynx
Peristalsis - esophagus, stomach, SI, LI
Term
What are the 6 organs in the digestive system?
Definition
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine/colon
Term
List the 3 parts of the small intestine
Definition
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Term
List the 7 parts of the large intestine
Definition
Ascending
Transverse
Descending
Sigmoid
Rectum
Anal canal
Anus
Term
Which glands are associated with the digestive tract and where are they located?
Definition
Salivary glands - mouth

Liver, Gall bladder, Pancreas
-Accessory Glands in SI
-Exocrine Glands
-Ducts all combine before opening into duodenum
Term
What's the role of the mouth in digestion?
Definition
Site of ingestion
Digestion begins here
Term
What are the 2 types of digestion?
Definition
Mechanical - by chewing
Chemical - by enzymes in saliva
Term
What's the role of the salivary glands in digestion?
Definition
Secrete saliva (exocrine glands)
-Chemically digests carbs
-Dissolves food for tasting and swallowing
Term
What are the 3 sections of the pharynx?
Definition
1. Nasopharynx - posterior to the nasal cavity, respiratory tract only
2. Oropharynx - posterior to the oral cavity
3. Laryngopharynx - posterior to the larynx
Term
What's the function of the esophagus?
Definition
Contracts to move food to the stomach
Term
Which structures prevent food from entering the nasal cavity and trachea (larynx) during swallowing?
Definition
The soft palate and epiglottis
Term
What are the 4 layers of the wall of the digestive tract?
Definition
1. Mucosa
-Epithelium (simple columnar)
-Lamina propria - attaches epithelium to muscularis mucosa
-Muscularis mucosa

2. Submucosa - CT, nerves, vessels

3. Muscularis Externa
-inner cirular layer (narrowing)
-outer longitudinal layer (shortening)

4. Serosa
Term
Describe Smooth Muscle
Definition
Muscle of organs and blood vessels
Involuntary muscle
It can contract without innervation
Tapered cells with one nucleus per cell
Term
What's a nerve plexus?
Definition
a huge network of axons to stimulate contraction of smooth muscle
Term
What are the 4 functions of the stomach?
Definition
1. Storage - the muscularis externa forms sphincters at both ends of the stomach

2. Mechanical Digestion - muscularis externa grinds food (extra layer of sm. muscle)

3. Chemical Digestion - chemicals secreted by the epithelium

4. Absorption
Term
What acids digest the proteins in the stomach?
Definition
Pepsin(ogen)
Hydrochloric acid
Term
The epithelium sinks into the _____ _____ to form ______.
Definition
Lamina propria
Glands
Term
What prevents damage to the stomach lining?
Definition
Mucus
Term
What's an ulcer?
Definition
The lining of the stomach or SI erodes
Damage can penetrate entire wall - acids can leak into abdominal cavity
Usually due to bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori)
Treated with antibiotics
Term
What causes heartburn?
Definition
If cardiac sphincter relaxes, stomach contents can move up into the esophagus (no protective mucus layer)
Term
What is GERD?
Definition
Gastroesophageal reflux disease - long term exposure to stomach acid can damage the lining of the esophagus
Term
The ______ sphincter is between the esophagus and stomach.
Definition
Cardiac
Term
The ______ sphincter is between the stomach and duodenum.
Definition
Pyloric
Term
Digestion is completed in the SI but ________ continues?
Definition
Absorption
Term
What are the functions of the SI?
Definition
Site of most enzymatic digestion and almost all absorption of nutrients
Term
Which types of food are digested quickly and which slowly?
Definition
Fast - carb rich
Slow - Fatty

(Full longer after a BIG Mac :)
Term
What is the function of absorptive cells?
Definition
Transport nutrients to vessels in underlying lamina propria (CT)
-Microvilli increase surface area
Term
What is the function of goblet cells?
Definition
Secrete mucus to protect and lubricate the surface of the SI
Term
What specializations maximize absorption of nutrients in the SI?
Definition
Folds, villi and microvilli (brush border)
Term
Folds, villi and microvilli increase surface area by ______.
Definition
600X
Term
Describe the path of nutrients and toxins after they move through absorptive cells and enter vessels in the lamina propria
Definition
Blood capillaries receive amino acids and sugars that go to the liver via the hepatic portal system

Lymphatic capillaries receive fats that go directly into the general circulation via the thoracic duct
Term
Where do exocrine glands secrete their chemicals to help digest food?
Definition
Duodenum
Term
The liver synthesizes ______ for digestion of ______.
Definition
Bile
Fats
Term
What's the function of the gall bladder?
Definition
Stores and concentrates the bile until food enters the duodenum
Term
What enzymes are secreted by the pancreas for digestion? (3)
Definition
Lipase - for fats
Amylase - for carbs
Peptidase - for proteins
Term
What are the 2 functions of the colon/LI?
Definition
1. Absorption of water and electrolytes
2. Production of feces
Term
What are the 2 major cell types in the epithelium (simple columnar) lining the LI?
Definition
Goblet cells
Absorptive cells
Term
What is the difference of the goblet cells in the LI than in the SI?
Definition
The proportion has increased to provide more lubrication
Term
What controls defecation?
Definition
Anal sphincter
Term
The muscularis externa thickens to form a smooth muscle sphincter, the _______ anal sphincter.
Definition
Internal
Term
To provide voluntary control, there is a _______ muscle sphincter, the ________ anal sphincter.
Definition
Skeletal
External
Term
What causes diarrhea?
Definition
The feces move too quickly through the large intestine and not enough water is resorbed
Term
What is the epithelial turnover and what are the undesirable side affects in cancer patients?
Definition
The intestinal epithelium must be replaced regularly because of its exposure to digestive enzymes and other noxious substances

Radiation and chemotherapy inhibit cell division and cause denuding of intestinal lining - unable to absorb nutrients and fluids (so diarrhea, nausea and vomiting)
Term
If too many toxins are absorbed, which organ is most likely to be affected?
Definition
Liver - hepatic portal system (stomach/intestines to liver)
Term
What does dietary fiber do?
Definition
Helps with digestion and prevents constipation
MAY reduce risk of colon cancer
Term
What are the major branches of the abdominal aorta to the gut? (3)
Definition
-Celiac trunk - supplies the liver, gall bladder, stomach, pancreas and spleen
-Superior mesenteric artery
-Inferior mesenteric artery
Term
What are the major branches of the hepatic portal vein? (3)
Definition
-Splenic vein
-Inferior mesenteric vein
-Superior mesenteric vein
Term
List some colon cancer risk factors (8)
Definition
age
polyps
previous cancer
family history
other diseases
smoking
sedentary lifestyle
diet (lots of red meat, little fruits/veggies)
Term
When are you supposed to begin screening for colon cancer?
Definition
>55 years
Term
When are you supposed to begin screening for colon cancer?
Definition
>55 years
Term
Colon cancer is usually _________ and treatment depends on ___________ of disease.
Definition
Asymptomatic
Stage/extent
Term
How is colon cancer "staged"?
Definition
By how many layers it has invaded
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