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Digestive
Fucking FINAL!
147
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/04/2013

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Term
Ingestion
Definition
the act of eating
Term
Digestion
Definition
breakdown of macromolecules into very small subunits that the body can absorb
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
breaking of chemical (covalent) bonds by hydrolytic enzymes
Term
mechanical digestion
Definition
physical digestion of ntrients by tearing, grinding, chuming, etc
Term
absorption
Definition
transport of very small molecules from a digestive compartment into the circulatory system (usually the bloodstream)
Term
Elimination/defecation
Definition
: removal of undigested material out of the digestive compartment
Term
mixing and Propulsion
Definition
Peristalsis
Term
Secretion
Definition
digestive juices (HCL, Pepsin, etc.)
Term
Gastrointestinal Tract/ accessory digestive organs
Definition
The digestive system is composed of
Term
The GI tract/ alimentary canal
Definition
a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus
Term
Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Definition
Organs of the GI tract include the
Term
Accessory Digestive organs
Definition
teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands X3
Liver
Gallbladder
Pancreas
Term
Ingestion
Definition
The process of taking food and liquids into the mouth.
Term
Secretion
Definition
Cells within the walls of the GI tract and accessory digestive organs secrete a total of approx. 7 liters of water, acid, buffers and enzymes into the lumen of the tract.
Term
Mixing/ Propulsion
Definition
lternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle in the walls of the GI tract mix food and secretions and propel them toward the anus. Also known as “gastric motility”= peristalsis.
Term
Digestion
Definition
is the mechanical and chemical process of breaking down ingested food into small molecules
Term
Mechanical digestion
Definition
the teeth cut and grind food before it is
swallowed and then smooth muscles of the stomach and small
intestine churn the food.
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
the large carbohydrate, lipid, protein and nucleic
acid molecules in food are split into smaller molecules by hydrolysis.
Digestive enzymes produced by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach,
Pancreas and small intestine catalyze these rx’s.
Term
Absorption
Definition
Involves the entrance of ingested and secreted fluids, ions and the small molecules that are products of digestion into the epithelial cells lining the lumen of the GI tract.
Term
Absorbed substances
Definition
pass into blood or lymph and circulate to cells throughout the body.
Term
Feces
Definition
eliminated material
Term
Defecation
Definition
a process where wastes, indigestible substances, bacteria and cells are sloughed from the lining of the GI tract (as well as any digested materials that have not been absorbed) and leave the body through the anus
Term
Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa
Definition
The wall of the G.I. Tract from the lower esophagus to the anal canal has the same basic 4-layered arrangement of tissues. The 4 layers from deep to superficial are the:
Term
Mucosa
Definition
is a mucous membrane composed of epithelium in direct contact with the contents of the G.I. tract
Term
nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
*The epithelium in the mouth, pharynx, esophagus and anal canal is mainly
Term
Simple Columnar epithelium
Definition
. which functions in secretion and absorption lines the stomach and intestines.
Term
every 5-7 days
Definition
the G.I. Tract epithelial cells slough off and are replaced by new cells.
Term
lamina propria
Definition
areolar C.T. containing many b.v.’s and lymphatic vessels, which are routes by which nutrients absorbed into the G.I. tract reach the other tissues of the body.
Term
MALT
Definition
contains about as many immune cells as are present in all the rest of the body.
Term
MALT
Definition
mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue
Term
muscularis mucosae
Definition
A thin layer of smooth muscle fibers throws the mucous membrane of the stomach and small intestine into many small folds, *which increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.
Term
Submucosa
Definition
Consists of areolar C.T. that binds the mucosa to the muscularis.
Term
Submucosal Plexus (Meissner's plexus
Definition
an extensive network of neurons conveying sensory and motor neuron impulses to innervate the mucosa and submucosa. This plexus is important in controlling secretions by the G.I. Tract.
Term
Muscularis
Definition
contains skeletal muscle that produces voluntary swallowing.
Term
Skeletal Muscle
Definition
also forms the external anal sphincter, which permits voluntary control of defecation.
Term
Myenteric Plexus (Auerbach’s Plexus)
Definition
Between the layers of muscularis ; mostly controls G.I motility
Term
motility
Definition
the frequency and strength of contraction of the muscularis
Term
Serosa
Definition
is the superficial layer of the parts of the G.I. tract that are suspended in the abdominopelvic cavity.
Term
Visceral Peritoneum
Definition
Inferior to the diaphragm the serosa is called
Term
Peritoneum
Definition
the largest serous membrane of the body. It consists of a layer of simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) with underlying C.T.
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
The slim space between the parietal and visceral peritoneum
Term
ascites
Definition
In certain diseases (i.e. cirrhosis) the peritoneal cavity may become distended by the accumulation of several liters of fluid
Term
peritoneum
Definition
contains large folds that weave between the viscera and bind the organs to each other and to the walls of the abdominal cavity. They also contain b.v.’s, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that supply the abdominal organs
Term
Greater omentum
Definition
largest peritoneal fold and it drapes over the transverse colon and coils of the small intestine
Term
Greater Omentum
Definition
normally contains a considerable amount of adipose tissue which can greatly expand with weight gain
Term
Lesser Omentum
Definition
suspends the stomach and duodenum from the liver.
Term
Mesentary
Definition
A fold of the peritoneum it binds the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall.
Term
Mesocolon
Definition
A fold of the peritoneum binds the large intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
Term
The mesentaary and Mesocolon
Definition
hold the intestines loosely in place, allowing for a great amount of movement as muscular contractions mix and move the G.I. contents.
Term
Peritonitis
Definition
acute inflammation of the peritoneum secondary to contamination by infectious microbes. This usually results from accidents or surgical wounds in the abdominal wall (or from perforations such as is seen with gunshot/stabbings).
Term
A salivary Gland
Definition
any cell or organ that releases a secretion called saliva into the oral cavity.
Term
Saliva Secretion
Definition
When food enters the mouth ___________ increases and it lubricates, dissolves, and begins the chemical breakdown of food
Term
Major Salivary Glands
Definition
Their secretions empty into ducts that lead to the oral cavity.
Term
Teh Parotid Glands
Definition
are located inferior and anterior to the ears (bet. The skin and the masseter muscle). It secretes saliva into the oral cavity via a parotid duct.
Term
Submandibular Glands
Definition
found beneath the base of the tongue in the posterior part of the floor of the mouth. Their secretions reach the oral cavity via submandibular ducts.
Term
Sublingual Glands
Definition
are superior to the submandibular glands. Their ducts (the lesser sublingual ducts) open into the floor of the mouth.
Term
Teeth
Definition
are accessory digestive organs located in sockets of the alveolar processes of the mandible and maxillae
Term
Gomphotic joint
Definition
Mandible and maxillae
Term
Gingivae
Definition
the alvelolar processes are covered by
Term
Periodontal ligament
Definition
the sockets are lined by _______ which connects to the surface of the roots to hoold teeth in place
Term
3 major regions
Definition
a typical tooth has
Term
Crown
Definition
the visible portion above the levels of the gums
Term
roots
Definition
embedded in the socket are 1-3
Term
The neck
Definition
the constricted junction of the crown and root near the gumline
Term
Teeth
Definition
primarily composed of dentin, a calcified CT that gives the tooth its basic shape and rigidity.
Term
Dentin
Definition
It is harder than bone because of its higher content of calcium salts (70-75% calcium salts).
Term
Pulp cavity
Definition
The dentin encloses a cavity called ____ which lies within the crown and is filled with pulp
Term
pulp
Definition
a CT containing bv's, nerves, and lumphatic vessels
Term
root canals
Definition
Narrow extensions of the pulp cavity are called ______ and run through the root of the tooth
Term
Enamel
Definition
the dentin of the crown is covered by ____ that consists of 1 degree of calcium phosphate and CA+ carbonate
Term
Enamel
Definition
the hardest substance in the body and functions to protect the tooth from the wear and tear of chewing. *It also protects against acids that can easily dissolve dentin.
Term
Deciduous
Definition
1st set of teeth (a.k.a. primary teeth or baby teeth) and usually erupt at 6 months of age. One pair of teeth appear each month after the 1st tooth erupts, until all 20 are present.
Term
Deciduous teeth
Definition
are lost between the ages of 6-12 years and are replaced by the permanent (secondary) teeth
Term
20
Definition
total deciduous teeth
Term
Permanent teeth
Definition
Between the ages of 6-adulthood 32 permanent teeth erupt.
Term
Deciduous
Definition
_________molars are replaced by the first and second premolars and are used for crushing and grinding.
Term
Permanent
Definition
erupt into the mouth posterior to the premolars, do NOT replace any deciduous teeth and erupt as the jaw grows to accommodate them. (1st molars = age 6, the 2nd molars = age 12, the 3rd molars (wisdom teeth) = after age 17.
Term
Definition
Often the human jaw does not have enough room posterior to the 2nd molars to accommodate the eruption of the 3rd molars (wisdom teeth). In this case, the wisdom teeth (3rd molars) remain embedded in the alveolar bone and are said to be “impacted”. They often cause pressure and pain and must be removed surgically. Some people (like myself ) are lucky and the 3rd molars may NOT develop at all (or are dwarfed).
Term
The Stomach
Definition
J-shaped enlargement of the G.I. tract located inferior to the diaphragm in the LUQ.
Term
The Stomach
Definition
connects the esophagus via the e-hiatus. The posterior/inferior region of the stomach at the pylorus attaches to the duodenum (which is the first part of the small intestine).
Term
The stomach
Definition
serve as a mixing chamber and holding reservoir (peristalsis & secretion of gastric acids).
Term
The Stomach
Definition
the most distensible part of the G.I. tract and can accommodate a large quantity of food (30cc).
Term
the diaphragm pushes it inferiorly with each inspiration and pulls it superiorly with each expiration.
Definition
The position of the stomach vary continally because
Term
Cardia
Definition
portion surrounds the superior opening of the stomach.
Term
Fundus
Definition
is the rounded portion superior and lateral to the cardia.
Term
Body
Definition
the large central portion of the stomach inferior to the fundus.
Term
Pylorus
Definition
that region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum
Term
Pyloric antrum
Definition
connects to the body of the stomach
Term
pyloric canal
Definition
which leads into the duodenum
Term
rugae
Definition
When the stomach is empty, the mucosa lies in large folds called _______
Term
Pyloric sphinctor
Definition
The pylorus has a small sphincter at its distal end called the ____ which controls the gastric contents into the duodenum
Term
The Mucosa
Definition
forms a series of fingerlike villi, which are actually tiny hairlike projections (0.5-1mm long).
Term
The large number of villi (20-40)
Definition
function vastly to increase the S.A. of the epithelium available for digestion and absorption.
Term
Brunner's glands
Definition
secrete an alkaline mucus that helps neutralize gastric acid in the chyme.
Term
Brunner's glands
Definition
The submucosal layer of the duodenum contains glands called____
Term
Glandular epithelium
Definition
The mucosa contains many deep crevices lined
Term
Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Definition
Cells lining the crevices form the ____ ( intestinal glands) and secrete intestinal juice
Term
Goblet Cells
Definition
many of the epithelial cells in the mucosa are ____ which secrete mucus
Term
lymphatic capillary
Definition
Nutrients absorbed by the epithelial cells covering the villus pass through the wall of a capillary or _____ to enter blood or lymph respectively
Term
Peyers Patches
Definition
groups of lymphatic nodules in the ileum
Term
ileum
Definition
the distal segment of the S.I and it contains numerous lymphatic nodules
Term
Lactase
Definition
n some people the mucosal cells of the S.I. fail to produce enough ____ which is essential for the digestion of lactose
Term
lactose intolerance
Definition
People who suffer discomfort because the undigested lactose in chyme retains fluid in the feces. This results in the bacterial fermentation of lactose (production of gas).
Term
Dietary supplements
Definition
People with L.I can take ____ to aid the digestion of lactose
Term
The Liver
Definition
the largest gland in the body and the 2nd largest organ (next to skin). It occupies the RUQ and part of the epigastric regions of the abdominopelvic cavity.
Term
The liver
Definition
will break down all drugs/ medications and toxic substances that you put in your system
Term
Hepatocytes
Definition
liver cells
Term
Hepatocytes
Definition
produce bile that is then stored in the GB.
Term
The gallbladder
Definition
a pear-shaped sac (3-4 in. long) located in a depression on the posterior/inferior surface of the liver.
Term
Gallbladder
Definition
functions as a temporary storage depot for bile (which is secreted by the hepatocytes).
Term
bilirubin & biliverdin
Definition
bile pigments
Term
Bile Salts
Definition
function in emulsification
Term
Emulsification
Definition
the breakdown of large lipid globules
Term
Bile
Definition
functions in the absorption of lipids following their digestion.
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
is made soluble in bile by bile salts & lecithin.
Term
Bile
Definition
consists mostly of water and bile acids, bile salts, cholesterol, lecithin, bile pigments (bilirubin & biliverdin)and several ions.
Term
Gallstones
Definition
If bile contains either insufficient bile salts or lecithin or excessive cholesterol, the cholesterol may crystallize to form
Term
Gallstones
Definition
grow in both size and number and can cause a partial or complete obstruction to the flow of bile from the gallbladder into the duodenum.
Term
Treatment for Gallstones
Definition
1. Using gallstone-dissolving drugs (don’t usually work )
2. Lithotripsy (shock wave therapy)
3. Surgery (either laproscopic or open removal cholecystectomy)
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
the terminal part of the G.I. tract is divided into : cecum is the initial segment connecting directly to the ileum of the small intestine.
***Colon is subdivided into 4 parts:
Term
Cecum
Definition
initial segment connecting directly to the ileum of the small intestine.
Term
Colon
Definition
1. Ascending colon
2. Transverse colon
3. Descending colon
4. Sigmoid (S-shaped) colon
5. Rectum
6. Anal Canal  Anus
Term
Large Intestine
Definition
attached to the posterior abdominal wall by its mesocolon (a double layer of peritoneum).
Term
The esophageal Phase
Definition
involuntary) food passes through the esophagus. The esophageal sphincter, normally closed, opens to allow food to pass into the esophagus, when the larynx rises during swallowing. When food reaches the lower end of the esophagus, the cardiac sphincter opens to allow the food to enter the stomach. Phase 3: esophagus stomach
Term
The pharyngeal Phase
Definition
(involuntary) food passes through the pharynx:The soft palate & uvula fold upward and cover the nasopharynx to prevent the passage of food up and into the nasal cavity as pharynx receives bolus
The epiglottis, a flexible cartilaginous flap at the top of the larynx, folds down as the larynx rises, covering it, keeping food from entering the lungs while allowing it into the esophagus. Phase 2: pharynx esophagus
Cranial nerves involved: the vagus, accessory, and hypoglossal nerves.
Term
Deglutition
Definition
swallowing
Term
The oral (buccal) phase :
Definition
(voluntary) food passes through the mouth. After mastication, the tongue forces the food bolus back, into the pharynx. Phase 1: mouth pharynx
Cranial nerves involved: the trigeminal, facial, and hypoglossal nerves.
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
an inflammation of the pancreas and is frequently seen in association with alcohol abuse or chronic gallstones
Term
Acute Pancreatitis
Definition
a more severe condition and is associated with heavy alcohol intake or biliary tract obstruction. One of the reasons why this is more severe is pancreatic cells release either trypsin instead of trypsinogen or insufficient amounts of trypsin inhibitor. As a result, the trypsin begins to digest the pancreatic cells.

People usually respond to treatment but recurrent attacks are the rule. (very painful).
Term
Ileocecal valve
Definition
The ileum opens into the large intestine at the
Term
Cecum
Definition
Inferior to the ileocecal valve is the _____ which is a blind pouch about 6 cm
Term
vermiform appendix
Definition
Attached to the cecum is the _______ a twisted, worm-like tube about 8 cm (3 inches) in length.
Term
Colon
Definition
The cecum merges with the _____ which is divided into ascending, transverse, descending & sigmoid portions.
Term
retroperitoneal
Definition
Both the ascending and descending colon are
Term
Ascending Colon
Definition
goes up the right side of the abdomen until it reaches the inferior surface of the liver, at which point it abruptly turns left.
Term
right hepatic flexure.
Definition
Turning point from the interior surgace of the liver in which it abruptly turns left
Term
Splenic Flexure
Definition
As the transverse colon continues straight across the abdomen to the left side, it hits the spleen and makes a downward turn. Technically the point of turning is called the
Term
rectum
Definition
the last 20 cm (8cm) of the G.I. tract and is actually anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. The terminal 2-3 cm (1 inch) of the rectum is called the anal canal.
Term
internal anal sphincter and external anal sphincter.
Definition
The opening of the anal canal to the exterior is called the anus, and is gaurded by an _____________
Term
Appendicitis
Definition
Is an inflammation of the appendix 2° to either:

1. an obstruction of the lumen by chyme.
2. a foreign body
3. carcinoma of the cecum
4. stenosis or kinking of the organ.
Term
Signs of Appendicitis
Definition
high fever
Elevated WBC count
Neutrophil count higher than 75%
Referred pain in the umbilical region
Anorexia (loss of appetite)
Nausea
Vomiting
Pain localizes in RLQ & is continuous, dull or severe
Term
gangrene and perforation
Definition
When the inflammation in the appendix results in edema and ischemia, it can progress to ______ within 24 hours
Term
appendectomy
Definition
Surgical removal of the appendix ____ is recommended because it is safer to operate than to risk rupture, peritonitis and gangrene.
Term
Pancreas
Definition
99% produces digestive juices. (exocrine)
2. 1% produces endocrine hormones.(insulin comes from B cells and glucagon from alpha cells)
Term
Pancreas
Definition
located in 2 body cavities:
The tail is retroperitoneal gland approx. 12-15 cm (5-6 inches) in length and 2.5 cm (1 inch) thick. The head is in the abdominal cavity. It lies posterior to the greater curvature of the stomach.
Term
Pancreatic juices
Definition
pass from the exocrine cells into small ducts that ultimately unite to form two larger ducts that convey the secretions into the small intestine.
Term
Chemical Digestion
Definition
in the small intestine depends on the activities of the pancreas, liver and gallbladder.
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