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Digestive/Urinary/Exocrine/Reproductive System
Christensen ACC last anatomy test
206
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
07/22/2009

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Cards

Term
What is the muscular movement of the gut wall leading to the breakdown, mixing, and passge of ingested nutrients, then elimination of wastes?
Definition
Digestion
Term
What are the four overall functions of the digestive system?
Definition
Digestion, Peristalsis, Secretion, and Absorption
Term
What are the two types of Digestion?
Definition
Mechanical and Chemical
Term
What are the four major layers of the G.I. tract
Definition
Mucosa, Submucosa, Muscularis, Serosa
Term
What are the three tissue types in the Muscosa layer?
Definition
Epithelium, Lamina propria, Muscularis mucosa
Term
What is the tissue type in the Submucosa?
Definition
Connective tissue layer with blood and lymphatic vessels and nerves
Term
What is the tissue type in the Muscularis?
Definition
Two layers of smooth muscle
Term
What tissue type is in the Serosa?
Definition
Loose connective tissue
Term
What are the 3 sublayers of the mucosa?
Definition
Epithelium, Lamina Propria and Muscularis mucosa
Term
What tissue type is in the Epithelium sublayer of the mucosa?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium with mucous glands
Term
What type of tissue is in the lamina propria of the mucosa sublayer?
Definition
Loose areolar connective tissue
Term
What tissue type is found in the Muscularis mucosa of the mucosa sublayer?
Definition
Thin layer of smooth muscle
Term
What is the name for specialized columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucous?
Definition
Goblet cells
Term
The internal cavity of the g.i. tract is called the???
Definition
lumen
Term
How is the surface epithelium of the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus different from the rest of the g.i. tract? Why is it different?
Definition
Mouth pharynx and the initial part of the esophagus are of stratified squamous epithelium because it undergoes more abrasive actions of chewing, masserating and grinding food bulk before it is swallowed.
Term
What layer of the mucosa can you not see on our slides of the g.i. tract?
Definition
Muscularis mucosa, it is too thin for our scopes to discern
Term
What is the function of the muscularis externa?
Definition
It contracts and moves villi and plicae
Term
The muscularis externa consists of what 2 sublayers?
Definition
Longitudinal and circular
Term
When the circular smooth muscle layers contracts what effect does this have on the g.i. tract?
Definition
It segments the food mass or segmentation contractions
Term
When the longitudinal smooth muscle layer contracts what effect does this have on the g.i. tract?
Definition
It generates peristaltic waves that move food along G.I. tract
Term
How is the muscularis externa of the pharynx and esophagus different from the rest of the tract?
Definition

First 1/3 of pharynx and esophagus is all skeletal muscle

Middle 1/3 is mixture of skeletal and smooth muscle

Bottom 1/3 is all smooth muscle

Term
How is the muscularis externa of the stomach different from the rest of the g.i. tract?
Definition
Consists of 3 layers: longitudinal, circular and oblique
Term
How is the muscularis externa of the colon different from the rest of the g.i. tract?
Definition
It is much thinner and the longitudinal layer is divided into bands called teniae coli
Term
What is another name for the serosa tha tcovers the organs of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
Visceral peritoneum = mesenteries
Term
What is another name for the serosa that lines the walls of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Definition
Parietal peritoneum
Term
What are the functions of the mesenteries?
Definition

Prevent entagnlement of intestines

Contain vessels and nerves and lymphatic tissue

Prevent attachment of intestines to abdominal wall

Term
Explain the difference between intraperitoneal and retroperitoneal.
Definition
Intraperitoneal refers to organs within the peritoneum l
Term
Is the stomach Intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Definition
Intraperitoneal
Term
Is the liver intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Definition
Intraperitoneal
Term
Is the duodenum and pancreas intra or retroperitoneal?
Definition
Pancreas and duodenum are partially retroperitoneal
Term
The oral cavity is involved in what type of digestion
Definition
Both mechanical and chemical
Term
Chemical digestion in the oral cavity involves what enzyme?
Definition
Salivary amylase
Term
Mechanical digestion in the oral cavity involves what 2 structures?
Definition
Teeth and tongue
Term
What are the six components of saliva?
Definition
Amylase, Mucin, Lipase, Bicarbonate, Antibodies, and Lysozymes
Term
What is the function of amylase?
Definition
Breaksdown carbohydrates
Term
What is thefunction of Mucin?
Definition
Moistens and binds food mass
Term
What is the function of Lipase?
Definition
Activated in stomach to break down lipids
Term
What is the function of Bicarbonate?
Definition
Makes mouth alkaline in pH
Term
What is the function of Antibodies?
Definition
Kill foreign bacteria
Term
What is the function of Lysozymes?
Definition
Kills foreign bacteria and pathogens
Term
What enzyme is secreted by the salivary glands and is activated by hydrochloric acid in the stomach?
Definition
Lingual lipase
Term
What is the function of the pharynx and the esophagus?
Definition
To conduct food to stomach
Term
What sphincter is associated with the lower esophagus? Why is this sphincter called a physiological sphincter? What is its function?
Definition
Lower esophageal sphincter is not a true anatomical sphincter but physiologically keeps food mass in the stomach and prevents regurgitation back into esophagus
Term
What are 3 functions of hte stomach?
Definition
Digestion; peristalsis and Secretion
Term
The stomach is associated with what types of digestion?
Definition
Both chemical and mechanical
Term
Chemical digestion of what organic molecules occurs in the stomach?
Definition
Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids.....Not nucleic acids.
Term
What allows stomach to churn and mix food?
Definition
Three layers of smooth muscle
Term
What are the ridges in the stomach wall that alllow for distention?
Definition
Rugae
Term
What 2 sphincters are associated with the stomach?
Definition
Esophageal and pyloric
Term
Content of the stomach are referred to as what?
Definition
chyme
Term
What are the 3 regions of the small intestines?
Definition
Duodenum. Jejunum. and Ileum
Term
The mucosa and submucosa of the small intestines are deeply folded to form the ......... circularis?
Definition
plicae
Term
The mucosa is further folded into projections called......
Definition
villi
Term
The cell membranes of the colunar epithelial cells are further folded to form......
Definition
microvilli
Term
What is the function of all this folding of villi and microvilli?
Definition
Increases surface area from 3 square feet to 2200 square feet
Term
What are the functions of the small intestines?
Definition
Peristalsis, digestion, secretion, and absorption
Term
The small intestines are involved in what type of digestion?
Definition
Mechanical and chemical
Term
Chemical digestion in the small intestines involves secretion from what 3 organs?
Definition
Pancreas; liver and stomach
Term
Where does most water and mineral ion absorption take place in the g.i. tract?
Definition
Large Intestines
Term
Substances transported into msall intestine villi capillaries are transported to the liver via the....?
Definition
hepatic portal system
Term
Where does carbohydrate digestion begin? Where is it completed?
Definition
Begins in the mouth and ends in the small intestines
Term
Where does lipid digestion begin? where is it completed?
Definition
Begins in the stomach and is completed in small intestins
Term
Where does protein digestion begin? where it si completed
Definition
begins in the stomach and is completed in the small intestines
Term
What happen to large lipid globules before digestion enzymes can go to work?
Definition
Bile breaks themd own by lowering surface tension
Term
Where does nucleic acid digestion begin? where is ti completed?
Definition
Begins and ends in small intestines
Term
Bile from the common bile duct and pnacreatic enzymes from the pancreatic duct enter the duodenum of the small intestines through the........????
Definition
Hepatopancreatic ampulla
Term
There are 2 openings into the duodenum. The superior one is for the ....
Definition
major duodenal papilla
Term
What is the inferior opening into the duodenum for?
Definition
minor duodenal papilla
Term
What duct is associated with the gall bladder?
Definition
Common cystic duct
Term
What ducts deliver bile from liver cells?
Definition
Hepatic duct
Term
Six sided hepatic lobules are arranged around a.....vein
Definition
central
Term
............ is located at each corner of the hepatic lobule.
Definition
portal triad
Term
A portal triad is composed of a hepatic artery, a ........... and a ...........
Definition
A portal triad is composed of a hepatic artery, a hepatic portal vein and a  bile duct
Term
leaky capillaries called.......... allow the blood to percolate through the liver
Definition
hepatic sinusoids
Term
What is bile composed of? What is the function of bile?
Definition
Bile salts, cholesterol and bilirubin
Term
What is bilirubin and where does it come from?
Definition
Breakdown product from hemoglobin and rbcs
Term
What symptom would be an indication that the liver is not functioning properly?
Definition
Jaundiced, always tired and lack energy
Term
What are the macrophages contained in the liver that remove microbes and worn out blood cells?
Definition
Kupfer cells
Term
The liver metabolizes toxic ......... itno urea to be excreted by the kidneys
Definition
ammonia
Term
Explain how the liver kidneys and skin are involved in the synthesis of calcitriol. What is the target organ of calitriol and what is the effect of this hormone?
Definition
Exposure of skin to UV rays of un forms Vit D3 which is acte upon by the liver and kidneys to form the active form of vit D target organ of calcitrol is the small intestines
Term
What vitamins and minerals are stored by the liver?
Definition
vit. A and iron
Term
What organ makes cholesterol?
Definition
Liver
Term
What molecules are responsible for the transport of cholesterol inthe blood?
Definition
HDLs
Term
Which cholesterol is good? indicates that lots of cholesterol is being transported to the liver and to be disposed of in bile?
Definition
HDL
Term
Which cholesterol is bad? this indicates that a lot of cholesterol is being transported to body cells. The chance is high that fatty substanes will be deposited on arterial walls leading to .....
Definition
LDL and atherosclerosis
Term
Your overall cholesterol level should be less than?
Definition
200
Term
Your HDL level should be greater than?
Definition
45
Term
In the liver cells glucosed is stored as.....? what hormone is involved in this process
Definition
glycogen / glucagon
Term
What is the exocrine function of hte pancreas?
Definition
Secretes carbohydrases, lipases, proteases and nucleases inot the intestinal lumen
Term
What is the endocrine function of hte pancraeas?
Definition
Secretes insulin and glucagon into the blood
Term
What cells produce hormones in the pancreas?
Definition
Islets of langerhans Alpha and beta cells
Term
What cells produce digestiive enzymes in the pancreas?
Definition
Acinar cells
Term

True or False

The pancreatic and accessory pancreatic ducts deliver hormone and digestive enzymes to the small intestines

Definition
False, only digestive enzymes
Term
Which hormone decreases blood glucose levels?
Definition
Insulin
Term
Which hormone increases blood glucose levels?
Definition
Glucagon
Term
Name the 7 regions of the large intestines
Definition
Caecum, ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid, rectum and anus
Term
What is another name for the large intestines?
Definition
Colon
Term
T or F Most of nutrient and water absorption occurs in the colon?
Definition
Fase, water is absorbed but not nutrients
Term
What produces the gas associated with the lower bowel?
Definition
Bactrial actions on fiber
Term
What is the appendix attached to?
Definition
Caecum
Term
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic salivary glands?
Definition
Instrinsic salivary glands are in the lining of the mouth, lips and cheeks, whereas Extrinsic glands are those of the parotids, sublingual and submandibular
Term
Name 4 sphincters / valves associated with the g.i. tract?
Definition
Esophageal, pyloric, ileocaecal and anal sphincteers
Term
What is the toxic waste product formed from protein metabolism?
Definition
Ammonia
Term
Urea is formed from what 2 things?
Definition
ammonia and CO2
Term
Where is urea formed? which organ excretes it?
Definition
Urea is formed by the liver to be excreted by the kidneys
Term
What is the waste product formed from nucleic metabolism?
Definition
Uric acid
Term
Ureters transport urine from the kidneys to where?
Definition
Bladder
Term
What transports urine from the bladder to outside?
Definition
Urethra
Term
The medulla of the kidney is divided into what?
Definition
renal pyramids
Term
Each renal pyramid terminates into what?
Definition
renal papilla
Term
Renal papilla project into a cup shaped tube called a ???
Definition
calyx...minor calyx
Term
The middle layer of the smooth muscle in the bladder is called the what muscle?
Definition
Detrusor muscle
Term
What is the detrusor muscle?
Definition
The middle layer of smooth muscle in the bladder
Term
What sphincter in the bladder is smooth muscle and involuntary control?
Definition
Internal urethra sphincter
Term
What sphincter in the bladder is skeletal muscle and is under voluntary control?
Definition
External urethral sphincter
Term
The kidneys, ureters and bladder are intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal?
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
The basic structural unit and functional unit of the kidney is the???
Definition
nephron
Term
Which nephron has a relatively short loop of henle and is surrounded by a peritubular capillary bed?
Definition
Cortical nephron
Term
which nephron has a long loop of henle and is surrounded by a capillary network called vasa recta?
Definition
Juxtamedullary
Term
What is the capillary bed of the Cortical nephron called?
Definition
peritubular
Term
What are the 2 major structures within a nephron?
Definition
Renal corpuscle and renal tubule
Term
What are the two parts of the renal corpuscle?
Definition
Glomerulus and Glomerular or Bowman's capsule
Term
What do the fenestrations in the glomerulus prevent filtration of?
Definition
Proteins
Term
Describe the glomerulus
Definition
The glomerulus consists of a ball or knot of capillaries with pores and fenestrations that allow for filtration of blood without loss of protein or cells through the wall
Term
Describe the Bowman's capsules
Definition
Bowman's capsule looks like a claw hand with the extension of your arm being the proximal convuluted tubule. The capsule surrounds the glomerulus and the inner wall is of simple squamous epithelium
Term
Name the parts of the renal tubules
Definition
Begins after glomerulus as blood passes through efferent duct into the proximal convuluted tubule into the descending limp of loop of henle hairpin turn of the loop and then the ascending limp of loop of henle into the distal convoluted tubule and then into the collecting duct
Term
What is the primary function of long loops of Henle?
Definition
to concentrate the urine
Term
A common...*BLANK*... collections urine from several nephrons. Renal pyramids are laregly composed of what ducts?....*BLANK*.... these empty urine into what cup shaped tubullse....*BLANK*
Definition
A common...Collecting Duct... collections urine from several nephrons. Renal pyramids are laregly composed of what ducts?... Collecting duct.... these empty urine into what cup shaped tubullse....Renal calyx
Term
What do the efferent arteriole branches flow into?
Definition
Either the peritbular capillaries or the vasa recta depnding on the type of nephron
Term
Name the 3 main processes of urine formation
Definition
Filtration Secretion and Reabsorption
Term
What part of the nephron acts as the filter?
Definition
Renal capsule
Term
Protein or blood cells in the urine indicate a problem with what part of the nephron?
Definition
Renal corpuscle
Term
What are the three main processes of urine formation?
Definition
Filtration, Secretion and reabsorption
Term
In what part of the tubule does reabsorption take place?
Definition
Proximal convoluted tubule due to microvilli which would increase the reabsorptive surface area. Peritublar capillaries then transport the reabsorbed molecules back into the circulation
Term
In what part of the tubule does most secretion take place?
Definition
Distal convoluted tubule due to the decreased amount of microvilli
Term
Would glucose concentration be higher in the proximal tubule or the distal tubule?
Definition
proximal convoluted tubule
Term
Would nitrogenous waste concentration be higher in the proximal tubule or the distal tubule?
Definition
Distal convoluted tubule
Term
What are five hormones that are amino acid or protein based?
Definition
Adrenocorticotropic hormone, Follicle stimulating hormone, Luteinizing hormone, Thyroid Stimulating Hormone and Prolactin
Term
How do amino acid or protein based hormones have an effect on the target cells?
Definition
They act on receptor sites on the cell membranes
Term
Give 5 examples of hormones that are cholesterol or steroid based?
Definition
Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, cortisol and aldosterone
Term
How does this type of hormone have an effect on its target cell?
Definition
Acts on receptor sites in the cells chromatin material (DNA)
Term
What is the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Definition
Endocrine glands secrete their products (hormones) directly into the blood stream. Exocrine glands secrete their products into the lumen of a gland or organ
Term
Name three glands that are both endocrine and exocrine
Definition

Testes secrete testosterone and sperm

Ovaries secrete Estrogen, Progesterone and Ovum

the Pancreas secretes insulin, glucagon, and Pancreatic lipase and amylase

Term
List 3 nontropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary
Definition

Growth Hormone which effects skeletal muscle and long bones

Prolactin which effects Breast mammary glands

 

Also the posterior pituitary secretes Oxytocin which effects the pregnant uterus

Term
List 4 tropic hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland give target and the response hormone
Definition

Thyroid stimulating hormone effects thyroid and has thyroid produce thyroxine and teraiodothyronine

Adrenocorticotropic hormone targets the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol which can elevate blood glucose levels during lots of stress

Follicle stimulating hormone targets the ovaries to further on secrete estrogen

and letuinizing hormone targets the testes and ovaries to in turn secrete testosterone or progesterone

Term
What is the loop for thyroid stimulating hormone?
Definition
Effects the thyroid gland and induces thyroid gland to secrete triiodothyronine and thyorxine T3 and T4
Term
What does adrenocorticotropic hormone do?
Definition
Effects adrenal cortex to release cortisol which elevates sympathetic responses
Term
What does follicle stimulating hormone do?
Definition
effects the ovaries and has the ovaries secrete estrogen
Term
What does letuinizing hormone do?
Definition
effects testes and ovaries to produce testosterone and progesterone
Term
What gland produces melatonin? What is the function of melatonin?
Definition
Pineal gland regulates the darkening of the melanocytes in the skin
Term
What is the loop for Calcitonin?
Definition
Calcitonin is produced in the Thyroid gland and targets the bones and kidneys to stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts which has a hypercalcemic effect in the blood.
Term
What is the loop for parathyroid hormone?
Definition
Parathyroid hormone acts antagonistically to calcitonin and also effects the bones, kidneys and even intestines to stimulate osteoclast activity.
Term
Calcitriol. whats the loop?
Definition
Produced by the kidneys to tell the intestins to absorb more calcium
Term
What is the loop for estrogen pertaining to bone development?
Definition
estrogen is produced by the bones to target osteoblasts and increases osteoblast production
Term
What is the loop for insulin?
Definition
Insulin is produced by the pancreas to increase uptake of glucose by cells in the body and increases glycogen synthesis in the liver
Term
What is the loop for glucagon?
Definition
glucagon is also secreted by the pancreas and stimulates the liver to breakdown glycogen into glucose.
Term
What is the loop for Antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin?
Definition

antidiuretic hormone is produced in the hypothalamus and targets the collecting duct and the distal convulted tubule of the kidneys, it increases reabsorptoin of water by kidneys, decreases sweating and thus inreases blood pressure by vasoconstriction

Thus decreasing urine volume and increasing BP

Term
What is the loop for alosterone?
Definition
Alosterone is produced by the Adrenal cortex and effects the kidneys which in turn increases the reabsorption of Na+ and increases secretion of K+ and thus helps retain water.
Term
Name 3 adrenal cortex hormones and give a function for each?
Definition

Glucocorticoids - anti-inflammatory

Alosterone - regulates vascular volume

Androgens - aids in sexual maturation

Term
What kind of stimulating does the adrenal cortex receive?
Definition
hormonal
Term
What 2 hormones are stored by the posterior pituitary gland?
Definition
Oxytocin and Anti-diuretic hormone
Term
What gland produces oxytocin and ADH?
Definition
Produced by hypothalamus specifically in the supra optic and paraventricular nuclie
Term
What gland and hormone is an important source of estrogen for postmenopausal women?
Definition
Adrenal gland and androgens
Term
What is the function of T3 or tri-iodothyronine?
Definition
Increases metabolic rate, stimulates breakdown of carbs, fats and proteins
Term
What is the function of T4 or tetra-iodothyronine
Definition
Increases metabolic rate, stimulates breakdown of carbs, fats and proteins
Term
What is goiter?
Definition
Lack of iodine leads to overproduction of thyroglobin
Term
What gland and hormone control secretion of thyroid hormone by the thyroid gland?
Definition
Pituitary gland via Thyroid stimulating hormone
Term
Do goiters involve hyposecretion or hypersecretion of thyroid hormone
Definition
Hyposecretion of T3/T4 but over production of thyroglobin by follicle cells
Term
What part of the testes produce testosterone?
Definition
Interstitial cells of Leydig
Term
What part of the testes produce sperM?
Definition
seminiferous tubules
Term
What structure partly surrounds the testes and is the site of sperm maturation?
Definition
Epididymis
Term
Name the ducts that carry sperm from the epididymis to the outside body
Definition
Epididymis - vas deferens - ejaculatory duct - prostatic urethra - membranous urethra - penile urethra
Term
What duct transports urine from the urinary bladder?
Definition
Prostastic urethra
Term
Where is the prostate gland situationed? How is it palpated?
Definition
At the base of the bladder and surrounds the urethra. It is palpated by a rectal exam through the anus
Term
Name the 3 glands that contribute seminal fluid
Definition
Prostate, seminal vesicles and bulbourethral
Term
Which gland produces most of the seminal fluid?
Definition
seminal vesicles
Term
What is the function of fructose, prostaglandins and clotting factors in the seminal vesicles
Definition
Fructose is a source of energy, prostaglandins produce uterine contractions of smooth muscle, and clotting factors promote clotting (coagulationg) of the semen in the vagina so it will be able to get up through the cervix
Term
What are the functions of the secretions from the bulbourethral glands?
Definition
Serves as pre-ejaculate to flush the urine out of the urethra and neutralize its acidity
Term
name or describe the structure of the penis...what causes an erection?
Definition
Glans is the bulbous tip; Corpra cavernosa is a paired dorsal cylinders that become engorged with blood during an erection. Corpra Spongiosum is an erective tissue that is surrounding the urethra,
Term
What is the function of testosterone?
Definition
Hormone responsible for maturation of male secondary sex characteristics and production of sperm for reproduction
Term
Ova develop in sac like strcutures called...?
Definition
follicles
Term
The fluid filled cavity of an ovarian follicle is called an ....?
Definition
antrum
Term
Ovarian follicle cells produce what 2 hormones?
Definition
estrogen and progesterone
Term
What developes from an ovulated graafian follicle?
Definition
corpus luteum
Term
What causes the ruptured Graafian follcile to change into the corpus luteum?
Definition
Ovulation
Term
The corpus leteum will continue to produce what 2 hormones?
Definition
Estrogen and progesterone to prepare the endometrium for implantation by the zygote.
Term
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus letuem develops into a *BLANK* and degenerates. It will then stop producing estrogen and progesterone and the endometrium fo the uterus will slough off which is called....
Definition
corpus albicans and menstruation
Term
What is the site of fertilization?
Definition
Distal end of fallopian tubes
Term
What is the function of the uterus?
Definition
Implantation of the fertilized ova and maintain the embryo and fetus until partuition
Term
What is the narrow end of the uterus that contains an opening that allows for the flow passage of sperm and birth
Definition
cervix
Term
What are the 3 layers of the uterus?
Definition
Endometrium, Myometrium and Epimetrium
Term
What female gland is the analogue to the bulbourethral gland in males? What is the function?
Definition
Vestibular or Bartholin glands, they aid in lubrication during intercourse
Term
What female gland is the analogue to the male prostate gland?
Definition
Paraurethral or Skene gland
Term
What is the pathway of bile throughout the Gall Bladder
Definition

Bile enters through the left and right hepatic ducts which empty into the common hepatic ducts to thec cystic duct and the gall bladder for storage

 

Bile leaves through the cystic duct and joints the pancreatic duct  to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla and empty into the duodenum - This release is controlled by the hepatopancreatic sphincters of Oddi

 

Bile salts act as detergents in breaking down lipids in the small intestines

Term
What are contained in the walls of the large intestines?
Definition
Tenia Coli - longitduinal muscles that pull to form haustra
Term
What is the Plicae Circularis?
Definition
Deep permanenet folds of mucosa and submucosa of duodenum and jejunum which force chyme to spiral through intestinal lumen; slows movement and increases absorptive surface area
Term
What is the pampiniform plexus?
Definition
Changes blood temperature going into the testes to gain the righ ttemperature
Term
What is the function of the Cremaster muscle?
Definition
retracts testicles closer to the body
Term
What is the function of the Dartos muscle?
Definition
wrinkles and thickens skin of the scrotum
Term
What does Estrogen do?
Definition
secreted by ovaries, stimulates the development of the female reproductive organs, follicle maturation, regulates menstrual cycle, stimulates growth of mammary glands
Term
What does Progesterone do?
Definition
produced by ovaries. REgulates menstrual cycle, stimulates growth of uterine lining, stimulates growth of mammary glands
Term
What hormones are produced in the thymus?
Definition
Thymosin and Thymopoetin and IGF-1
Term
What are the cells of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus?
Definition
Macula Densa, Juxtaglomerular cells and Mesangial Cells
Term
What do the Macular Densa do?
Definition
Located in DCT they monitor flow and urine composition
Term
What do Juxtaglomerular cells do?
Definition
located in afferent and e fferent arterioles when stimulated they constrict to reduce flow through the glomerulus. Also secrete renin into the blood
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