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Digestive System Part One
starts at GI tract ,ends at mastification
133
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/19/2012

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Term
The Digestive Tract is also called (2)
Definition

gastrointestinal (GI) tract or

 

alimentary canal

Term
the GI tract Is a muscular tube that extends from the ____ to the ______
Definition
oral cavity to anus
Term
give all components GI tract passes through (6)
Definition

1.oral cavity

2.pharynx,

3.esophagus,

4.stomach,

5.small and 6. large intestines

Term

six fcns of digestive system

think of what stomach does when it recieves food 

Definition

1. Ingestion (materials entering digestive tract via mouth)

2. Mechanical processing (Crushing and shearing)

3. Digestion(mechanical and chemical breakdown of food)

4. Secretion(by glandular organs of acids, enzymes, etc.)

5. Absorption (from epithelium into interstitial fluid)

6. Excretion(poopy, peepee)

Term
The Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum are Lined with serous membrane consisting of: (3)
Definition

1.Superficial mesothelium covering a layer of areolar tissue

2.visceral peritoneum

3. parietal peritoneum

Term
visceral peritoneum aka & fcn
Definition

Serosa,

 fcn:Covers organs WITHIN peritoneal cavity

Term
Parietal peritoneum fcn
Definition
Lines inner surfaces of body wall
Term
overall the serous membrane of the peritoneum functions to(1)
Definition
Safeguards tissues against: acids, enzymes, abrasion, and bacteria
Term
accessory organs of the digestive system (4)
Definition

gallbladder

liver

salivary glands

pancreas

Term
salivary glands produce ______ that begin ______  (2) digestion
Definition

salivary amylase

begin carbohydrate & lipid digestion

Term
fcn of liver(2)
Definition

1.secretion of bile

2.storage of nutrients

Term
bile fcn (1)
Definition
aids in the digestion of lipids
Term

pancreas fcn(2)

name cell type & their fcn

Definition

exocrine cells: secrete buffers & digestive enzymes

endocrine cells: secrete hormones such as insulin

Term
insulin is secreted by
Definition
beta cells in pancreas
Term
Peritoneal Fluid
•Is produced by the __________lining
Definition
serous
Term
fcn of Peritoneal Fluid (3)
Definition
1•Provides essential lubrication 2•Separates parietal and visceral surfaces 3•Allows sliding without friction or irritation
Term
how much Peritoneal fluid is produced daily
Definition
About 7 liters produced and absorbed daily,

but very little in peritoneal cavity at one time
Term
what is ascites?
Definition
excess peritoneal fluid causing abdominal swelling
Term
Are double-layer sheets of peritoneal membrane that support the viscera is the _______
Definition
mesenteries
Term
fcn of the mesenteries (4)
Definition

1•Suspend portions of digestive tract (visceral organs, nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels) within peritoneal cavity by sheets of serous membrane

 

2• connect parietal & visceral peritoneum


3•Areolar tissues b/n mesothelial surfaces provide an access route for blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatics to and from the digestive tract.


4• stabilizes organ positions & NO tangles

Term
the lesser omentum fcn (2)
Definition

1.Stabilizes position of stomach

 

2•Provides access route for blood vessels and other structures entering or leaving the LIVER

Term
what marks the division b/n the right and left lobes of the liver (1)
Definition
falciform ligament
Term
fcn of falciform ligament
Definition
Helps stabilize position of liver

Relative to diaphragm and abdominal wal
Term
The Dorsal Mesentery
•Enlarges to form an enormous pouch, called the _________________________
Definition
greater omentum
Term
The Dorsal Mesentery Extends inferiorly between(2)
Definition
the body wall & the anterior surface of small intestine
Term
the dorsal mesentery Hangs like an apron over the ________ (1)
Definition
abdominal viscera
Term
greater omentum is made up of
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
fcns of greater omentum (3)
Definition
1•Pads and protects the anterior and lateral surfaces of abdomen

2•Provides insulation to reduce heat loss

3•Stores lipid energy reserves
Term
the mescentary proper fcn(1)
Definition

1.Provides stability

&

(Permits some independent movement)

Term
which mesentary Fuses with posterior abdominal wall, locking structures in position?
Definition
mesentary proper
Term
the mesentary proper Suspends all but the ________
Definition
first 25 cm (10 in.) of small intestine
Term
the mesentery associated with a portion of the large intestine is the
Definition
Mesocolon
Term
Transverse mesocolon supports (1)
Sigmoid mesocolon supports (1)
Definition
transverse colon
sigmoid
Term
During development, mesocolon of ascending colon, descending colon, and the rectum __________
Definition

Fuse to dorsal body wall

 

•Lock regions in place

Term
4 major layers of digestive tract is
Definition
1.Mucosa [digestive epithelium + lamina propria (muscularis mucosae)]
2.Submucosa
3.Muscularis externa
4.Serosa
Term
the lamina propia of GI tract contains what kind of tissue?
Definition
areolar tissue
Term
the mucosa layer contains(3)
Definition

mucosal epithelium+ lamina propia

& mucularis mucosa

Term
the submucosa layer contains (1)
Definition
blood vessels
Term
the inner lining of digestive tract is the _____
Definition
mucosa layer
Term
the oral cavity
pharynx
esophagus

are lined by what epithelium and why (1)?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium

b/c they experience mechanical stresses
Term
the stomach, sm intestine, & most lg intestine are lined by what epithelium and why (1)?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelium with mucous cells b/c absorption
Term

the Lining of Digestive Tract concist of what  folds?

& why

hint: not talking about sm intestine folds

Definition

Longitudinal folds,

disappear as digestive tract fills

 

Folding increases surface area for absorption

Term
Permanent transverse folds of the mucus membrane found in the small intestine are called?
Definition
plicae circulares
Term
Permanent plicae circulares are located (2)
Definition
Especially in the duedonumjejunum
Term
the Layer of loose connective tissue that directly supports the digestive epithelium
Definition
lamina propia
Term
the lamina propia Consists of a layer of areolar tissue that contains (5)
Definition

1.Blood vessels

2•Sensory nerve endings

3•Lymphatic vessels

4•Smooth muscle cells

5•Scattered areas of lymphoid tissue

Term
the Narrow band of smooth muscle and elastic fibers in lamina propria is called
Definition
Muscularis mucosae
Term
name the 2 concentric layers of the Muscularis mucosae
Definition
circular muscle)

(longitudinal layer)
Term
describe the longitudinal layer of the muscularis mucosae
Definition
Outer layer contains muscle cells parallel to tract
Term
describe the circle muscle of the muscularis mucosa
Definition
Inner layer encircles lumen
Term
The __________________________
Is a layer of DENSE, irregular connective tissue
•Surrounds muscularis mucosae
Definition
submucosa

*remember lamina propia is LOOSE
Term
submucosa contains (2)

and may contain (1)
Definition
large blood vessels
lymphatic vessels

•May contain exocrine glands
(Secrete buffers and enzymes into digestive tract)
Term
the submucosal plexus is also called (1)
Definition
plexus of Meissner
Term
submucosal plexus fcn (1)
Definition
Innervates the mucosa and submucosa
Term
Sensory neural network contains (3)
Definition
1.Sensory neurons
2.Parasympathetic ganglionic neurons
3.Sympathetic postganglionic fibers
Term
The Muscularis Externa is dominated by (1)
Definition
smooth muscle cells
Term
the smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis Externa of esophagus are arranged in what 2 layers
Definition
1.Inner circular layer
2.Outer longitudinal layer

note the stomach has threee
inner: oblique
middle: circular
outer : longitudinal

*same as before
Term
the smooth muscle cells of the Muscularis Externa fcn (2)
Definition

1.Mechanical processing

 

2.Movement of materials along digestive tract

Term
digestive system is coordinated by the ______ nervous system
Definition
enteric nervous system (ENS)
Term
muscle movements of the digestive system is stimulated by what nervous system
Definition
parasympathetic fibers that are located in the myenteric plexus
Term
Sympathetic postganglionic fibers control what tissue layer?(1)
Definition
The mucosae
Term
who coordinates the activity of the muscularis externa for intestinal motility
Definition

myenteric plexus

 

remember its located in the muscularis externa

Term
myenteric plexus aka
Definition
plexus of Auerbach
Term
myenteric plexus is located between (2)
Definition
circular & longitudinal muscles

(remember it controls intestinal motility)
Term
the Serous membrane covering muscularis externa is called the
Definition
The Serosa
Term
who does not have a serosa (4)
Definition
oral cavity,
pharynx,
esophagus
rectum

goes in order but skips stomach and itntestines
Term
instead of a seronsa the esophagus,pharynx, rectum, and oral cavity have an ______ & what is it made up of (1) & fcn of this
Definition
adventitia
a dense sheath of collagen fibers

fcn: firmly attaches the digestive tract to adjacent structures
Term
the rhythmic cycles of the digestive system activity is controlled by what cells? (1)
Definition
pacesetter cells
Term
how do pacesetter cells work (2)
Definition
undergo spontaneous depolarization

Triggering wave of contraction through entire muscular sheet
Term
Pacesetter Cells are located (2)
ans surround (1)
Definition
muscularis mucosae & externa

Surrounding lumen of digestive tract
Term
the of waves of muscular contractions
that Move the contents of the along the length of the digestive tract is referred to as
Definition
peristalsis
Term
describe how peristalsis moves bolus throughout GI tract (3)
Definition

1. Circular muscles contract BEHIND bolus •

(While circular muscles ahead of bolus relax)

2. Longitudinal muscles ahead of bolus contract 

( by Shortening adjacent segments)

3. Wave of contraction in circular muscles Forces bolus forward

Term
Local Factors that Control of Digestive Functions (2)
Definition
1.changes in pH
2.Prostaglandins, histamine, and
other chemicals released into interstitial fluid
Term
neural mechanisms that Control the Digestive Function fcn (2)
Definition
1.Movement of materials along digestive tract

2. Secrete substances into GI tract
Term
Motor neurons fcn (2)
Definition
Control :
1.smooth muscle contraction & 2.glandular secretion
Term
Motor neurons are located (1)
Definition
myenteric plexus
Term
Short reflexes Are responsible for local reflexes that control(1)

what part of the nervous system controls this?
Definition
1. small segments of digestive tract

2. Operate entirely outside of CNS control = enteric nervous system
Term
Long reflexes control (2)
Definition
1.
Higher level control of digestive (glandular activities)

2•Control large-scale peristaltic waves
Term
Long reflexes are controlled by the _____ system or sometimes by the _____ system which uses these 3 nerves
Definition
1.CNS
(interneurons & motor neurons)

2. parasympathetic motor fibers that synapse in the myenteric plexus

Glossopharyngeal,
vagus,
pelvic nerves
Term
Hormonal Mechanisms of the digestive system that are At least 18 peptides long affect: (2)
Definition
Most of digestive system/ of activities other systems
Term
digestive hormones are produced by ___ and travel to their respective organ by the ____
Definition
1.enteroendocrine cells in digestive tract
2. bloodstream
Term
functions of the oral cavity (4)
Definition

1. Sensory analysis

(Of material before swallowing)

2. Mechanical processing

 (Through actions of teeth, tongue, and palatal surfaces

3. Lubrication 

(mucus + salivary gland secretions)

4. Limited digestion

(Of carbohydrates and LIPIDS)

Term
Lining of oral cavity is the ______ & includes the following 3 structures
Definition

oral mucosa

2. cheeks, lips, and inferior surface of tongue

Term
oral cavity epithelium
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium
Term
Inferior to tongue is thin and vascular enough to (1)
Definition
rapidly absorb lipid-soluble drugs
Term
Cheeks are supported by (2)
Definition
pads of fat & buccinator muscles
Term
lips aka
Definition
labia
Term
the Space between the cheeks (or lips) and the teeth is the ____
Definition
vestibule
Term
Ridges of oral mucosa
that Surround base of each tooth on alveolar processes of maxillary bones and mandible are called the (1)
Definition
gingivae (gums)
Term
the roof of the oral cavity is formed by (4)
Definition
1.hard palate

2. soft palate

3.palatine bones

4.palatine PROCESSES of the maxillary bones
Term
Ankyloglosia def
Definition
a restrictive linguinal frenulum
Term
Ankyloglosia results in (3)
Definition
difficulty in :
1.contracting the tongue
2.speaking
3.eating
Term

Fcns of tongue (4)

 

make sure to give what 2 things the tongue secrete (fcn 4)

Definition
1.Mechanical processing of food 2. assist in chewing and to prepare material for swallowing 3.Sensory analysis of food by touch, temperature, and taste receptors 4.Secretion of mucins and the enzyme lingual lipase
Term
name the 3 pairs of Salivary Glands
that secrete into oral cavity
Definition
1. Parotid salivary glands
2. Sublingual salivary glands
3. Submandibular salivary glands
Term
Parotid salivary glands location
Definition
Inferior to zygomatic arch
Term
Parotid salivary glands secrete (2)
Definition
1. a serous secretion

2•Enzyme salivary amylase (breaks down starches)
Term
Parotid salivary glands is drained by (1)
Definition
parotid duct
Term
parotid duct empties into the
Definition

vestibule in oral cavity

 

( at the level of the second upper molar)

Term
which salivary gland is Covered by mucous membrane in the floor of the mouth
Definition
sublinguinal salivary glands
Term

sublinguinal salivary glands produces a _____  secretion& fcn (2)

 

not talking about salivary amylase

Definition
mucous secretion Acts as a buffer and lubricant
Term
Sublingual ducts are located
Definition
Either side of lingual frenulum
Term
Submandibular Salivary Glands are located
Definition
In floor of mouth Within mandibular groove
Term
Submandibular Salivary Glands secrete (3)
Definition
buffers
glycoproteins (mucins),
salivary amylase
Term
Submandibular ducts open _______
& drain on ________
Definition
immediately posterior to teeth

Either side of lingual frenulum
Term
which gland produces most saliva:
Definition
•MOST:70% by submandibular glands

•25% by parotids
•5% by sublingual glands
Term
saliva is made up of
Definition
99.4% water

•0.6% electrolytes (Na+, Cl-, HCO3-), buffers, glycoproteins (mucins), antibodies, enzymes, & waste products,
Term
fcn of saliva (3)
Definition
1.Lubricating the mouth
•Moistening and lubricating materials in the mouth

2•Dissolving chemicals that stimulate taste buds and provide sensory information

3.•Initiating digestion of complex carbohydrates by the enzyme salivary amylase
Term
salivary amylase aka (2)
Definition
ptyalin / alpha-amylas
Term
Control of Salivary Secretions is done by (2)
Definition
Parasympathetic and sympathetic of ANS
Term
•___________________ accelerates secretion by all salivary glands
Definition
Parasympathetic ANS
(medulla oblongata)
Term
Salivatory nuclei of medulla oblongata influenced by (2)
Definition
1.Other brain stem nuclei

2•Activities of higher centers
Term
the Exposed portion of tooth
that Projects beyond soft tissue of gingiva is the
Definition
crown
Term
The bulk of each tooth is made of The _____ & Consists of _______ & is covered by a layer of _________
Definition
1.dentin

2.Consists of a mineralized matrix (70%) similar to that of bone

3.enamel
Term
dentin is Produced by

is dentin made throughout life?
Definition
1.odontoblasts (live in the interior of the tooth)


•Continues to form throughout life
Term
Receives blood vessels and nerves through the root canal
Definition
pulp cavity
Term
in The Root each tooth sits in a bony socket called an
Definition
alveolus
Term
•A layer of _______________ covers the dentin of the root
Definition
cementum
Term
fcn of cementum
Definition
Providing protection & anchoring periodontal ligament
Term
Alveolar Processes Of the maxillae Form the (name & give aka)
Definition
maxillary arcade (upper dental arch)
Term
Alveolar Processes Of the Of the mandible form the (name & give aka)
Definition
mandibular arcade (lower dental arch)
Term
if Teeth are held in their sockets by periodontal ligaments. What’s periodontis?
Definition
occurs when bacteria infect periodontal ligament causing inflammation and decay
Term
Deciduous Teeth aka
Definition
primary teeth,
milk teeth,
or baby teeth
Term
how many baby teeth do we have? how are they divided?
Definition
20 =
•5 on each side of upper and lower jaws
•2 incisors
•1 cuspid
•2 deciduous molars
Term
During embryonic development, what 2 sets of teeth form and give number of teeth
Definition
1.Primary dentition, or deciduous teeth (n = 20)

2.Secondary dentition, or permanent dentition (n = 32)
Term
Enamel formation is called
Definition
amelogenesis
Term
Enamel formation (amelogenesis) begins
Definition
before birth.
Term
Mineralization for decidious teeth begins and finishes at what age?
Definition

begins:15 weeks post conception

finishes: 2 months after birth.

Term
Secondary dentition:
Enamel formation begins and finishes at what age?
Definition
begins at: 19 weeks intrauterine life and finishes: 9 months after birth.
Term
Secondary Dentition aka
Definition
permanent dentition
Term
how many teeth are in secondary dentition and how are they divided?
Definition
Eight on each side, upper and lower
•2 incisors
•1 cuspid
•5 molars
Term
Mastication is aka
Definition
chewing
Term
mastification requires
Definition
mandibular muscles movements
Term
mumps is caused by
Definition
infection in parotid salivary glands
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