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Digestive System Part 4
starts at Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms of secretion & age changes
66
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
11/20/2012

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Term
Neural and Hormonal Mechanisms Coordinate activities of
Definition
digestive glands
Term
Regulatory mechanisms center around the _____ & why?
Definition
duodenum
•Where acids are neutralized and enzymes added
Term
Intestinal Absorption
•It takes about # hours for materials to pass from duodenum to end of ileum
Definition
5
Term
materials move through intestine by
Definition
peristalsis
Term
how does the small intestine get the most when they are absorbing nutrients from food? (2)
Definition

1.Movements of the mucosa increase absorptive effectiveness

 

2.Constantly change environment around epithelial cells

Term
The Large Intestine extends from
Definition
Extends from end of ileum to anus
Term
lg intestine aka
Definition
large bowel
Term
fcns of lg intestine (3)
Definition

1.Reabsorption of water= Compaction of indigestible materials into feces 2.Absorption of important vitamins produced by bacteria

 

3. Storage of fecal material prior to defecation

Term
Parts of the Large Intestine (3)
Definition
1. cecum
2.colon (ascen,trans,descending,sigmoid)
3. rectum
Term
The pouchlike first portion of lg intestine is the
Definition
cecum
Term
cecum fcn (2)
Definition
1.Receives material arriving from the ileum

2.begins compaction
Term
The largest portion of the lg intestine is
Definition
colon
Term
vermiform appendix def
Definition
hollow appendage dominated by lymphoid nodules
Term
vermiform appendix location
Definition
•Is attached to posteromedial surface of cecum
Term
compare lg intestine to small intestine
Definition
Has a larger diameter & thinner wall than
Term
The wall of the colon Forms a series of pouches called
Definition
haustra
Term
haustra fcn (1)
Definition
expansion and elongation of colon
Term
Three longitudinal bands of smooth muscle in the colon is the
Definition
(taeniae coli)

Run along outer surfaces of colon
•Deep to the serosa
•Similar to outer layer of muscularis externa
Term
(taeniae coli) fcn
Definition
Muscle tone in taeniae coli creates the haustra
Term
Serosa of the Colon
•Contains (1)
Definition
numerous teardrop-shaped sacs of
Fatty appendices
Term
fatty appendices aka
Definition
epiploic appendages
Term
Blood Supply of the Large Intestine
Receives blood from tributaries of (2)
Definition
Superior mesenteric & inferior mesenteric arteries
Term
Blood Supply of the Large Intestine:
Venous blood is collected from
Definition
Superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins
Term
Forms last 15 cm (6 in.) of digestive tract
Definition
rectum
Term
rectum fcn(1)
Definition
expands for temporary storage of feces

*Movement of fecal material into rectum triggers urge to defecate
Term
the last portion of the rectum
Definition
anal canal
Term
The Anal Canal contains (1)
Definition
Contains small longitudinal folds called anal columns
Term
exit of the anal canal
Definition
anus
Term
anus aka
Definition
anal orifice
Term
describe the epidermis of anus
Definition
keratinized epidermis (like skin)
Term
•Anal Sphincters (2)
Definition
Internal anal sphincter (involuntary)
external anal sphincter (voluntary)
Term
Internal anal sphincter def
Definition
Circular muscle layer of muscularis externa
Term
Internal anal sphincter has what kind of muscle?
Definition
Has smooth muscle cells
Term
External anal sphincter def
Definition
Encircles distal portion of anal canal
Term
External anal sphincter has what kind of muscle?
Definition
A ring of skeletal muscle fibers,
Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
does it produce enzymes
Definition
no
Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
what does it produce & why
Definition
mucus cells =mucous
lubrication for feces
Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
lamina propria and submucosa contain(1)
Definition
Large lymphoid nodules
Term
Histology of the Large Intestine:
The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa is reduced to
Definition
the muscular bands of taeniae coli
Term
what % of nutrient absorption occurs in large intestine
Definition
less than 10%
Term
primary fcn for lg intestine
Definition
Prepares fecal material for ejection from the body
Term
the cecum helps to reabsorb

transports it where
Definition
bile salts

Transported liver via bloodstream
Term
Vitamins fcn (1)
Definition
Important as cofactors or coenzymes in metabolism
Term
3 Vitamins Produced in the Large Intestine & give polarity
Definition
1.Vitamin K (fat soluble)

2.Biotin (water soluble)

3.Vitamin B5 (water soluble)
Term
vit k fcn (1)
Definition
Required by liver for synthesizing clotting factors, including prothrombin

(blood clotting)
Term
Biotin fcn
Definition
Important in glucose metabolism
Term
Vitamin B5 aka
Definition
pantothenic acid
Term
Vitamin B5 fcn
Definition
Required in manufacture of steroid hormones and some neurotransmitters
Term
how do materials move into cecum while you eat?(name 2 reflexes)
Definition
Gastroileal and gastroenteric reflexes
Term
Movement from cecum to transverse colon is very slow, allowing
Definition
hours for water absorption
Term
what moves material along length of colon
Definition
Peristaltic waves
Term
what mixes the contents of adjacent haustra
(name and give aka)
Definition
Segmentation movements

aka: haustral churning
Term
what Produces flatus, or intestinal gas, in large intestine
Definition
Bacteria feed on indigestible carbohydrates (complex polysaccharides)
Term
Bacteria break down peptides in feces and generate (3):
Definition

1.Ammonia

(•As soluble ammonium ions)

2.Indole and skatole 

(Nitrogen compounds responsible for odor of feces)

3.Hydrogen sulfide

(Gas that produces “rotten egg” odor)

Term
Movement from transverse colon through rest of large intestine requires
Definition
powerful peristaltic contractions (mass movements
Term
Stimulus is distension of stomach and duodenum; relayed over
Definition
intestinal nerve plexuses
Term
Distension of the rectal wall triggers
Definition
defecation reflex
Term
defecation reflex is controlled by
Definition
2 positive feedback loops that Both triggered by stretch receptors in rectum
Term
name the Two Positive Feedback Loops of the defecation reflex
Definition
short & long reflex
Term
Short reflex fcn
Definition
Triggers peristaltic contractions in rectum
Term
Long reflex fcn
is coordinated by
Definition
1.Stimulates mass movements
2.sacral parasympathetic system
Term
Rectal Stretch Receptors overall fcn
Definition
•Also trigger 2 reflexes important to voluntary control of defecation
Term
Age-Related Changes of the digestive system leads to the decline of: (5)
Definition
1.Division of epithelial stem cells
2.Smooth muscle tone
3. general motility
4.olfactory and gustatory sensitivities
Term
age related changes in the digestive cause a rise in
Definition
1.Rates of colon cancer and stomach cancer
(Oral and pharyngeal cancers common among elderly smokers)

2.Cumulative damage from toxins (alcohol, other chemicals)
•Absorbed by digestive tract and transported to liver for processing
Term
why does Division of epithelial stem cells decline?
Definition
Digestive epithelium becomes more susceptible to damage by abrasion, acids, or enzymes
Term
decrease of Smooth muscle tone and general motility cause?
Definition
Peristaltic contractions become weaker
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