Term
| the principle structure of the digestive system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| irregular tube, open at both ends, that runs through the digestive system |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| the digestive tract as a whole |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in the adult, the GI tract is about ____ meters long (____ feet) |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the teeth are (MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL) because they are used to physically break down food material before it is swallowed |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| in (CHEMICAL/MECHANICAL) digestion, large food molecules are reduced to smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the ining of the intestinal wall and then distributed to the body cells for use by the breakdown of food by digestive enzymes. |
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Definition
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Term
| the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells is |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the function of the digestive system |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| waste material of the body; discharged from the intestine |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| accessory organs of the digestive system |
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Definition
| teeth, tongue, gallbladder, appendix, glands |
|
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Term
| foods undergo these three processes in the body: |
|
Definition
| digestion, absorption, metabolism |
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|
Term
| digestion and absorption are performed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolism is performed by |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main organs of the digestive system |
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Definition
| mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anal canal |
|
|
Term
| the wall of the digestive tube is fashioned of ____ layers of tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hollow space inside the digestive tube |
|
Definition
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|
Term
four layers of the digestive tube, from inside coat to outside of the tube:
(Message SMS) |
|
Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa |
|
|
Term
| although the same four tissue coats form every organ of the alimentary canal, their ________ varies from organ to organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mucosa of the (ESOPHAGUS/LARGE INTESTINE) is composed of tough and stratified abrasion-resistant epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the mucosa of the (ESOPHAGUS/LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT) is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion |
|
Definition
| lower digest tract (every thing EXCEPT the esophagus |
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|
Term
| connective tissue that lies below the mucosa; contains many blood vessels and nerves |
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Definition
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|
Term
| two layers of muscle surrounding the digestive tube that produce wavelike, rhythmic contractions, which move food material along the digestive tract |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the wavelike, rhythmic contractions of the muscular coat |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| assists in the mixing of food with digestive juice and in the further mechanical break down of larger food particles |
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Definition
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|
Term
| the outermost covering or coat of the digestive tube; composed of the parietal pleura in the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
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|
Term
| a large double fold of parietoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hollow chamber with a roof, a floor, and walls; food enters here |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the process of digestion begins as soon as food enters the (MOUTH or STOMACH) |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: typically mucous membranes line hollow organs, such as the digestive tube, that open to the exterior of the body |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| mucus in the lining of the GI tracts function |
|
Definition
| protects the epithelium from digestive juices and lubricates food passing through the lumen |
|
|
Term
| the roof of the mouth is formed by the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hard, bony, anterior portion of roof of mouth formed by parts of palatine and maxillary bones |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| soft, muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hanging down from the center of the soft palate is a cone-shaped structure; helps prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the floor of the mouth consists of: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| made of skeletal muscle and covered with mucous membrane; anchored to bones in the skull and to the hyoid bone in the neck; makes up the floor of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tongue can be divided into a blunt rear portion called the _________, a pointed _______, and a central _________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the alimentary canal |
|
Definition
| approx. 30ft long tube leading from mouth to anus of the digestive system |
|
|
Term
| what three kinds of processing does the body undergo |
|
Definition
| digestion, absorption, metabolism |
|
|
Term
| describe the layers of the digestive tract's wall. |
|
Definition
same lining through the tract, but different consistency...."form follows function"
msms:
mucosa- lining
submucosa- under neath mucosa
muscularis- peristalsis
serosa- outermost covering |
|
|
Term
| what is the uvula? what does it do? |
|
Definition
| its the cone-shaped structure at the back of the soft palate- it keeps food/water from entering the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
3 main parts of a typical tooth
(c.n.t. your teeth are dynamite) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the portion of the tooth that is exposed and visible in the mouth; top most part of an organ or other structure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hardest tissue in the body; ideally suited to withstand the grinding that occurs during the chewing of hard a brittle foods; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the outer shell of each tooth is covered by two other dental tissues: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| makes up the greates proportion of the tooth shell; covered by enamel in the crown and the cementum in the neck and root areas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| present in the neck and root areas of a tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the center of the tooth contains a ______ _______ consisting of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the narrow portion of a tooth that joins the crown of the tooth to the root; surrounded by gums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a general term for mild, localied, and often transitory inflammation of the gums |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of the tooth that fits into the bony socket which surrounds it in either the upper or lower jaw bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lines each tooth socket and anchors the tooth to the bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| inflammation of the membrane that connects the tooth to the bone; common cause of toothloss among adults |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: gingivitis and periodontitis can be reduced by good dental health practices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tooth decay; disease of the enamel, dentin, and cementum of teeth that results in the formation of a cavity; occurs on tooth surfaces where food debris, acid-secreting bacteria, and plaque accomodate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| four major types of teeth |
|
Definition
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
ICPM |
|
|
Term
| teeth that have sharp cutting edge, have a cutting function during mastication; one of the four front teeth in each dental arch; has a crown that is chisel shaped; prominent in plant eating animals |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the tooth with the longest crown and the longest root, located lateral to the second incisor; "eye teeth" |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tooth type with a large flat surface and two grinding cusps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tooth type with a large flat surface and three grinding cusps |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 3 forms of food in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| after food has been chewed, it is formed into a small rounded mass called a |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
deciduous teeth
(kind of like deciduous trees) |
|
|
Term
| how many deciduous teeth? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| first deciduous teeth to emerge |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: Generally the upper teeth emerge before the lower teeth in babies |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: in the deciduous set of teeth, there are no premolars and two pairs of molars in each jaw |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the first permanent teeth to appear that erupt before the baby teeth are lost |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| full set of teeth occurs between ages ____ and ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how many teeth in an adult |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three pairs of salivary glands |
|
Definition
parotids, submandibulars, sublinguals
PSS |
|
|
Term
| salivary glands secrete about ___L of saliva each day |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| largest of the salivary glands; lie just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw; explains pain in mumps; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| salivary glands that drain saliva into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| salivary glands that drain saliva into the floor of the mouth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| digestive enzyme in saliva; begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| tube like structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane; functions as part of digestive and respiratory systems; throat |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the muscular mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach; serves as a dynamic passageway for food, pushing the food toward the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the esophagus is about ____inches long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the four major types of teeth/ |
|
Definition
| incisors, canines, premolars, molars |
|
|
Term
| what digestive enzyme is found in saliva |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what roles do the pharynx and esophagus play in the digestive tract |
|
Definition
| esophagus transports food to the stomach, pharynx passes food through on its way to the stomach |
|
|
Term
| lies in uppar part of abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm; serves as a pouch that food enters after it has been chewed, swallowed, and passed through the esophagus; looks small after emptied, but can expand considerably |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a ring of smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach at the lower end of the esophagus that acts as a valve to allow food to enter the stomach but prevents stomach contents from moving back into the esophagus |
|
Definition
| gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal sphincter) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a bulging out of the stomach through the opening of the diaphragm through which the esophagus normally passes; this condition may prevent the valve between the esophagus and stomach from closing, thus allowing stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a set of symptoms resulting from a hiatial hernia that allows stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus; symptoms include heartburn or chest pain and coughing or choking during or just after a meal |
|
Definition
| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
|
|
Term
| partially digested food mixture leaving the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gastric juice contains __________ acid and enzymes that function in the digestive process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth over lap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| malocclusion that results in the upper front teeth causing them to hang over the lower front teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| malocclusion of the lower front teeth outside the upper front teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the branch of dentistry that deals with the prevention and correction of positioning irregularities of the teeth and malocclusion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: the muscle fibers that run lengthwise, around and obliquely make the stomach one of the strongest internal organs- well able to break up food into tiny particles and to mix them thoroughly with gastric juice to form chyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| propels food down the digestive tract; stomach muscle contraction result |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| glands in the stomach lining that secrete enzymes, mucus, or hydrochloric acid |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| wrinkles or folds; stomach when it's empty |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| three divisions of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the central part of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower narrow section of the stomach that joins the first part of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| sphincter that prevents food from leaving the stomach and entering the duodenum; |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| upper right border of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| lower left border of the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terms often used to describe the unpleasant symptoms that result from backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus, which typically include burning and pressure behind the breast bone |
|
Definition
| heartburn or acid indigestion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the form of food after its been in the stomach... watery |
|
|
Term
| how does a sphincter muscle help the stomach perform its function? |
|
Definition
| it prevents backwards flow |
|
|
Term
| what are the main divisions of the stomach |
|
Definition
| fundus, body, and pylorus |
|
|
Term
| part of the gi tract that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| small and large intestine are named after their (LENGTH/DIAMETER) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| parts of the small intestine |
|
Definition
DJ Ileum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum (notice none of these words have I's!) |
|
|
Term
| thousands of glands that are found in the mucous membrane of the mucosa of the small intestines; secrete intestinal digestive juices |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| (SMALL/LARGE) intestine is especially well suited to absorption of food and water because it is not perfectly smooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| multiple circular folds; line the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| folds of the small intestine are covered with thousands of tiny "fingers"; contains a rich network of blood capillaries that absorb the products of carbohydrate and protein digestion (sugars and aminoacids) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each villus in the intestine contains a lymphatic vessel that absorbs lipid materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| each villus itself is covered by epithelial cells, which have a brushlike border composed of __________; they increase the surface area of each villus for absorption of nutrients |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| crater-like lesions that destroy areas of stomach or intestinal lining, that cause gnawing or burning pain and may ultimately result in hemorrhage, perforation, scarring and other very serious medical complications |
|
Definition
| gastric or duodenal ulcer |
|
|
Term
| certain pain medications that can cause ulcers |
|
Definition
| aspirin, ibuprofen (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents NSAIDs) |
|
|
Term
| Most ulcers result from this infection bacterium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the standard antibiotic-based treatment used most frequently to both heal ulcers and prevent recurrences |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| most of the chemical digestion occurs in the first subdivision of the (SMALL/LARGE) intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| c-shaped portion of the small intestine that curves around the head of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| middle third of the (DUODENUM/JEJUNUM/ILEUM) contains the openings of ducts that empty pancreatic digestive juice and bile from the liver into the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ducts located in the middle third of the duodenum that empty pancreatic digestive juices and bile from the liver into the small intestine; there are two ducts, the major and minor |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| so large that it fills the entire upper right section of the abdominal cavity and even extends part way into the left side; secretes bile; considered an exocrine gland; largest gland in the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| hepatic is greek word that means |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| solid clumps of material (mostly cholesterol) that form in the gallbladder |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gallstones that never cause problems |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gallstones that produce painful symptoms or other medical complications |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| form when the cholesterol concentration in bile becomes excessive, causing crystallization or precipitation to occur; ore likely to occur if the gallbladder does not empty regularly and chemically imbalanced or cholesterol-laden bile remains in the gallbladder for long periods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| surgery for gallstone formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| using instruments to gain access to internal body content through punched holes rather than through the traditional incision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the duct that drains bile into the small intestine (duodenum); formed by the union of the common hepaptic duct with the cystic duct |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common bile ducts two components |
|
Definition
| common hepaptic duct and cyctic duct |
|
|
Term
| contains significant quantities of cholesterol and substances (salts) that act as detergents to mechanically break up fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in digestion, when bile breaks up fats |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ______ that is eliminated from the body in the feces serves as a mechanism for excreting cholesterol from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| primary functions of bile: |
|
Definition
| emulsification of fats from the body and elimination of cholesterol from the body |
|
|
Term
| when chyme containing lipid or fat enters the duodenum, it initiates a mechanism that contracts the ___________ and forces bile into the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| fats in chyme stimulate or "trigger" the secretion of the hormone ____________, from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum; this hormone then stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and consequently bile flows into the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T or F: between meals, a lot of bile moves up to the cystic duct into the gallbladder on the undersurface of the liver; the gallbladder thus concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if a gallstone blocks the common bile duct, bile (COULD/COULD NOT) drain into the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what happens to feces when there is a lack of bile? |
|
Definition
| they appear gray-white because pigments from bile give feces its characteristic color |
|
|
Term
| What happens to skin when bile is absorbed into the blood? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| obstruction of the common hepaptic duct also leads to __________ because bile cannot then drain out of the liver, excessive amounts of bile are absorbed into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Jaundice (DOES/DOES NOT) occure if the cystic duct is blocked |
|
Definition
| does not- becuse bile is not resorbed from the gallbladder |
|
|
Term
| lies behind the stomach in the concavity produced by the c shape of the duodenum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| an exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice into ducts and an endocrine gland that secretes hormones into the blood |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the most important digestive juice |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contains enzymes that can digest all three major kinds of foods and sodium bicarbonate |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| alkaline substance that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice that enters the intestines |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ________ juice enters the duodenum of the small intestine at the smae place that bile enters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the common bile and pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum at the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clusters of cells that have no contact with any ducts, located between the cells that secrete pancreatic juice into ducts; secrete the hormones of the pancreas |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the main divisions of the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is bile and where does it come from? |
|
Definition
| bile is created in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it is an emulsifier of fats and eliminator of cholesterol |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the gallbladder? |
|
Definition
| stores bile and releases it into the duodenum when necessary |
|
|
Term
| is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| part of the GI tract that includes the cecum (ascending, transverse, descending) and sigmoid colons (rectum), and anal canal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| large intestine is approximately ___feet long |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| forms the lower or terminal portion of the digestive tract; undigested and unabsorbed food material enters |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the sphincter-like structure between the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| chyme (IS/IS NOT) located in the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does chyme change to feces? |
|
Definition
| its soupy consistency changes as water and salts are reabsorbed during its passage through the small intestine |
|
|
Term
| functions of bacteria in the large intestine |
|
Definition
| digestion, synthesis of vitamin k, production of some complex vitamins |
|
|
Term
| the (LARGE/SMALL) intestine has better surface area for reabsorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| there are no_________ present in the mucosa of the large intestine; as a result there is much less surface area available for absorption, and the efficiency and speed of movement of substances through the wall of the large intestine is lower than in the small intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| normal passage of material through the large intestine is ___to____ days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the rate of passage of material quickens, the consistency of the stools becomes more and more fluid, resulting in |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the time of passage through the large intestine is prolonged beyond five days, the feces loses its volume and becomes more solid because of excessive water absorption; this reduces stimulation of the bowel emptying reflux, resulting in the retention of feces |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| subdivisions of the large intestine |
|
Definition
Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
(Large CAT Did Say Ruff! Awkward) |
|
|
Term
| elimination of wastes from the body exits through the |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pouch like area at the proximal end of the intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colon- flows upward; on the right side of colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| colon- flows downward towards the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the bend between the transverse colon and descending colon |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| s-shaped segment that terminates in the rectum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| distal portion of the large intestine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| terminal portion of the rectum, which ends at the anus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serves no important digestive function in humans, contains lymphatic tissue and may play a minor role in immunologic defense mechanisms of the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the appendix is directly attached to the ____ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| if the mucous lining of the appendix becomes inflamed, the resulting condition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in it, including most f the digestive organs |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| layer of the peritoneum forms the outer, covering layer of each abdominal organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the small space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum that contains just enough peritonea fluid to keep both layers of the peritoneum moist and able to slide freely against each other during breathing and digestive movements |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| organs outside of the peritoneum are said to be |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum |
|
Definition
| mesentery and the greater omentum |
|
|
Term
| an extension between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum; shaped like a giant, pleated fan; smaller edge attaches to the lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall and its long, loose, outer edge encloses most of the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of the stomach, part of the duodenum, and the transverse colon; shaped like a large apron, hangs down over the intestines, and because spotty deposits of fat give it a lacy appearance, it has been nicknamed the lace apron |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| contrast medium that does not permit passage of x-rays; ie barium sulfate solution |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, consisting of physical and chemical changes that prepare food for absorption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| breaks food into tiny particles, mixes them with digestive juices, moves them along the alimentary canal, and finally eliminates the digestive wastes from the body |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| main processes of mechanical digestion |
|
Definition
| mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, and defactation |
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Term
| breaks down large, nonabsorbable food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules that are able to pass through the intestinal mucuosa into blood and lymph; consists of numerous chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice |
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Definition
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Term
| specialied protein molecules that act as cataysts that speed up specific chemical reactions without themselves being changed or consumed during the reaction process |
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Definition
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Term
| t or f: only certain enzymes can speed up certain reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| enzymes speed up the reactions that add water to chemically break up or split larger molecules into smaller molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| gastric juice contains (ALOT/NO) carbohydrate digesting enzymes |
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Definition
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Term
| starts the breakdown of polysaccharides into smaller sugars |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides by changing them into monosaccharides |
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Definition
| maltase, sucrase, and lactase |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| the end products of carbohydrate digestion are the _________; the most abundant is glucose |
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Definition
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Term
| an enzyme in the gastric juice that causes the giant protein molecules to break up into somewhat simpler compounds |
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Definition
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Term
| component of gastric juice that is converted into active pepsin enzyme by hydrochloric acid |
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Definition
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Term
| when enzymes have split up the large protein molecule into its separate amino acids; |
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Definition
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Term
| the end product of protein digestion |
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Definition
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Term
| end products of fat digestion are |
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Definition
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Term
| after food is digested, it is __________ that is it oves through the mucous membrane lining of the small intestine into the blood and lymph |
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Definition
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Term
| process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| study of fractal surfaces |
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Definition
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Term
| fat must be __________ before it can be digested |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pepsin, trypepsin, peptidases |
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Term
| proper nutrition requires balance of three basic food types |
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Definition
| proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (pluss essential vitamins and minerals) |
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Term
| deficiency or imbalance in the consumption of food, vitamins and minerals |
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Definition
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Term
| use of foods; use the body makes of foods after they have been digested, absorbed and circulated into cells |
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Definition
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Term
| metabolism uses food in these two ways: |
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Definition
| an energy source and as building blocks for making complex chemical compounds |
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Term
| when food molecules enter cells and undergo many chemicl changes there that realease energy from food molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| all the chmical reactions tha release energy from food moleules make up the process of __________ a vital process because it is the only way that the body has a of supplying itself with energy for doing any work |
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Definition
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Term
| the many chemical reactions that buiild food molecules into more complex, chemical compounds constitutes the process of |
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Definition
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Term
| two processes of metabolism |
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Definition
| catabolisma and anabolism |
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Term
| organ that plays a major role in metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| helps maintain normal blood glucose concentration by carrying on comlex and essential chemical reactions |
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Definition
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Term
| two of the plasma proteins formed by the liver cells that play an essential part in blood clotting |
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Definition
| prothrombin and fibrinogen |
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Term
| detoxify various poisonous substances such as bacterial products and certain drugs |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| preferred energy source of body |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 series of chemical reactions that make up the process of glucose catabolism |
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Definition
| glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transfer system |
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Term
| changes glucose to pyruvic acid |
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Definition
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Term
| changes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxid |
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Definition
| krebs (citric acid) cycle |
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Term
| glycolysis vs. krebs cycle: which takes place in the mitochondria/cytoplasm |
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Definition
krebs=mitochondria
glyco=cytoplasm |
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Term
| glycolysis uses (alot/no) oxygen |
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Definition
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Term
| glycolysis is ana/aerobic |
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Definition
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Term
| citric acid cycle is ana/aerobic |
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Definition
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Term
| food, vitamins,a nd minerals that are ingested and assimilated into the body |
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Definition
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Term
| process of getting food molecules into the cells of the body and chemically preparing them for use in the chemical reactions of the body |
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Definition
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Term
| process of using food molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| breaks food molecules down, releasing their stored energy; oxygen used |
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Definition
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Term
| builds food molecules into complex substances |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
1. bile secretion
2. glucose level
3. metabolism
4. removes toxins |
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Term
| molecule in which energy obtained from breakdown of foods is stored; serves a s adirect source of energy for cellular work |
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Definition
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Term
| primarily anablized and secondarily catabolized |
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Definition
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Term
| organic molecules that are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism |
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Definition
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Term
| inorganic molecules found naturally in the earth, required by the body for normal function |
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Definition
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Term
| rate of metabolism when a person is lying down but awake and not digesting food and when the environment is comfortably warm |
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Definition
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Term
| the total amount of energy expressed in calories used by the body per day |
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Definition
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Term
| regulates the homeostasis of body temperature through a variety of processes |
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Definition
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Term
| skincan cool the body by losing heat from the blood through four process |
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Definition
| radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation |
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Term
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Definition
| flow of heat waves away from the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of heat energy into air that is continually flowing away from the skin |
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Term
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Definition
| transfer of heat energy to the skin and then the external environment |
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Term
| absorption o fheat by water vaporiation |
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Definition
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