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Digestive System and Nutrition and Metabolism
Chapters 15 and 16
270
Anatomy
Not Applicable
08/09/2013

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Term
the principle structure of the digestive system
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
irregular tube, open at both ends, that runs through the digestive system
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
the digestive tract as a whole
Definition
alimentary canal
Term
in the adult, the GI tract is about ____ meters long (____ feet)
Definition
9m, 29ft
Term
the breakdown of food
Definition
digestion
Term
two types of digestion
Definition
mechanical, chemical
Term
the teeth are (MECHANICAL/CHEMICAL) because they are used to physically break down food material before it is swallowed
Definition
mechanical
Term
in (CHEMICAL/MECHANICAL) digestion, large food molecules are reduced to smaller molecules that can be absorbed through the ining of the intestinal wall and then distributed to the body cells for use by the breakdown of food by digestive enzymes.
Definition
chemical
Term
the process of altering the chemical and physical composition of food so that it can be absorbed and used by the body cells is
Definition
digestion
Term
the function of the digestive system
Definition
digestion
Term
waste material of the body; discharged from the intestine
Definition
feces
Term
accessory organs of the digestive system
Definition
teeth, tongue, gallbladder, appendix, glands
Term
foods undergo these three processes in the body:
Definition
digestion, absorption, metabolism
Term
digestion and absorption are performed by
Definition
the digestive system
Term
metabolism is performed by
Definition
all body cells
Term
main organs of the digestive system
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, colon, rectum, anal canal
Term
the wall of the digestive tube is fashioned of ____ layers of tissue
Definition
4
Term
hollow space inside the digestive tube
Definition
lumen
Term
four layers of the digestive tube, from inside coat to outside of the tube:

(Message SMS)
Definition
mucosa
submucosa
muscularis
serosa
Term
although the same four tissue coats form every organ of the alimentary canal, their ________ varies from organ to organ
Definition
structure
Term
mucous membrane
Definition
mucosa
Term
the mucosa of the (ESOPHAGUS/LARGE INTESTINE) is composed of tough and stratified abrasion-resistant epithelium
Definition
esophagus
Term
the mucosa of the (ESOPHAGUS/LOWER DIGESTIVE TRACT) is a delicate layer of simple columnar epithelium designed for absorption and secretion
Definition
lower digest tract (every thing EXCEPT the esophagus
Term
connective tissue that lies below the mucosa; contains many blood vessels and nerves
Definition
submucosa
Term
two layers of muscle surrounding the digestive tube that produce wavelike, rhythmic contractions, which move food material along the digestive tract
Definition
muscularis
Term
the wavelike, rhythmic contractions of the muscular coat
Definition
peristalsis
Term
assists in the mixing of food with digestive juice and in the further mechanical break down of larger food particles
Definition
muscularis
Term
the outermost covering or coat of the digestive tube; composed of the parietal pleura in the abdominal cavity
Definition
serosa
Term
a large double fold of parietoneal tissue that anchors the loops of the digestive tract to the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity
Definition
mesentary
Term
the mouth
Definition
oral cavity
Term
hollow chamber with a roof, a floor, and walls; food enters here
Definition
oral cavity
Term
where is food ingested?
Definition
mouth
Term
the process of digestion begins as soon as food enters the (MOUTH or STOMACH)
Definition
MOUTH
Term
T or F: typically mucous membranes line hollow organs, such as the digestive tube, that open to the exterior of the body
Definition
true
Term
mucus in the lining of the GI tracts function
Definition
protects the epithelium from digestive juices and lubricates food passing through the lumen
Term
the roof of the mouth is formed by the
Definition
hard and soft palates
Term
hard, bony, anterior portion of roof of mouth formed by parts of palatine and maxillary bones
Definition
hard palate
Term
soft, muscular posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
Definition
soft palate
Term
hanging down from the center of the soft palate is a cone-shaped structure; helps prevent food and liquid from entering the nasal cavities
Definition
uvula
Term
the floor of the mouth consists of:
Definition
tongue and it's muscles
Term
made of skeletal muscle and covered with mucous membrane; anchored to bones in the skull and to the hyoid bone in the neck; makes up the floor of the mouth
Definition
tongue
Term
thin membrane that attaches the tongue to the floor of the mouth
Definition
frenulum
Term
the tongue can be divided into a blunt rear portion called the _________, a pointed _______, and a central _________
Definition
root, tip, body
Term
what is the alimentary canal
Definition
approx. 30ft long tube leading from mouth to anus of the digestive system
Term
what three kinds of processing does the body undergo
Definition
digestion, absorption, metabolism
Term
describe the layers of the digestive tract's wall.
Definition
same lining through the tract, but different consistency...."form follows function"
msms:
mucosa- lining
submucosa- under neath mucosa
muscularis- peristalsis
serosa- outermost covering
Term
what is the uvula? what does it do?
Definition
its the cone-shaped structure at the back of the soft palate- it keeps food/water from entering the nasal cavity
Term
3 main parts of a typical tooth
(c.n.t. your teeth are dynamite)
Definition
crown, neck, root
Term
the portion of the tooth that is exposed and visible in the mouth; top most part of an organ or other structure
Definition
crown
Term
the hardest tissue in the body; ideally suited to withstand the grinding that occurs during the chewing of hard a brittle foods;
Definition
enamel
Term
the crown is covered by
Definition
enamel
Term
the outer shell of each tooth is covered by two other dental tissues:
Definition
dentin and cementum
Term
makes up the greates proportion of the tooth shell; covered by enamel in the crown and the cementum in the neck and root areas
Definition
dentin
Term
present in the neck and root areas of a tooth
Definition
cementum
Term
the center of the tooth contains a ______ _______ consisting of connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, and sensory nerves
Definition
pulp cavity
Term
the narrow portion of a tooth that joins the crown of the tooth to the root; surrounded by gums
Definition
neck
Term
gum tissue
Definition
gingival tissue
Term
a general term for mild, localied, and often transitory inflammation of the gums
Definition
gingivitis
Term
part of the tooth that fits into the bony socket which surrounds it in either the upper or lower jaw bone
Definition
root
Term
lines each tooth socket and anchors the tooth to the bone
Definition
periodontal membrane
Term
inflammation of the membrane that connects the tooth to the bone; common cause of toothloss among adults
Definition
periodontitis
Term
T or F: gingivitis and periodontitis can be reduced by good dental health practices
Definition
true
Term
tooth decay; disease of the enamel, dentin, and cementum of teeth that results in the formation of a cavity; occurs on tooth surfaces where food debris, acid-secreting bacteria, and plaque accomodate
Definition
dental caries
Term
four major types of teeth
Definition
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
ICPM
Term
teeth that have sharp cutting edge, have a cutting function during mastication; one of the four front teeth in each dental arch; has a crown that is chisel shaped; prominent in plant eating animals
Definition
incisors
Term
the tooth with the longest crown and the longest root, located lateral to the second incisor; "eye teeth"
Definition
canines (cuspids)
Term
tooth type with a large flat surface and two grinding cusps
Definition
bicuspids (premolars)
Term
tooth type with a large flat surface and three grinding cusps
Definition
tricuspids (molars)
Term
3 forms of food in the body
Definition
bolus, chyme, feces
Term
after food has been chewed, it is formed into a small rounded mass called a
Definition
bolus
Term
baby teeth
Definition
deciduous teeth
(kind of like deciduous trees)
Term
how many deciduous teeth?
Definition
20
Term
first deciduous teeth to emerge
Definition
8 incisors
Term
T or F: Generally the upper teeth emerge before the lower teeth in babies
Definition
false; lower
Term
T or F: in the deciduous set of teeth, there are no premolars and two pairs of molars in each jaw
Definition
true
Term
the first permanent teeth to appear that erupt before the baby teeth are lost
Definition
"6 year molars"
Term
full set of teeth occurs between ages ____ and ____
Definition
17 and 24
Term
how many teeth in an adult
Definition
32
Term
three pairs of salivary glands
Definition
parotids, submandibulars, sublinguals
PSS
Term
salivary glands secrete about ___L of saliva each day
Definition
1
Term
largest of the salivary glands; lie just below and in front of each ear at the angle of the jaw; explains pain in mumps;
Definition
parotid glands
Term
salivary glands that drain saliva into the mouth on either side of the lingual frenulum
Definition
submandibular glands
Term
salivary glands that drain saliva into the floor of the mouth
Definition
sublingual glands
Term
digestive enzyme in saliva; begins the chemical digestion of carbohydrates
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
tube like structure made of muscle and lined with mucous membrane; functions as part of digestive and respiratory systems; throat
Definition
pharynx
Term
the muscular mucus-lined tube that connects the pharynx with the stomach; serves as a dynamic passageway for food, pushing the food toward the stomach
Definition
esophagus
Term
the esophagus is about ____inches long
Definition
10
Term
what are the four major types of teeth/
Definition
incisors, canines, premolars, molars
Term
what digestive enzyme is found in saliva
Definition
salivary amylase
Term
what roles do the pharynx and esophagus play in the digestive tract
Definition
esophagus transports food to the stomach, pharynx passes food through on its way to the stomach
Term
lies in uppar part of abdominal cavity just under the diaphragm; serves as a pouch that food enters after it has been chewed, swallowed, and passed through the esophagus; looks small after emptied, but can expand considerably
Definition
stomach
Term
a ring of smooth muscle around the opening of the stomach at the lower end of the esophagus that acts as a valve to allow food to enter the stomach but prevents stomach contents from moving back into the esophagus
Definition
gastroesophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter/lower esophageal sphincter)
Term
rings of muscle tissue
Definition
sphincters
Term
a bulging out of the stomach through the opening of the diaphragm through which the esophagus normally passes; this condition may prevent the valve between the esophagus and stomach from closing, thus allowing stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus
Definition
hiatial hernia
Term
a set of symptoms resulting from a hiatial hernia that allows stomach contents to flow back into the esophagus; symptoms include heartburn or chest pain and coughing or choking during or just after a meal
Definition
gastroesophageal reflux disease
Term
partially digested food mixture leaving the stomach
Definition
chyme
Term
gastric juice contains __________ acid and enzymes that function in the digestive process
Definition
hydrochloric
Term
occurs when missing teeth create wide spaces in the dentition, when teeth over lap, or when malposition of one or more teeth prevents correct alignment of the maxillary and mandibular dental arches
Definition
malocclusion
Term
malocclusion that results in the upper front teeth causing them to hang over the lower front teeth
Definition
overbite
Term
malocclusion of the lower front teeth outside the upper front teeth
Definition
underbite
Term
the branch of dentistry that deals with the prevention and correction of positioning irregularities of the teeth and malocclusion
Definition
orthodontics
Term
T or F: the muscle fibers that run lengthwise, around and obliquely make the stomach one of the strongest internal organs- well able to break up food into tiny particles and to mix them thoroughly with gastric juice to form chyme
Definition
true
Term
propels food down the digestive tract; stomach muscle contraction result
Definition
peristalsis
Term
glands in the stomach lining that secrete enzymes, mucus, or hydrochloric acid
Definition
gastric glands
Term
wrinkles or folds; stomach when it's empty
Definition
rugae
Term
three divisions of the stomach
Definition
fundus, body and pylorus
Term
the enlarged portion to the left and above the opening of the esophagus into the stomach;
Definition
fundus
Term
the central part of the stomach
Definition
body
Term
lower narrow section of the stomach that joins the first part of the small intestine
Definition
pylorus
Term
sphincter that prevents food from leaving the stomach and entering the duodenum;
Definition
pyloric sphincter
Term
upper right border of the stomach
Definition
lesser curvature
Term
lower left border of the stomach
Definition
greater curvature
Term
terms often used to describe the unpleasant symptoms that result from backward flow of stomach acid up into the esophagus, which typically include burning and pressure behind the breast bone
Definition
heartburn or acid indigestion
Term
what is chyme?
Definition
the form of food after its been in the stomach... watery
Term
how does a sphincter muscle help the stomach perform its function?
Definition
it prevents backwards flow
Term
what are the main divisions of the stomach
Definition
fundus, body, and pylorus
Term
part of the gi tract that includes the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
Definition
small intestine
Term
small and large intestine are named after their (LENGTH/DIAMETER)
Definition
diameter
Term
parts of the small intestine
Definition
DJ Ileum
duodenum, jejunum, ileum (notice none of these words have I's!)
Term
thousands of glands that are found in the mucous membrane of the mucosa of the small intestines; secrete intestinal digestive juices
Definition
intestinal glands
Term
(SMALL/LARGE) intestine is especially well suited to absorption of food and water because it is not perfectly smooth
Definition
Small
Term
multiple circular folds; line the small intestine
Definition
plicae
Term
folds of the small intestine are covered with thousands of tiny "fingers"; contains a rich network of blood capillaries that absorb the products of carbohydrate and protein digestion (sugars and aminoacids)
Definition
villi
Term
each villus in the intestine contains a lymphatic vessel that absorbs lipid materials from the chyme passing through the small intestine
Definition
lacteal
Term
each villus itself is covered by epithelial cells, which have a brushlike border composed of __________; they increase the surface area of each villus for absorption of nutrients
Definition
microvilli
Term
crater-like lesions that destroy areas of stomach or intestinal lining, that cause gnawing or burning pain and may ultimately result in hemorrhage, perforation, scarring and other very serious medical complications
Definition
gastric or duodenal ulcer
Term
certain pain medications that can cause ulcers
Definition
aspirin, ibuprofen (nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents NSAIDs)
Term
Most ulcers result from this infection bacterium
Definition
helicobacter pylori
Term
the standard antibiotic-based treatment used most frequently to both heal ulcers and prevent recurrences
Definition
triple therapy
Term
most of the chemical digestion occurs in the first subdivision of the (SMALL/LARGE) intestine
Definition
small (duodenum)
Term
c-shaped portion of the small intestine that curves around the head of the pancreas
Definition
duodenum
Term
middle third of the (DUODENUM/JEJUNUM/ILEUM) contains the openings of ducts that empty pancreatic digestive juice and bile from the liver into the small intestine
Definition
duodenum
Term
ducts located in the middle third of the duodenum that empty pancreatic digestive juices and bile from the liver into the small intestine; there are two ducts, the major and minor
Definition
duodenal papillae
Term
so large that it fills the entire upper right section of the abdominal cavity and even extends part way into the left side; secretes bile; considered an exocrine gland; largest gland in the body
Definition
liver
Term
hepatic is greek word that means
Definition
liver
Term
solid clumps of material (mostly cholesterol) that form in the gallbladder
Definition
gallstones
Term
gallstones that never cause problems
Definition
silent gallstones
Term
gallstones that produce painful symptoms or other medical complications
Definition
symptomatic gallstones
Term
form when the cholesterol concentration in bile becomes excessive, causing crystallization or precipitation to occur; ore likely to occur if the gallbladder does not empty regularly and chemically imbalanced or cholesterol-laden bile remains in the gallbladder for long periods
Definition
gallstones
Term
surgery for gallstone formation
Definition
cholecystectomy
Term
using instruments to gain access to internal body content through punched holes rather than through the traditional incision
Definition
laparoscopy
Term
the duct that drains bile into the small intestine (duodenum); formed by the union of the common hepaptic duct with the cystic duct
Definition
common bile duct
Term
common bile ducts two components
Definition
common hepaptic duct and cyctic duct
Term
contains significant quantities of cholesterol and substances (salts) that act as detergents to mechanically break up fats
Definition
bile
Term
in digestion, when bile breaks up fats
Definition
emulsify
Term
______ that is eliminated from the body in the feces serves as a mechanism for excreting cholesterol from the body
Definition
bile
Term
primary functions of bile:
Definition
emulsification of fats from the body and elimination of cholesterol from the body
Term
when chyme containing lipid or fat enters the duodenum, it initiates a mechanism that contracts the ___________ and forces bile into the small intestine
Definition
gallbladder
Term
fats in chyme stimulate or "trigger" the secretion of the hormone ____________, from the intestinal mucosa of the duodenum; this hormone then stimulates the contraction of the gallbladder and consequently bile flows into the duodenum
Definition
cholecystokinin (CCK)
Term
T or F: between meals, a lot of bile moves up to the cystic duct into the gallbladder on the undersurface of the liver; the gallbladder thus concentrates and stores bile produced in the liver
Definition
true
Term
if a gallstone blocks the common bile duct, bile (COULD/COULD NOT) drain into the duodenum
Definition
could not
Term
what happens to feces when there is a lack of bile?
Definition
they appear gray-white because pigments from bile give feces its characteristic color
Term
What happens to skin when bile is absorbed into the blood?
Definition
jaundice
Term
obstruction of the common hepaptic duct also leads to __________ because bile cannot then drain out of the liver, excessive amounts of bile are absorbed into the blood
Definition
jaundice
Term
Jaundice (DOES/DOES NOT) occure if the cystic duct is blocked
Definition
does not- becuse bile is not resorbed from the gallbladder
Term
lies behind the stomach in the concavity produced by the c shape of the duodenum
Definition
pancreas
Term
an exocrine gland that secretes pancreatic juice into ducts and an endocrine gland that secretes hormones into the blood
Definition
pancreas
Term
the most important digestive juice
Definition
pancreatic juice
Term
contains enzymes that can digest all three major kinds of foods and sodium bicarbonate
Definition
pancreatic juice
Term
alkaline substance that neutralizes the hydrochloric acid in the gastric juice that enters the intestines
Definition
sodium bicarbonate
Term
________ juice enters the duodenum of the small intestine at the smae place that bile enters
Definition
pancreatic
Term
the common bile and pancreatic ducts open into the duodenum at the
Definition
major duodenal papilla
Term
clusters of cells that have no contact with any ducts, located between the cells that secrete pancreatic juice into ducts; secrete the hormones of the pancreas
Definition
pancreatic islets
Term
what are the main divisions of the small intestine
Definition
duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Term
what is bile and where does it come from?
Definition
bile is created in the liver and stored in the gall bladder; it is an emulsifier of fats and eliminator of cholesterol
Term
what is the role of the gallbladder?
Definition
stores bile and releases it into the duodenum when necessary
Term
is the pancreas an exocrine gland or an endocrine gland?
Definition
exocrine
Term
part of the GI tract that includes the cecum (ascending, transverse, descending) and sigmoid colons (rectum), and anal canal
Definition
large intestine
Term
large intestine is approximately ___feet long
Definition
5
Term
forms the lower or terminal portion of the digestive tract; undigested and unabsorbed food material enters
Definition
large intestine
Term
the sphincter-like structure between the end of the small intestine and the beginning of the large intestine
Definition
ileocecal valve
Term
chyme (IS/IS NOT) located in the large intestine
Definition
is not
Term
how does chyme change to feces?
Definition
its soupy consistency changes as water and salts are reabsorbed during its passage through the small intestine
Term
functions of bacteria in the large intestine
Definition
digestion, synthesis of vitamin k, production of some complex vitamins
Term
the (LARGE/SMALL) intestine has better surface area for reabsorption
Definition
small
Term
there are no_________ present in the mucosa of the large intestine; as a result there is much less surface area available for absorption, and the efficiency and speed of movement of substances through the wall of the large intestine is lower than in the small intestine
Definition
villi
Term
normal passage of material through the large intestine is ___to____ days
Definition
3-5
Term
if the rate of passage of material quickens, the consistency of the stools becomes more and more fluid, resulting in
Definition
diarrhea
Term
if the time of passage through the large intestine is prolonged beyond five days, the feces loses its volume and becomes more solid because of excessive water absorption; this reduces stimulation of the bowel emptying reflux, resulting in the retention of feces
Definition
constipation
Term
subdivisions of the large intestine
Definition
Cecum, Ascending Colon, Transverse colon, Descending Colon, Sigmoid colon, Rectum, Anal Canal
(Large CAT Did Say Ruff! Awkward)
Term
elimination of wastes from the body exits through the
Definition
anus
Term
pouch like area at the proximal end of the intestine
Definition
cecum
Term
colon- flows upward; on the right side of colon
Definition
ascending colon
Term
colon- horizontal
Definition
transverse colon
Term
colon- flows downward towards the anus
Definition
descending colon
Term
the bend between the ascending colon and the transverse colon
Definition
right colic flexure
Term
the bend between the transverse colon and descending colon
Definition
splenic flexure
Term
s-shaped segment that terminates in the rectum
Definition
sigmoid colon
Term
distal portion of the large intestine
Definition
rectum
Term
terminal portion of the rectum, which ends at the anus
Definition
anal canal
Term
means "worm" "shape"
Definition
vermiformis
Term
serves no important digestive function in humans, contains lymphatic tissue and may play a minor role in immunologic defense mechanisms of the body
Definition
vermiform appendix
Term
the appendix is directly attached to the ____
Definition
cecum
Term
if the mucous lining of the appendix becomes inflamed, the resulting condition
Definition
appendicitis
Term
a large, moist, slippery sheet of serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity and covers the organs located in it, including most f the digestive organs
Definition
peritoneum
Term
layer of the peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
Definition
parietal
Term
layer of the peritoneum forms the outer, covering layer of each abdominal organ
Definition
visceral
Term
the small space between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum that contains just enough peritonea fluid to keep both layers of the peritoneum moist and able to slide freely against each other during breathing and digestive movements
Definition
peritoneal space
Term
organs outside of the peritoneum are said to be
Definition
retroperitoneal
Term
the two most prominent extensions of the peritoneum
Definition
mesentery and the greater omentum
Term
an extension between the parietal and visceral layers of the peritoneum; shaped like a giant, pleated fan; smaller edge attaches to the lumbar region of the posterior abdominal wall and its long, loose, outer edge encloses most of the small intestine, anchoring it to the posterior abdominal wall
Definition
mesentery
Term
pouchlike extension of the visceral peritoneum from the lower edge of the stomach, part of the duodenum, and the transverse colon; shaped like a large apron, hangs down over the intestines, and because spotty deposits of fat give it a lacy appearance, it has been nicknamed the lace apron
Definition
greater omentum
Term
contrast medium that does not permit passage of x-rays; ie barium sulfate solution
Definition
radiopaque
Term
complex process that occurs in the alimentary canal, consisting of physical and chemical changes that prepare food for absorption
Definition
digestion
Term
breaks food into tiny particles, mixes them with digestive juices, moves them along the alimentary canal, and finally eliminates the digestive wastes from the body
Definition
mechanical digestion
Term
chewing
Definition
mastication
Term
swallowing
Definition
deglutition
Term
main processes of mechanical digestion
Definition
mastication, deglutition, peristalsis, and defactation
Term
breaks down large, nonabsorbable food molecules into smaller, absorbable molecules that are able to pass through the intestinal mucuosa into blood and lymph; consists of numerous chemical reactions catalyzed by enzymes in saliva, gastric juice, pancreatic juice, and intestinal juice
Definition
chemical digestion
Term
specialied protein molecules that act as cataysts that speed up specific chemical reactions without themselves being changed or consumed during the reaction process
Definition
enzymes
Term
t or f: only certain enzymes can speed up certain reactions
Definition
true
Term
enzymes speed up the reactions that add water to chemically break up or split larger molecules into smaller molecules
Definition
hydrolysis
Term
gastric juice contains (ALOT/NO) carbohydrate digesting enzymes
Definition
no
Term
starts the breakdown of polysaccharides into smaller sugars
Definition
pancreatic islets
Term
3 intestinal enzymes that digest disaccharides by changing them into monosaccharides
Definition
maltase, sucrase, and lactase
Term
digests malt sugar
Definition
maltase
Term
digests cane sugar
Definition
sucrase
Term
digests milk sugar
Definition
lactase
Term
the end products of carbohydrate digestion are the _________; the most abundant is glucose
Definition
monosaccharides
Term
an enzyme in the gastric juice that causes the giant protein molecules to break up into somewhat simpler compounds
Definition
pepsin
Term
component of gastric juice that is converted into active pepsin enzyme by hydrochloric acid
Definition
pepsinogen
Term
when enzymes have split up the large protein molecule into its separate amino acids;
Definition
digestion is complete
Term
the end product of protein digestion
Definition
amino acids
Term
end products of fat digestion are
Definition
fatty acids and glycerol
Term
after food is digested, it is __________ that is it oves through the mucous membrane lining of the small intestine into the blood and lymph
Definition
absorbed
Term
process by which molecules of amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, and glycerol go from the inside of the intestines into the circulating fluids of the body
Definition
absorption
Term
water soluble vitamins
Definition
vitamin c and b vitamins
Term
fat soluble vitamins
Definition
KADE
Term
study of fractal surfaces
Definition
fractal geometry
Term
fat must be __________ before it can be digested
Definition
emulsified
Term
digestion of proteins:
Definition
pepsin, trypepsin, peptidases
Term
proper nutrition requires balance of three basic food types
Definition
proteins, fats, and carbohydrates (pluss essential vitamins and minerals)
Term
deficiency or imbalance in the consumption of food, vitamins and minerals
Definition
malnutrition
Term
use of foods; use the body makes of foods after they have been digested, absorbed and circulated into cells
Definition
metabolism
Term
metabolism uses food in these two ways:
Definition
an energy source and as building blocks for making complex chemical compounds
Term
when food molecules enter cells and undergo many chemicl changes there that realease energy from food molecules
Definition
assimiltion
Term
all the chmical reactions tha release energy from food moleules make up the process of __________ a vital process because it is the only way that the body has a of supplying itself with energy for doing any work
Definition
caabolism
Term
the many chemical reactions that buiild food molecules into more complex, chemical compounds constitutes the process of
Definition
anabolism
Term
two processes of metabolism
Definition
catabolisma and anabolism
Term
organ that plays a major role in metabolism
Definition
liver
Term
helps maintain normal blood glucose concentration by carrying on comlex and essential chemical reactions
Definition
liver
Term
two of the plasma proteins formed by the liver cells that play an essential part in blood clotting
Definition
prothrombin and fibrinogen
Term
detoxify various poisonous substances such as bacterial products and certain drugs
Definition
liver cells
Term
stores vitamins a and d
Definition
liver
Term
preferred energy source of body
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
3 series of chemical reactions that make up the process of glucose catabolism
Definition
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transfer system
Term
changes glucose to pyruvic acid
Definition
glycolysis
Term
changes pyruvic acid to carbon dioxid
Definition
krebs (citric acid) cycle
Term
glycolysis vs. krebs cycle: which takes place in the mitochondria/cytoplasm
Definition
krebs=mitochondria
glyco=cytoplasm
Term
glycolysis uses (alot/no) oxygen
Definition
no
Term
glycolysis is ana/aerobic
Definition
anaerobic
Term
citric acid cycle is ana/aerobic
Definition
aerobic
Term
food, vitamins,a nd minerals that are ingested and assimilated into the body
Definition
nutrition
Term
process of getting food molecules into the cells of the body and chemically preparing them for use in the chemical reactions of the body
Definition
assimilation
Term
process of using food molecules as energy sources and as building blocks for our own molecules
Definition
metabolism
Term
breaks food molecules down, releasing their stored energy; oxygen used
Definition
catabolism (catastrophe)
Term
builds food molecules into complex substances
Definition
anabolism
Term
roles of the liver
Definition
1. bile secretion
2. glucose level
3. metabolism
4. removes toxins
Term
molecule in which energy obtained from breakdown of foods is stored; serves a s adirect source of energy for cellular work
Definition
ATP
Term
primarily anablized and secondarily catabolized
Definition
proteins
Term
organic molecules that are needed in small amounts for normal metabolism
Definition
vitamins
Term
inorganic molecules found naturally in the earth, required by the body for normal function
Definition
minerals
Term
rate of metabolism when a person is lying down but awake and not digesting food and when the environment is comfortably warm
Definition
Basal Metabolic Rate
Term
the total amount of energy expressed in calories used by the body per day
Definition
total metabolic rate
Term
regulates the homeostasis of body temperature through a variety of processes
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
skincan cool the body by losing heat from the blood through four process
Definition
radiation, conduction, convection and evaporation
Term
radiation
Definition
flow of heat waves away from the blood
Term
convection
Definition
transfer of heat energy into air that is continually flowing away from the skin
Term
conduction
Definition
transfer of heat energy to the skin and then the external environment
Term
absorption o fheat by water vaporiation
Definition
evaporation
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