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Digestive System Anatomy
N/A
167
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/02/2015

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Term
The digestive tract is...
Definition
a long tube, which leads from the mouth, through the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis and finishes at anus.
Term
The contents of the digestive tract are...
Definition
outside of the body.
Term
The contents of the digestive tract become part of the body through...
Definition
absorption through the lining of the tract.
Term
The teeth...
Definition
cut and grind food.
Term
The stomach, hydrochloric acid and enzymes do what?
Definition
reduce the food into a liquid form (chyme).
Term
Digestive enzymes are added in the duodenum from...
Definition
duodenal glands, and the pancreatic and common bile duct.
Term
What do the jejunum and ileum possess that are designed to absorb broken down food into the bloodstream?
Definition
mucosa.
Term
In what part of the digestive system is most of the water, found in the lumen, absorbed?
Definition
large intestine.
Term
What are the names of the salivary glands of the mouth?
Definition
parotid, submaxillary and sublingual.
Term
The liver adds enzymes and toxins via the...
Definition
extra-hepatic biliary apparatus.
Term
Control of the digestive tract is via...
Definition
the endocrine and the ANS.
Term
The mucosa has how many layers?
Definition
3.
Term
The mucosal epithelium...
Definition
varies from proximal to distal.
Term
What type of epithelium forms a protective layer for the esophagus, mouth, pharynx, and anal canal?
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium.
Term
The stomach has secretory epithelium with...
Definition
long, tubular glands that secrete HCl and digestive enzymes.
Term
The small intestine has what type of epithelium?
Definition
absorptive; columnar.
Term
What increases the surface area of the small intestinal epithelium?
Definition
villi and microvilli.
Term
The large intestine has what type of epithelium?
Definition
absorptive/protective epithelium.
Term
Globlet cells...
Definition
secrete mucous, enabling feces to pass smoothly.
Term
The lamina propria may contain:
Definition
lymphoid tissue (peyers patches).
Term
The muscularis mucosa...
Definition
produce folding on the mucosa.
Term
The submucosa is composed of...
Definition
loose connective tissue, containing nerve plexuses.
Term
Sub mucosal glands found in the duodenum are called...
Definition
Brunners glands.
Term
The muscularis is usually composed of...
Definition
2 layers of smooth muscle, and inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer.
Term
Peristalsis is...
Definition
contractile waves that move the contents down the lumen.
Term
Peristalsis is controlled by...
Definition
the ANS via nerve plexuses located between the muscle.
Term
The adventitia is...
Definition
the outer layer of loose connective tissue.
Term
In the abdomino-pelvic cavity, the adventitia is lined with what type of epithelium?
Definition
visceral peritoneum (simple squamous).
Term
The pharynx is a...
Definition
muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervical vertibrae.
Term
The pharynx communicates anteriorly with the...
Definition
nasal cavity, mouth and larynx.
Term
The pharynx is continuous inferiourly with what?
Definition
the esophagus.
Term
How long is the nasopharynx?
Definition
~5 cm long.
Term
The nasopharynx opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity via what?
Definition
the choanae.
Term
The nasopharynx communicates with the middle ear via the...
Definition
tympanic (Eustachian) tube.
Term
The oropharynx extends from...
Definition
the soft palate down to the hyoid bone.
Term
The oropharynx is connected to the mouth via the...
Definition
fauces (arches).
Term
The laryngopharynx extends from...
Definition
the hyoid bone to the esophagus.
Term
Where is the opening to the larynx located?
Definition
the wall of the proximal laryngopharynx.
Term
What protects the entrance of the larynx?
Definition
the epiglottis.
Term
How many sets of tonsils are there encircling the openings of the mouth and nose?
Definition
3.
Term
What function do the tonsils provide?
Definition
primary defense mechanism against infection.
Term
Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?
Definition
posterior wall of the top of the pharynx.
Term
What are adenoids?
Definition
infected pharyngeal tonsils.
Term
Where are the palatine tonsils located?
Definition
in a depression at the base of the fauces, one on each side
Term
The palatine tonsils...
Definition
are oval and have an upper and lower pole; rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base.
Term
The lingual tonsils are...
Definition
small clusters of lymphoid tissue.
Term
Where are the lingual tonsils located?
Definition
posterior part of the tongue.
Term
What are the 2 division of the mouth (by the teeth)?
Definition
vestibule, oral cavity (mouth proper).
Term
Where is the vestibule located?
Definition
between the lips and gums (teeth).
Term
What is the vestibule lined with?
Definition
mucous membrane.
Term
The vestibule contains...
Definition
the opening of the duct of the parotid gland (opposite 2nd molar).
Term
The oral cavity contains what?
Definition
the tongue.
Term
Characteristics of the oral cavity:
Definition
roof (palate), floor (beneath the tongue), and 2 walls (cheeks).
Term
The hard palate is made of...
Definition
palatine processes of the maxilla and the 2 palatine bones.
Term
The soft palate features what?
Definition
the non-functional uvula.
Term
The tongue...
Definition
is a muscular organ with a specialized mucosa containing the taste buds
Term
The body of the tongue is made up of what?
Definition
intrinsic muscles.
Term
What are the 3 groups od intrinsic muscle fibres?
Definition
vertical, horizontal and transverse.
Term
How many extrinsic mucles are there in the tongue?
Definition
4.
Term
What are the specialized processes of the tongue called?
Definition
papillae.
Term
Where are the papillae most concentrated?
Definition
on the top and sides of the tongue.
Term
What tethers the tongue to the floor of the mouth?
Definition
frenulum.
Term
2/3 back from the tip of the tongue is a V-shaped groove called the...
Definition
sulcus terminalis.
Term
Where is the parotid gland located?
Definition
in front of the ear.
Term
the parotid gland secretes a...
Definition
serous liquid.
Term
The parotid gland empties into the mouth opposite the...
Definition
2nd molar.
Term
Where is the submandibular gland located?
Definition
around angle of the jaw.
Term
What does the submadibular gland secrete?
Definition
a serous and mucous fluid (mixed).
Term
Where are the sublingual glands located?
Definition
the floor of the mouth on each side.
Term
Which cranial nerve innvervates the parotid gland?
Definition
cranial nerve IX (9).
Term
Which cranial nerve innervates the submandibular gland?
Definition
cranial nerve VII (7).
Term
Which cranial nerve innervates the sublingual glands>
Definition
cranial nerve VII (7).
Term
What is the average number teeth an adult has?
Definition
32.
Term
Each half jaw contains...
Definition
2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 pre molars, and 3 molars.
Term
The upper jaw and teeth are innervated by which cranial nerve?
Definition
maxillary nerve (V).
Term
The lower jaw and teeth are innervated by which cranial nerve?
Definition
the mandibular nerve (V).
Term
The esophagus enters the abdomen by...
Definition
penetrating the diaphragm at T10.
Term
Describe the stomach.
Definition
muscular and J-shaped.
Term
What does "fundus" mean?
Definition
blind end.
Term
Where is the fundus located?
Definition
under the left diaphragm, rising form the gastro-esophageal sphincter.
Term
What does the gastro-esophageal sphincter do?
Definition
controls the admission of food into the stomach.
Term
What is the fundus lined with?
Definition
rugae (ridged mucosa).
Term
What is the largest part of the stomach?
Definition
the body.
Term
The body has a...
Definition
lesser and greater curvature.
Term
What position is the pylorus usually in?
Definition
closed.
Term
When does the pyloric sphincter open?
Definition
when the duodenum is ready.
Term
What is the antrum?
Definition
the area where the stomach tapers down towards the pylorus and pyloric sphincter.
Term
What is the pyloric sphincter?
Definition
a thick, muscular valve that controls the flow of liquified fluid into the duodenum.
Term
What hangs from the greater curvature?
Definition
greater omentum.
Term
What is pyloric stenosis?
Definition
pyloric sphincter doesn't open and chyme can't pass- infant dies eventually.
Term
How long is the duodenum?
Definition
~30 cm.
Term
In what part of the digestive tract are digestive enzymes from the liver and pancreas mixed with food?
Definition
the duodenum.
Term
Describe the shape of the duodenum.
Definition
horseshoe-shaped (concave to the left), with the head of the pancreas in its concavity.
Term
What does the superior (horizontal) lim of the duodenum do?
Definition
links the stomach (via the pylorus) to the descending limb.
Term
The descending limb of the duodenum...
Definition
has the entrance and valve for the conjoined pancreatic and bile duct.
Term
The inferior limb is...
Definition
short.
Term
The ascending limb is...
Definition
continuous with the jejunum.
Term
How does cancer spread through the body?
Definition
via the venous and lymphatic drainage.
Term
What is the approximate combined length of the jejunum and ileum?
Definition
~5-7 meters.
Term
Where is the jejunum located?
Definition
upper left of the abdominal cavity.
Term
Where is the ileum located?
Definition
the lower right of the abdominal cavity.
Term
What is the ileum more likely to have migrating around it?
Definition
mesenteric fat.
Term
The ileum has...
Definition
a more complex system of arteries running to it.
Term
What does the ileum empty into?
Definition
the cecum, via the ileo-cecal valve.
Term
What is the main function of the large bowel?
Definition
water removal.
Term
What is the vestigial addition on the cecum called?
Definition
appendix.
Term
How long is the ascending colon?
Definition
25 cm.
Term
The ascending colon ascends to the...
Definition
right (hepatic) flexure.
Term
The middle transverse colon transverses to...
Definition
left (splenic) flexure.
Term
Where is the descending colon located?
Definition
left side of the abdomen.
Term
The sigmoid colon is...
Definition
very mobile, S-shaped and empties into the rectum.
Term
What are the names of the longitudinal muscle strips that run the length of the large bowel?
Definition
teniae coli.
Term

What do you call the gatherings of the large bowel?

 

Definition
haustra.
Term
What are the fat sacs on the large bowel called?
Definition
appendices epiploicae.
Term
The rectum is continuous with what?
Definition
sigmoid colon.
Term
When the rectum pierces the levator abi muscle, it becomes what?
Definition
anal canal.
Term
How long is the anal canal?
Definition
~4 cm.
Term
The upper half of the anal canal is thrown into longitudinal folds called what?
Definition
anal columns.
Term
What is located at the distal end of the anal canal?
Definition
anal sphincters.
Term
The internal sphincter is...
Definition
a thickening of the smooth muscle wall (involuntary).
Term
The external sphincter is...
Definition
striated muscle with a superficial, middle and deep component (voluntary).
Term
What is the largest solid organ in the body?
Definition
liver.
Term
The liver receives blood from...
Definition
common hepatic artery and the protal vein.
Term
What does the lvier produce?
Definition
bile.
Term
Bile drains via the...
Definition
extra-hepatic biliary apparatus.
Term
What are the function of bile salts?
Definition
emulsift fats and toxic wastes excreted in feces.
Term
How does the liver store energy?
Definition
glycogen.
Term
How many liver lobules is the liver composed of?
Definition
~100,000.
Term
What radiates from the central vein of the liver lobules?
Definition
hepatocytes.
Term
How are hepatocytes separated from each other?
Definition
sinusoids (highly permeable, specialized blood vessels).
Term
Sinusoids...
Definition
allow blood to travel through the lobule towards the central vein.
Term
What veins contribute to the inferior vena cava?
Definition
left and right hepatic veins.
Term
What is bile excreted into?
Definition
bile canuliculi.
Term
Bile ducts coalesce to form what?
Definition
common hepatic duct.
Term
The common hepatic duct leaves the liver via what?
Definition
porta hepatis.
Term
What are the names of the lobules of the left and right liver?
Definition
quadrate and caudate.
Term
porta hepatis=
Definition
doorway to the liver.
Term
The liver is innervated by what cranial nerve?
Definition
vagus nerve.
Term
What enters the porta hepatis?
Definition
vestigial round ligament.
Term
How is the vestigial round ligament connected to the anterior abdominal wall?
Definition
falciform ligament.
Term
Anteriorly, the liver looks...
Definition
smooth.
Term
What is the ligamentum teres?
Definition
remnant of the umbilical vein.
Term
(superiorly) The dome of the right lobe is called the...
Definition
bare area.
Term
The porta hepatis contains what?
Definition
hepatic artery, portal vein and biliary apparatus.
Term
The common hepatic duct + the cystic duct makes...
Definition
common bile duct.
Term
The main pancreatic duct enters the duodenum through the...
Definition
sphincter of Oddi.
Term
The gall bladder is what?
Definition
muscular and pear-shaped.
Term
What does the gall bladder do?
Definition
stores and concentrates bile.
Term
What id the condition called when bile is too concentrated?
Definition
gall stones.
Term
The pancreas is...
Definition
a mixed gland (endorine and exocrine).
Term
Where is the pancreas located?
Definition
left abdomen.
Term
What surrounds the head and uncinate process of the pancreas?
Definition
the duodenum.
Term
What percent of the pancreas is endocrine?
Definition
~1%.
Term
The gall bladder is lined with what type of epithelium?
Definition
very tall absorptive epithelium.
Term
The celiec trunk serves what?
Definition
the foregut.
Term
The foregut consists of:
Definition
stomach, first part of the duodenum, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen.
Term
The left gastric artery supplies the...
Definition
stomach.
Term
The common hepatic artery supplies the...
Definition
stomach and duodenum.
Term
The splenic artery supplies the...
Definition
pancreas and stomach.
Term
The superior mesenteric artery supplies the...
Definition
midgut.
Term
The midgut includes:
Definition
lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum and 2/3 or the large bowel.
Term
The inferior mesenteric artery supplies the...
Definition
hindgut.
Term
The hindgut includes:
Definition
distal transverse colon, the descending and sigmoid colon and rectum.
Term
The inferior mesenteric artery originates...
Definition
~4 cm above the aortic bifurcation.
Term
The IVC is formed by...
Definition
2 common iliac veins.
Term
The IVC is fed by veins from where?
Definition
the abdominal wall and paired glands.
Term
The portal vein is made up of...
Definition
the splenic, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric veins.
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