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Digestive System
eating
120
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
11/09/2008

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Term
Upper Respiratory
Definition
nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses and phayrnx
Term
lower respiratory
Definition
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
Term
lower respiratory
Definition
larynx, trachea, bronchial tree and lungs
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
reduce weight of skull, affect quality of voice through resonance
Term
Paranasal sinuses(location)
Definition
Maxillary, frontal, ethmoid and sphenoid bones.
Term
Pharynx
Definition
passage for food and air from oral cavity, helps produce sounds of speech.
Term
larynx
Definition
conducts air in and out of trachea, prevents objects from entering trachea
Term
glottis
Definition
open and closes to block airway
Term
epiglottis
Definition
flap like structure in air passageway
Term
trachea
Definition
(windpipe) splits into left and right bronchi,
Term
Bronchi: Primary Branches
Definition
arise from the trachea at the 5th vertebrae.
Term
bronchioles
Definition
smaller into the lungs
Term
alveolar ducts
Definition
smallest tubes in the lungs
Term
alveolar sacs
Definition
thin walled out pouchings in lungs
Term
alveoli
Definition
microscopic air sacs
Term
Bronchial Tree
Definition
Primary branches-bronchioles-alveolar ducts-alveolar sacs-alveoli-capillaries-blood.
Term
mediastinum
Definition
seperates the two lungs
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
layer of serous membrane that firmly attaches to each lung surface
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
forms mediastinum and forms inner wall of thoracic cavity
Term
pleural cavity
Definition
space between visceral and parietal pleura, contains serous fluid
Term
serous fluid
Definition
reduces friction from movement of lungs
Term
phrenic nerve
Definition
tells diaphragm to contract
Term
surfactant
Definition
reduces alvolis tendancy to collapse, from surface tension.
Term
pneumothorax
Definition
air entering pleural cavity through a puncture
Term
respiratory volumes
Definition
amount of air air moved in or out of lungs
Term
respiratory cycle
Definition
one inspiration and following expiration
Term
tidal volume
Definition
AMOUNT THAT LEAVES OR ENTERS THE LUNGS(resting=500 mL)
Term
inspiratory reserve volume
Definition
max air pulled in during forced inspiration(3000 mL)
Term
residual volume
Definition
amont of air left after forcefull expiration(1200 mL)
Term
expiratory reserve volume
Definition
amount forcefully expelled(1100 mL)
Term
vital capacity
Definition
max amount that can be exhaled
Term
oxygen use(rest/maximal exercise)
Definition
rest=250 mL/maximal exercise=3600 mL
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors
Definition
located in walls of large arteries
Term
inflation reflex
Definition
helps prevent over inflation of lungs
Term
hyperventilation
Definition
breathing rapidly and deeply to hold breath, lowers CO2 level, dangerous can cause abnormal low O2 levels if prolonged.
Term
repiratory membrane
Definition
membrane between air and lung.
Term
Air gas makeup
Definition
Nitrogen-78%, Oxygen-21%, C02-.04%
Term
oxyhemoglobin
Definition
oxygen combining with iron in hemoglobin
Term
hypoxia
Definition
decrease O2 reaching tissue
Term
Digestion
Definition
mechanical and chemical breakdown of foods and the absorption of resulting nutrients by cells.
Term
alimentary canal
Definition
mouth, pharynx, esophogus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
Term
accessory organs
Definition
salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Term
Mucosa Layer
Definition
innermost layer, smooth muscle tissue
Term
lumen
Definition
tiny projections in passage way which increase area for absorption.
Term
submucosa
Definition
carry away absorbed materials
Term
serous fluid
Definition
moistens outside of canal to help movement against other organs.
Term
peristalsis
Definition
wavelike motion propelling contents with ring like wave movement
Term
segmentation
Definition
aids in mixing, relaxing and contracting non-adjacent muscles.
Term
Mouth: Cheeks
Definition
for expression and chewing
Term
tongue
Definition
moves food around in mouth, connected to hyoid in the posterior
Term
papillae
Definition
rough projections on tongue which provide friction, have taste buds
Term
uvula
Definition
extends from the soft palate
Term
palatine tonsils
Definition
help protect against infection
Term
pharyngeal tonsils
Definition
posterior wall of pharynx
Term
primary deciduous teeth
Definition
baby teeth, 6 month, to 2-4 years
Term
secondary teeth
Definition
32 of them,
Term
tooth: crown
Definition
beyond the gum projection
Term
tooth: root
Definition
anchored to the alvolor process of the jaw.
Term
enamal
Definition
covers the crown, made of calcium salts, hardest substance in body, can't be replaced.
Term
pulp cavity
Definition
contains blood vessels, nerves and connective tissue
Term
cementum
Definition
bonelike incloses the root of tooth
Term
periodontal ligament
Definition
surrounds the cementum, contains nerves and blood vessles
Term
saliva
Definition
moistens binds and begins chemical digestion of food particles
Term
salivary amylase
Definition
splits starch and glycogen molecules into disacharides.
Term
parotid glands
Definition
secretes amylase, between skin of cheek and masseter
Term
submandibular gland
Definition
floor of mouth on inside surface of lower jaw
Term
sublingual glands
Definition
floor of mouth, inferior to the tongue,
Term
nasopharynx
Definition
provides passageway for air
Term
oropharynx
Definition
passage way for food and air
Term
laryngopharynx
Definition
passageway to esophogus
Term
bolus
Definition
mass of food rolled up by tongue
Term
swallowing reflex
Definition
caused by presence of food
Term
soft palate
Definition
seals off nasal cavity
Term
esophogus
Definition
connects the pharynx to the stomach.
Term
lower esophogeal sphinctor
Definition
circular smooth muscles, prevents regurgitation
Term
stomach
Definition
contatins: cardiac, fundic, body and pyloric regions
Term
pyloric sphinctor
Definition
controls gastric release of stomach
Term
Gastric Secretions: Mucous cells
Definition
lining which prevents stomach from digesting itself
Term
Gastric Secretions: chief cells
Definition
digestive enzymes in stomach
Term
Gastric Secretions: parietal cells
Definition
hydrocloric acid in stomch
Term
pepsin
Definition
begins digestion of dietary protein into polypeptides
Term
intrinsic factor
Definition
secreted by parietal cells, helps small intestine absorb B12
Term
gastin
Definition
peptide hormone which increases the secretory activity of gasric glands
Term
cholecystokin
Definition
decreases gastric motility as the small instestine fills with food
Term
chyme
Definition
fluid paste of food particles produced by stomach
Term
duodenum
Definition
first part of small intestine
Term
Liver
Definition
uper right quadrant of abdominal cavity, functions: carb metabolism, insulin and glycogen, transports fats, secretes bile, synthesizes plasma proteins, detoxyfies
Term
hepatic lobules
Definition
liver fnctional units
Term
hepatic sinusoids
Definition
seperate hepatic cells from eachother
Term
hepatic ducts
Definition
merge to form common hepatic duct
Term
bile
Definition
contains bile salts, bilirubin, bilvirden, cholesterol and electrolytes.
Term
gallbladder
Definition
stores bile between meals connected to stomach by systic duct, secrets through hepatopancreatic sphinctor
Term
emulsification
Definition
bile salts breaking down fat globules into smaller droplets.
Term
SI: duodenum
Definition
begining of SI, immovable
Term
SI: Jejunum
Definition
2/5 of free moving portion of SI
Term
SI: illium
Definition
end of SI
Term
mesentary
Definition
supports SI
Term
intestinal villi
Definition
aid in absorbtion in SI
Term
peptidases
Definition
split peptides into amino acids
Term
sucrase, lactase, maltase
Definition
split double sugars into simple sugars
Term
intestinal lipase
Definition
splits fats into fatty acids and glycerol
Term
HDL(High Density Lipo protein)
Definition
removes cholesterol from tissue
Term
LDL(Low Density Protein)
Definition
delivers cholesterol to tissue
Term
chylomicrons
Definition
fats encased in protein clustered up
Term
malabsorption
Definition
digestion, but not all nutrients absorbed
Term
ileocecal sphintor
Definition
distal end of small intestine
Term
gastroiteal reflex
Definition
increases paristalsis and relaxes sphinctor after a meal
Term
cecum
Definition
at begining of LI
Term
appendix
Definition
projects down from cecum, lymphatc tissue, no known digestive function
Term
appendicitis
Definition
enlarging of appendix from infection, could rupture LI and contets of LI might enter abdominal cavity
Term
rectum
Definition
attached to secrum by peritoneum, becomes the anal canal
Term
internal anal sphinctor muscle
Definition
involuntary control, smooth muscle
Term
external anal sphinctor muscle
Definition
voluntary control(skeletal muscle)
Term
hemorrhoids
Definition
enlarged and inflammed of rectal vein
Term
teniae coli
Definition
extends length of colon, exerts tension creating pouches
Term
LI mucus
Definition
protects wall of LI
Term
Gas(flatus)
Definition
Bacterial actions in LI, colon bacteria can break down callose and use it as energy
Term
intestinal flora
Definition
make it to the LI unchanged, but than broken down by bacteria in LI
Term
paristalic waves
Definition
in LI initiated by SI gastric reflex
Term
defecation reflex
Definition
holding a deep breath and contracting wall muscles
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