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Digestive System
Anatomy and Physiology of Digestive System
56
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
04/16/2012

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Term
What does the digestive tract consist of?
Definition
Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anal canal.
Term
What are the accessory organs of the digestive system?
Definition
teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas
Term
What are the mechanical processes of digestion?
Definition
Ingestion
mastication
propulsion
mixing
transport
elimination
Term
What are the chemical processes of digestion?
Definition
secretions
digestion
absorption
regulation
Term
What is the peritoneum?
Definition
Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity that has visceral and parietal layers
Term
What is the mesentery?
Definition
A sheet of two fused serous membranes from the body wall to the digestive organs that provides a route for blood vessels, nerve, and lymph vessels
Term
Mucosa
Definition
composed of three layers:
1. mucosal epithelium - contains mucous glands
2. lamina propria - loose connective tissue
3. muscularis mucosa - thin smooth muscle
Term
submucosa
Definition
moderately dense connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and small glands
-contains submucosal plexus
Term
muscularis
Definition
inncer circular layer, outer logitudinal layer of smooth muscle
-contains myenteric plexus
Term
Serosa
Definition
-outer connective tissue layer
-provides support and protection and is also known as the visceral peritoneum
Term
What is the enteric nervous system?
Definition
Two major nerve plexuses are the myenteric and submucosal. They control much of the activities of the GI tract.
Term
External Anatomy of the esophagus
Definition
-runs from level of cricoid to stomach and lies posterior to trachea
Term
Internal anatomy of the esophagus
Definition
superior end composed mainly of skeletal muscle, inferior end becomes mainly smooth muscle
Term
External anatomy of the stomach
Definition
upper left quadrant of abdomen. Superior end - entrance of esophagus. Inferior end, pyloric sphincter
Term
Internal anatomy of stomach
Definition
mucosa - simple columnar epithelium that secretes thick, protective mucus
Term
What is the rugae?
Definition
folds in the mucosa and submucosal layers to increase surface area
Term
Gastric gland secretion of HCl
Definition
secreted by the parietal cells. decreases the pH to 1-3
Term
Gastric gland secretions - intrinsic factor
Definition
secreted by the parietal cells it binds to vitamin B 12 to aid in absorption
Term
Gastric Gland secretion - pepsinogen
Definition
secreted by the chief cells, it is a primary enzyme made by the stomach. It digests proteins
Term
What is the role of gastrin?
Definition
it stimulates additional release of pepsinogen and HCl by the stomach
Term
Cephalic phase
Definition
stimulated by sensations of taste, smell, and thoughts of food, chewing, and swallowing. Vagus carries this info to nerves within stomach wall. Parasympathetic nerves release ACH which stimulates release of gastrin which stimulates additional release of pepsinogen and HCl by stomach
Term
What is the gastric phase triggered by?
Definition
1. stomach distension
2. rising pH in stomach due to food
Term
What occurs during the gastric phase?
Definition
stomach distension and rising pH triggers reflexes and release more gastric secretions. Gastrin is released in a positive feed back fashion
Term
What inhibits the gastric phase?
Definition
when the pH < 2 in the stomach
Term
What stimulates the intestinal phase?
Definition
chyme released into the duodenum stimulates both neural and hormonal mechanisms
Term
What inhibits the enterogastric reflex?
Definition
1. secretin
2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
3. CCK
Term
What is the role of secretin in the enterogastric reflex?
Definition
Released when SI becomes too negative and inhibits gastric secretions
Term
What is the role of GIP in the enterogastric reflex?
Definition
inhibits gastric secretions when there are fatty acids present in SI
Term
What is the role of CCK in the enterogastric reflex?
Definition
inhibits gastric secretions but also increases secretions of the pancreas and gall bladder in order to digest fats
Term
Duodenum
Definition
12 inches, does majority of chemical digestion
Term
jejunum
Definition
8 feet, continues chemical digestion and absorption
Term
Ileum
Definition
12 feet, absorption and compaction
Term
What is the purpose of the folds? (plicae circularis, villi, microvilli
Definition
increase surface area for absorption of nutrients
Term
What are brush border enzymes?
Definition
hydrolytic enzymes that are bound to the microvilli to effect digestion
Term
Digestion of what occurs in the small intestines?
Definition
finishes protein and carb digestion. starts and finishes lipid digestion
Term
Anatomy of large intestines
Definition
sigmoid colon and anal canal lie outside abdominal cavity
Term
What is the teniae coli?
Definition
3 longitudinal bands of muscularis layer in large intestines
Term
What are the haustra?
Definition
small sacs caused by bunching of smooth muscles. (folds)
Term
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Definition
-consolidate and move unusable fecal material outside the body
-site of vitamin B and K manufacture by bacteria flora
-reclaims most water
Term
Liver anatomy
Definition
4 lobes: right, left, caudate, quadrate.
Term
What are the lobules?
Definition
smallest functional units of liver. Portal triad at each corner
Term
What is a portal triad?
Definition
contains portal arteriole, portal venule, bile duct
Term
What is the role of hepatocytes
Definition
process nutrient laden venous blood
Term
Function of the liver
Definition
secretes angiotensinogen, albumin, clotting factors; manufactures bile
Term
Function of gallbladder
Definition
stores, concentrates bile which is released upon signal from duodenum
Term
What is the cystic duct?
Definition
Bile is released through cystic duct. Joins with hepatic duct to form common bile duct
Term
What is the stimulus for secretion of bile?
Definition
CCK
Term
What are the acinar cells?
Definition
produce enzymes
Term
function of islet cells?
Definition
produce insulin and glucagon
Term
What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
Definition
where pancreatic duct joins common bile duct
Term
What is the major duodenal papilla?
Definition
opening of pancreas into small intestine
Term
What is the composition of a fat molecule?
Definition
glycerol and three fatty acids
Term
What is the composition of carbohydrates?
Definition
chains of monosaccharides
Term
Examples of monosaccharides
Definition
fructose, galactose, glucose
Term
What are some examples of disaccharides?
Definition
sucrose, maltose, lactose
Term
Composition of proteins
Definition
chains of amino acids
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