Term
| What does the digestive tract consist of? |
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Definition
| Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, anal canal. |
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Term
| What are the accessory organs of the digestive system? |
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Definition
| teeth, salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas |
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Term
| What are the mechanical processes of digestion? |
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Definition
Ingestion
mastication
propulsion
mixing
transport
elimination |
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Term
| What are the chemical processes of digestion? |
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Definition
secretions
digestion
absorption
regulation |
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Term
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Definition
| Serous membrane of the abdominopelvic cavity that has visceral and parietal layers |
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Term
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Definition
| A sheet of two fused serous membranes from the body wall to the digestive organs that provides a route for blood vessels, nerve, and lymph vessels |
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Term
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Definition
composed of three layers:
1. mucosal epithelium - contains mucous glands
2. lamina propria - loose connective tissue
3. muscularis mucosa - thin smooth muscle |
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Term
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Definition
moderately dense connective tissue that contains nerves, blood vessels, and small glands
-contains submucosal plexus |
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Term
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Definition
inncer circular layer, outer logitudinal layer of smooth muscle
-contains myenteric plexus |
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Term
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Definition
-outer connective tissue layer
-provides support and protection and is also known as the visceral peritoneum |
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Term
| What is the enteric nervous system? |
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Definition
| Two major nerve plexuses are the myenteric and submucosal. They control much of the activities of the GI tract. |
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Term
| External Anatomy of the esophagus |
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Definition
| -runs from level of cricoid to stomach and lies posterior to trachea |
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Term
| Internal anatomy of the esophagus |
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Definition
| superior end composed mainly of skeletal muscle, inferior end becomes mainly smooth muscle |
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Term
| External anatomy of the stomach |
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Definition
| upper left quadrant of abdomen. Superior end - entrance of esophagus. Inferior end, pyloric sphincter |
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Term
| Internal anatomy of stomach |
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Definition
| mucosa - simple columnar epithelium that secretes thick, protective mucus |
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Term
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Definition
| folds in the mucosa and submucosal layers to increase surface area |
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Term
| Gastric gland secretion of HCl |
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Definition
| secreted by the parietal cells. decreases the pH to 1-3 |
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Term
| Gastric gland secretions - intrinsic factor |
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Definition
| secreted by the parietal cells it binds to vitamin B 12 to aid in absorption |
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Term
| Gastric Gland secretion - pepsinogen |
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Definition
| secreted by the chief cells, it is a primary enzyme made by the stomach. It digests proteins |
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Term
| What is the role of gastrin? |
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Definition
| it stimulates additional release of pepsinogen and HCl by the stomach |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulated by sensations of taste, smell, and thoughts of food, chewing, and swallowing. Vagus carries this info to nerves within stomach wall. Parasympathetic nerves release ACH which stimulates release of gastrin which stimulates additional release of pepsinogen and HCl by stomach |
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Term
| What is the gastric phase triggered by? |
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Definition
1. stomach distension
2. rising pH in stomach due to food |
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Term
| What occurs during the gastric phase? |
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Definition
| stomach distension and rising pH triggers reflexes and release more gastric secretions. Gastrin is released in a positive feed back fashion |
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Term
| What inhibits the gastric phase? |
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Definition
| when the pH < 2 in the stomach |
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Term
| What stimulates the intestinal phase? |
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Definition
| chyme released into the duodenum stimulates both neural and hormonal mechanisms |
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Term
| What inhibits the enterogastric reflex? |
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Definition
1. secretin
2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP)
3. CCK |
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Term
| What is the role of secretin in the enterogastric reflex? |
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Definition
| Released when SI becomes too negative and inhibits gastric secretions |
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Term
| What is the role of GIP in the enterogastric reflex? |
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Definition
| inhibits gastric secretions when there are fatty acids present in SI |
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Term
| What is the role of CCK in the enterogastric reflex? |
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Definition
| inhibits gastric secretions but also increases secretions of the pancreas and gall bladder in order to digest fats |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 inches, does majority of chemical digestion |
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Term
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Definition
| 8 feet, continues chemical digestion and absorption |
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Term
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Definition
| 12 feet, absorption and compaction |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the folds? (plicae circularis, villi, microvilli |
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Definition
| increase surface area for absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| What are brush border enzymes? |
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Definition
| hydrolytic enzymes that are bound to the microvilli to effect digestion |
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Term
| Digestion of what occurs in the small intestines? |
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Definition
| finishes protein and carb digestion. starts and finishes lipid digestion |
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Term
| Anatomy of large intestines |
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Definition
| sigmoid colon and anal canal lie outside abdominal cavity |
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Term
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Definition
| 3 longitudinal bands of muscularis layer in large intestines |
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Term
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Definition
| small sacs caused by bunching of smooth muscles. (folds) |
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Term
| What are the functions of the large intestine? |
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Definition
-consolidate and move unusable fecal material outside the body
-site of vitamin B and K manufacture by bacteria flora
-reclaims most water |
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Term
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Definition
| 4 lobes: right, left, caudate, quadrate. |
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Term
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Definition
| smallest functional units of liver. Portal triad at each corner |
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Term
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Definition
| contains portal arteriole, portal venule, bile duct |
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Term
| What is the role of hepatocytes |
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Definition
| process nutrient laden venous blood |
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Term
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Definition
| secretes angiotensinogen, albumin, clotting factors; manufactures bile |
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Term
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Definition
| stores, concentrates bile which is released upon signal from duodenum |
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Term
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Definition
| Bile is released through cystic duct. Joins with hepatic duct to form common bile duct |
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Term
| What is the stimulus for secretion of bile? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the acinar cells? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| produce insulin and glucagon |
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Term
| What is the hepatopancreatic ampulla? |
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Definition
| where pancreatic duct joins common bile duct |
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Term
| What is the major duodenal papilla? |
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Definition
| opening of pancreas into small intestine |
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Term
| What is the composition of a fat molecule? |
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Definition
| glycerol and three fatty acids |
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Term
| What is the composition of carbohydrates? |
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Definition
| chains of monosaccharides |
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Term
| Examples of monosaccharides |
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Definition
| fructose, galactose, glucose |
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Term
| What are some examples of disaccharides? |
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Definition
| sucrose, maltose, lactose |
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Term
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Definition
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