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Digestive System
J Clifford
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/27/2012

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Term
Alimentary canal
Definition
Digests and absorbs food
Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine
Term
6 Essential activities of the digestive process
Definition
Ingestion
Propulsion
Mechanical digestion
Chemical digestion
Absorption
Defecation
Term
GI tract regulatory mechanisms (4)
Definition
1.Mechanoreceptors
2. Chemoreceptors
3.Intrinsic Controls
4. Extrinsic Controls
Term
Receptors will initiate-
Definition
Activation of digestive glands
smooth muscle stimulus to mix and move lumen contents
Term
What are the layers of the GI tract (inside to out)?
Definition
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Muscularis
4. Serosa
Term
What are the three layers in the mucosal layer?
Definition
Epithelium,
lamina propria,
muscularis mucosae.
Term
In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer, what kinds of tissues are where?
Definition
Tough tissue (stratified squamous) in mouth, esophagus, and anus.
More fragile tissue (simple columnar) everywhere else.
Term
Goblet cells:
Definition
In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer - secrete mucous onto cell surfaces.
Term
enteroendocrine cells
Definition
In the epithelium layer of the mucosal layer - secrete hormones controlling organ function.
Term
Lamina propria layer of the mucosal layer: def. and contains what?
Definition
thin layer of loose connective tissue; contains blood vessels and lymphatic tissue.
Term
Muscularis mucosae layer of the mucosal layer: def, functions
Definition
very thin layer of smooth muscle; causes folds to form in mucosal layer, and increases local movements which increases absorption by exposing "new" nutrients
Term
submucosa layer: def, contains what?
Definition
=loose connective tissue
-contains blood vessels, glands, and lymphatic tissue
Term
submucosal (Meissner's) plexus
Definition
part of the submucosal layer; involuntary nerves, innervation; does vasoconstriction, and local movement of muscularis mucosa
Term
Skeletal muscle in the muscularis layer: locations and function
Definition
In mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus, and anus.
Voluntary control over swallowing and defecation
Term
In the muscularis layer, the smooth muscle consists of inner ________ fibers and outer _________ fibers.
Definition
In the muscularis layer, the smooth muscle consists of ______ circular fibers and ________ longitudinal fibers.
Term
What is the function of the myenteric/Auerbach's plexus?
Definition
Innervation of circular and longitudinal smooth muscle layers (of muscularis layer).
Term
Serosa layer: def, location, function
Definition
Serous membrane
Covers all organs and wall cavities not open to the outside of the body.
Secretes serous fluid (slippery fluid).
Term
2 parts of the peritoneum
Definition
1. Parietal : covers wall of abdominal cavity
2. Visceral : covers organs (same as serosa layer)
Term
Paracrine signalling is
Definition
a form of cell signalling in which the target cell is near the signal-releasing cell.
Term
the most important protein digesting enzyme produced by the gastric mucosa is
Definition
pepsin
Term
gastric
Definition
(meaning related to the stomach)
Term
rennin, also called Chymosin,is:
Definition
protein-digesting enzyme that curdles milk by transforming caseinogen into insoluble casein
Term
Fat soluble vitamins
Definition
A D E K
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
disease in which the production of red blood cells (erythrocytes) is impaired as the result of the body’s inability to absorb vitamin B12
Term
Intrinsic Factor
Definition
secreted by stomach, essential for vital absorption of V B12
Term
G-cells
Definition
secrete gastrin
Term
gastrin
Definition
any of a group of digestive hormones secreted by the wall of the pyloric end of the stomach. released into the bloodstream when food enters the stomach and is carried by the circulatory system to the gastric cells in the stomach wall, where it triggers the secretion of gastric juice.
Term
3 phases of gastric secretion
Definition
cephalic, gastric, intestinal
Term
hepatopancreatic sphincter
Definition
smooth muscle valve controlling the flow of bile and pancreatic juice from the liver and pancreas into the duodenum.
Term
Bile secreted from
Definition
liver
Term
gall bladder
Definition
stores bile
Term
lesser omentum
Definition
anchors liver to the lesser curvature of stomach
Term
Bile
Definition
produced by liver, aids the process of digestion of lipids in the small intestine.
Term
glucagon
Definition
a hormone secreted by the pancreas , raises blood glucose levels.
Term
glycogen
Definition
a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue. Glycogen is made primarily by the liver and the muscles, but can also be made by glycogenesis within the brain and stomach.[2]
Term
glucose
Definition
simple sugar
Term
portal triad
Definition
hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein and a bile duct (all found at each of 6 corners of a liver lobule)
Term
enterohepatic circulation
Definition
recycling of bile salts
Term
chief pigment of bile is
Definition
bilirubin
Term
stercobilin
Definition
makes poop brown
Term
Describe the major functions of the digestive system.
Definition
1. Breaks down food into molecules.
2. Molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body.
3. Wastes are eliminated from body.
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