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digestive system
chapter 15
65
Anatomy
12th Grade
04/25/2011

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Term
alimentary canal
Definition
mouth,pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine, anal canal
Term
peristalsis
Definition
transports food from the esophagus to the stomach through the contracting of the smooth muscular wall
Term
frenulum
Definition
is a membranous fold attaching tongue to floor of the mouth
Term
papillae
Definition
are rough projections on the tongue to provide friction and contain taste buds
Term
palate
Definition
is the roof of the oral cavity and contains the hard palate in the anterior region, and the soft palate in the posterior region
Term
uvula
Definition
the fleshy portion that hangs down at the back of the soft palate
Term
palatine tonsils
Definition
lymphatic tissues located on both sides of the tongue near the palate and help prevent the body from infection
Term
pharyngeal tonsils
Definition
also called adenoids are located in teh posterior wall of the pharynx above the palate contain lymphatic tissue
Term
saliva
Definition
an enzyme that that hydrolyzes (digests) starch in the mouth
Term
paratoid glands
Definition
largest salivary glands, located inferior to each ear b/t cheek and masseter muscle. secretes a clear watery fluid containing amylase
Term
submandibular glands
Definition
located on floor of the mouth. secrete mostly serous fluid rich in amylase and only a small amount of mucous cells secreting mucus
Term
sublingual glands
Definition
smallest salivary glands. located on the floor of the mouth inferior to the tongue. primarily secret mucus forming think and stringy secretions
Term
bolus
Definition
food is mixed with saliva into a mass called ___ is forced into the pharynx
Term
esophageal hiatus
Definition
penetrates the diaphragm
Term
cardiac spinchter
Definition
is the circular smooth muscle at the point where the esophagus meets the stomach which usually stay closed to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents
Term
pyloric spinchter
Definition
protion leading to the small intestine
Term
chief cells
Definition
secrete enzymes that begins the digestion of proteins it is only active in an acidic enviroment
Term
parietal cells
Definition
secrete HCl to give the stomach a pH of about 4
Term
pepsin
Definition
protein splitting enzyme that the gastric gland secrete
Term
chyme
Definition
the semi-fluid paste of food and gastric juice mixed
Term
pancreatic juice
Definition
contains enzymes that digest carbo's , fats, nucleic acids, proteins
Term
acinar cells
Definition
made of pancreatic , clustered around small tubes where they release there secretions
Term
bile
Definition
is continuously secreted by the cells of the liver and is made of water, bile salts, bile pigaments( bilituben/biliverdin from the breakdown of hemoglobin) cholesterol, electrolytes
Term
gallbladder
Definition
located in the inferior surface of the liver and connected by the cystic duct to the duodenum. function of the gallbladder stores bile b/t meals reabsorbs water to concentrate bile, and releases bile into the small intestine
Term
emulsification
Definition
breaking up of fat globules into smaller droplets by the action of bile salts
Term
duodenum
Definition
first 25 cm. lies under the parietal peritoneum and is the most fixed portion
Term
jejunum
Definition
is mobile and lies free in the peritoneal cavity, greater diameter than iliem with a thicker wall and also vascularized and more active
Term
Ileum
Definition
the remainder of the small interstine also lies free
Term
mesentery
Definition
double layer fold of peritoneal membrane that suspends the small intestine from the posterior abdominal wall it contains blood vessels, nerves lymphatic vessels
Term
greater omentum
Definition
a filmy double layered fold of peritoneal membrane that drapes from the stomach over the colon and the small intestine may helps to wall off infection
Term
intestinal villi
Definition
they are tiny projections of the mucous membrane densest in the duodenum and beginning of the jejunum they increase the surface area of the intestinal lining to aid in absorption of digestive products, absorb monosacchrides amino acids, fatty acids and glyverol. electrolytes water and is transported by the blood in the capillaries
Term
ileocecal sphincter
Definition
located at the end of the small intestine joining the ileum to the cecum of the large intestince, usually remains constricted until the small intestine is filled and peristalsis increases in the ileum, relaxing the spinchter
Term
cecum
Definition
pouch like structure hanging below the ileocecal opening at the beginning of the large intestine
Term
vermiform appendix
Definition
a narrow tube with a closed  end projecting off to the cecum it has no digestive functions but contains lymphatic tissue
Term
teniae coli
Definition
lacks villi muscle fibers from three bands
Term
haustra
Definition
teniae coli which create pouches
Term
1.mouth
2.pharynx
3.esophagus
4. stomach
5.small
6.large intestine
7. rectum
8.anal canal
Definition
ailmentry canals
Term
digestion
Definition
the mechanical and chemical breakdown (use of enzymes) of food into a form that can be absorbed by the cells
Term
hyoid bone
Definition
the posterior region fo the tongue is anchored here and in covered with lignual tonsils
Term
lingual tonsils
Definition
covers hyoid bone loacated between the nasal cavity and the pharynx and prevents food from entering the nasal cavity. contains lymphatic tissue
Term
serous cells
Definition
produces a watery fluid containing amylase an enzyme which breaks down carbohydrates the first step in chemical digestion
Term
amylase
Definition
an enzyme which breaks down carbhydrates the first step in chemical digestion
Term
mucous cells
Definition
secrete mucus which binds food particles and lubricates during swallowing
Term
pharynx
Definition
it is a cavity that is posterior to the mouth. it connects the nasal and oral cavities with the larynx and esophagus
Term
bolus
Definition
food is mixed with saliva into a masss called ______ and is forced into the pharynx
Term
vestibule
Definition
space between the lips, teeth, and cheeks
Term
esophagus
Definition
straight tube about 25 cm long and extends from pharynx to stomach. penetrates the diaphragm through the esophogeal hiatus. cardiac spincter is the circular smooth muscle at the point where the esophagus meets the stomach which usually stay closed to prevent regurgitation of the stomach contents secretes only mucous
Term
stomach
Definition
pouch like organ in the upper left portion of the abdomen. can hold about 1 liter or more
Term
four parts of the stomach
Definition
1. cardiac region
2. fundic region
3. body region
4. pyloric region
Term
cardiac region
Definition
small area near the esophageal opening or cardiac spinchter.
Term
cardiac region
Definition
small area near the esophageal opening or cardiac spinchter.
Term
fundic region
Definition
balloons above the cardiac region and is a temporary storage area
Term
body region
Definition
main portion of the stomach b/t fundic and pyloric region
Term
pyloric region
Definition
portion leading to the small intestine
Term
rugae
Definition
thick folds found in the lining of the stomach
Term
gastric juice
Definition
produced by the stomach the products of the mucous,pepside, hydroclorine cells mixed together
Term
alkalin mucus
Definition
cells in the mucous membrane form an ______ _____ secretion to coat the inside of the stomach for protection and stops pepsin from digesting the proteins in the stomach
Term
stomach absorbs - small amounts of
Definition
water, some salts, alcohol, and lipid-soluable drugs
Term
pancreas
Definition
gland located near the small intestine that produces and secretes pancreatic juice
Term
acinar cells
Definition
clustered around small tubes where they release there secretions. the hepatopancreatic spincter controls juice into the duodenum
Term
cholecystokinin
Definition
stimulates the gallbladder to contract in response to proteins and fats in the small intestine the spinchter relaxes and bile squirts into the duodenum
Term
colon
Definition
four parts ascending , transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon
Term
rectum
Definition
lies next to and is attached to the sacrum and ends just above the coccyx where it becomes the anal canal
Term
anal canal
Definition
last portion and the opening is thee anus it contains four spinchter muscles made of skeletal muscle under voluntary control
Term
chyme that enters the large intestine material not absorbed by small intestine
Definition
water, electrolytes,mucus, and bacteria
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