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Digestive System 2
Esophagus, Stomach, Intestines, and Accessory organs
54
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/30/2014

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Cards

Term
What connects the stomach and pharynx?
Definition
The esophagus
Term
What moves a bolus down the esophagus?
Definition
A process called peristalsis
Term
True or False: All species have 1-way peristalsis
Definition
False, ruminatns have 2-way, to bring food back up for further mastication
Term
What is the esophagus called in the chicken?
Definition
The gullet
Term
Describe how the 'gullet' in chickens is different from other species
Definition
Has an enlarged area called a crop; serves as food storage, (possibly) a site of action for amylase, also some microbial fermentation
Term
True or false: rabbits and guinea pigs have simple stomachs
Definition
False, they, like horses, are hind-gut fermentors
Term
What is a nonruminant or monogastric stomach?
Definition
Simple stomach: involves mucus, HCl, and enzyme secretions to start protein digestion
Term
Functions of a monogastric stomach?
Definition
Storage and mechanical breakdown
Controls influx into Sm.Int.(amt/time)
Secretes digestive juices (HCl)
Produces chemical to aid in VitB12 absorption in Sm.Int.
Term
What are the four regions of the monogastric stomach?
Definition
Cardia: Entrance to the stomach at the junction of the esophagus and stomach
Fundus: blind sac (near cardia)
Body: mixing tank; most acid and enzyme secretion
Pyloric: Regulates outflow of chyme into Sm.Int.
Term
What are the 4 mucosae in the monogastric stomach? Functions?
Definition
Esophageal (by cardia): secrete mucus to protect esophagus from acid reflux
Cardiac gland region: secretes mucus
Fundic gland region: secretes HCl and pepsinogen
Pyloric gland region: secretes mucus
Term
True or False: The esophageal region in the ruminant is non-secretory (doesn't secrete mucus)
Definition
True (that of the nonruminant does h/e)
Term
True or False: The ruminant has four simple stomachs
Definition
False, it has one, four-chambered simple stomach
Term
In ruminants, the non-glandular/non-secretory region of the simple stomach is expanded into _ diverticula
Definition
3 diverticula, which make up the forestomach or proventriculus
- Reticulum, Rumen, and omasum
Term
This portion of the ruminants stomach functions exactly like that of a monogastric:
Definition
the abomasum (it is secretory)
Term
What is the purpose of the esophageal groove, and how is it formed?
Definition
Prevents fermentation milk in baby-ruminants by by-passing microbes in rumen
-Mucosae can form where the cardia of the esophagus enter the rumen and reticulum
- produces two heavy folds that can form groove, connecting cardia of esophagusto omasum
Term
Which of the 4 chambers of a ruminant's stomach:
a) traps debris/wire/metal bits
b) organizes feedstuffs based on size
c) regulates outflow of digesta into rumen and omasum
d) is the true stomach
e) mechanically and chemically digests feedstuffs
Definition
a) reticulum
b) omasum
c) reticulum
d) abomasum
e) rumen
Term
What structure is often reffered to as the large microbial fermentation vat?
Definition
The reticulorumen
Term
What are the three things that aid in fermentation of ingested feed in a reticulorumen?
Definition
Fungi, bacteria, protozoa
Term
Where (use adj of pos) are the papillae located in the reticulorumen?
Definition
In the ventral rumen to absorb products of microbial digestion
Term
On average, how long are ruminants ruminating per day?
Definition
10 hours
Term
Why ruminate?
Definition
To attain critical particle size required for feed to leave reticulorumen
Term
What is rumination?
Definition
Food is regurgitated, masticated again, saliva is added, and reswallowed
Term
What % of the GIT is the ruminant stomach?
Definition
67.5%
Term
% of stomach in GIT for horses and pigs?
Definition
7.8% and 28.5% respectively
Term
In a bird's digestive tract, what is responsible for the chemical digestion?
Definition
Proventriculus (just like with human stomach)
Term
In a bird's digestive tract, what is responsible for the mechanical digestion?
Definition
Gizzard (aka Ventriculus) (just like human teeth)
Term
Briefly explain the distribution of the GIT in
a) horses
b) pigs
c) cows
Definition
a) for horses, most is in the colon and cecum
b) for pigs, it is evenly distributed
c) for cows, it is mostly in reticulorumen
Term
Where does most digestion take place in the GIT?
Definition
Sm.Int.
Term
Where does most absorption take place in the GIT?
Definition
Sm.Int.
Term
What are the three sections of the Sm.Int.?
Definition
1) duodenum
2) jejenum
3) ileum
Term
Which section of the Sm.Int. starts at the pylorus of the stomach?
Definition
The duodenum
Term
Into which section of the Sm.Int. do the pancreatic + hepatic bile ducts open to aid in the digestive process?
Definition
The duodenum
Term
What is the longest section of the Sm.Int?
Definition
The jejenum
Term
What section of the Sm.Int.is th site for the most digestion and absorption?
Definition
The jejenum
Term
This portion of the Sm.Int. has extensive mucus production
Definition
The ileum
Term
What is the last component of the GIT?
Definition
The Lg.Int.
Term
What are the four sections of the Lg.Int. and what are their functions?
Definition
Cecum; blind sac with microbial fermentation
Colon; with microbial fermentation
Rectum; for fecal storage
Anal canal; anus as exterior opening
Term
What are the functions of the Lg.Int.?
Definition
Microbial fermentation and vitamin synthesis (esp. in colon and cecum)
Electrolyte and water absorption
Fecal formation
Expulsion of feces
Term
Define caprophagy and why it's practiced by animals
Definition
Eating of oneself's feces; done to absorb nutrients that may not have been collected the first time
Term
How many major pairs of salivary glands are used for saliva production?
Definition
3
Term
What are the components of saliva?
Definition
water
ions (Na, K, Cl, bicarbonates, phosphates)
enzymes (amylase, lysozyme)
mucin
Term
What are the digestive functions of saliva?
Definition
- dissolving of food (for taste and to start digestion)
- starch digestion (in some species)
- mucus helps to form bolus for swallowing
Term
What are the buffering/protective functions of saliva?
Definition
- buffers acidic foods (in all species)
- buffers VFAs (in ruminants)
- mucus protects oral cavity and esophagus
- Lysozyme attackes bacteria in mouth
- Cyanide acts as a bactericdal compound
Term
True or False: Urea is secreted from salivary glands in monogastrics as a source of nonprotein Nitrogen
Definition
False dat shiz, its only secreted by salivary glands in ruminatns as source of N
Term
True or False: Urea is a source of Phosphorous for sheep?
Definition
True, and for all ruminants
Term
What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?
Definition
Produces hormones, insulin and glucagon, for regulation of blood glucose
Term
What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?
Definition
Produce:
1) major digestive enzymes for Carbs, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
2) sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acids, stop action of pepsin, and increase pH in Sm.Int.
Term
The ____ is the largest gland in the body.
Definition
Liver
Term
What is the first organ to process blood coming from the GIT?
Definition
Liver (via portal vein)
Term
What are the metabolic functions of the Liver?
Definition
- CHO, protein, and lipid metabolism
- Removal of wastes + detoxification
- Activation of Vit D
- Synthesis of bile salts
- Storage of vitamins, minerals, and glycogen
- Phagocytosis of old red blood cells and microbes
Term
True or False: All farm animals have a gall bladder
Definition
False, horse do not
Term
What is the function of the Gall bladder?
Definition
To store bile which is needed for fat digestion
Term
This organ emulsifies lipids to enhance action of pancreatic lipase
Definition
The gall bladder
Term
Bile enters the ______ _______ via common bile duct near where the pancreatic duct enters
(Hint: 1st word is 'proximal')
Definition
Proximal Duodenum
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