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Digestive system
A&P test 1
125
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/16/2015

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Term
Enzymes
Definition
Globular proteins that lower "activation energy" so that metabolic processes can occur at normal body temperature
Term
Metabolism
Definition
Chemical processes occurring within cells that result in the use or storage of energy
Term
Functions of stomach
Definition
1. Digestion
2. Limited absorption
3. Intrinsic factor
Term
What are the ducts that come from the liver and gallbladder and where do they go?
Definition
Cystic duct- off gallbladder
Hepatic duct- off liver
Common duct- joins them together
Enters the digestive tract directly below the pyloric sphincter
Term
What is the function of the gall bladder?
Definition
Stores bile
Term
What are the hormones in the small intestine that affect the stomach and what do they do?
Definition
Intestinal somatostation- decreases production of HCl
Cholecystokinim- targets smooth muscle in stomach walls. Shuts parastalsis down so stomach can rest
Term
Pancreatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the pancreas
Term
Cystic fibrosis
Definition
Thickening of mucus which clogs ducts
Major cause of pancreatitis
Term
Hepatitis
Definition
Inflammation of the liver
Term
What is secretin?
Definition
Produced in small intestine- targets liver and pancreas to trigger release of alkaline fluid
Term
What is the normal stomach acid range?
Definition
pH of 2.5- 3.5
Term
What happens when stomach acid reaches a pH of 2?
Definition
HCl glands are shut off
Term
What hormones are created in the stomach and what do they do?
Definition
Gastrin- increase production of HCl
Gastric somatostatin- decrease production of HCl
-Both of these communicate with parietal cells
Term
What is Pepsinogen and what happens when it is mixed with HCl?
Definition
It is produced by chief cells- precursor substance, does nothing in the body
HCl + Pepsinogen=Pepsin
Term
Mal-absorption
Definition
Improper absorption of nutrients
Term
Where is the gall bladder located?
Definition
Below right medial lobe in liver
Term
What does the pancreas do?
Definition
-produces alkaline fluid
-produces acinar cells which are pancreatic amylase, protease, etc...
Term
What does bile contain?
Definition
Bile salts (emulsify fats)
Bile pigments
Electrolytes
Water
Term
What goes through the cystic duct?
Definition
Bile
Term
What goes through the hepatic duct?
Definition
Alkaline fluid
Term
What are the 3 functions of the small intestine?
Definition
-complete digestion
-absorption of nutrients
-transport waste to large intestine
Term
What are capillaries?
Definition
The only blood vessels that can exchange materials
Term
Lacteals
Definition
-absorb lipids to the liver
-liver metabolizes fats and then puts into blood
-they are only found in small intestine
Term
Celiac Disease
Definition
Body is unable to break down gluten and it builds up and coats the lining of the small intestine. Then nutrients are unable to pass
Term
Malnutrition
Definition
Cells font have enough of the nutrients needed to survive (starvation)
Term
Pernicious anemia
Definition
Primary cause is lack of intrinsic factor
-not enough red blood cells
Term
What are the 2 types of gastric gland cells and what do they produce?
Definition
Parietal cells- produce HCl and intrinsic factor
Chief cells- produce gastric enzymes including amylase, protease, lipase, and nuclease
Term
What are the 3 parts of the small intestine?
Definition
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Term
What part of the small intestine completes digestion?
Definition
Duodenum
Term
What is a catalyst?
Definition
Something that speeds up a reaction but does not become part of the substance
Term
What are the 7 groups of nutrients?
Which are organic?
Which are inorganic?
Definition
Organic:
-carbohydrates
-lipids
-proteins
-nucleic acids
-vitamins
Inorganic:
-minerals
-water
Term
Organic compounds must contain...
Definition
Hydrogen and carbon
Term
What is an essential nutrient?
Definition
Something our body can't produce at all or enough of that we must supplement with our diet
Term
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
What are their functions?
Definition
Monosaccharides- simple sugars- guick energy
Dissaccharides- 2 sugars- transport energy
Polysaccharides- complex carbs- storage of energy in the form of glycogen
Term
What is the storage form of energy for plants?
Definition
Starch
Term
What are the 3 types of lipids and what are their functions?
Definition
Oils- energy storage
Waxes- structural lipids for insulation
Fats:
1.cholesterol lipoprotein HDL/LDL
2.triglycerides- dietary fat in plasma
Term
What does a fat molecule consist of?
Definition
3 fatty acids and 1 molecule of glycerol
Term
What are nucleic acids made up of?
Definition
Nucleotides

Phosphate, sugar, base
Term
What are the 2 types of nucleic acids and what are their functions?
Definition
DNA- contains genetic material
RNA- copies info from DNA and uses info to synthesize proteins
Term
What are the properties of vitamins?
Definition
-organic
-water soluble (B's and C)
-fat soluble (A,D,E,K)
-catalysts
Term
What organ stores fat soluble vitamins?
Definition
Liver
Term
What vitamins can cause toxicity?
Definition
Fat soluble, A,D,E,K
Term
What is the purpose of proteins?
Definition
For structure
Term
What are proteins made of?
Definition
Amino acid chains connected by peptide bonds to create a polypeptide
Term
How many amino acids do we have?
How many are essential?
Definition
-20

-8
Term
Amino acids all contain...
Definition
Nitrogen
Term
What is positive nitrogen balance?
Definition
Taking in more protein than needed
Term
What is negative nitrogen balance?
Definition
Taking in of less protein that is needed
(Starvation)
Term
Glucagon
Definition
Hormone secreted by the pancreas that causes the release of glucose from glycogen (raises blood sugar)
Term
Gluconeogenesis
Definition
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrate materials, such and amino acid molecules
Term
Glucose
Definition
A monosaccharide found in the blood that serves as the primary source of cellular respiration
Term
Glycerol
Definition
An organic compound that serves as a building block for fat molecules
Term
Glycogen
Definition
A polysaccharide that functions to store glucose in the liver and muscles
Term
Glycogenesis
Definition
The formation of glycogen from glucose
Term
Glycogenolysis
Definition
The conversion of glycogen to glucose
Term
Glycolysis
Definition
The conversion of glucose to pyruvic acid during cellular respiration
Term
Glycoprotein
Definition
A substance composed of a carbohydrate combined with a protein
Term
What are minerals composed of?
Definition
Electrolytes disolved in water to produce ions (charged particles)
Term
What are 2 forms of minerals?
Definition
Major and minor
Term
What are the functions of minerals?
Definition
-structure
-metabolic processes
-catalysts
Term
What are the traits of water?
Definition
-inorganic
-makes up 63% of body weight
-1-2% change in water level can cause dehydration which will trigger thirt in the hypothalamus
Term
Positive energy balance
Definition
Taking in more calories than needed
Term
Negative energy balance
Definition
Taking in less calories than needed
Term
Bomb calorimeter
Definition
Measures the heat released in food
Term
Salivary glands
Definition
Produce saliva
Term
What type of glands are salivary glands?
Definition
Exocrine gland and merocrine gland
Term
What is food know as after mastication?
Definition
Bolus
Term
What are the parts of the tooth?
Definition
Crown
Dentin
Pulp cavity
Gum
Root
Term
What is the hardest substance the body produces?
Definition
Enamel
Term
Digestion
Definition
Chemical and physical breakdown of food into a form the body can absorb and use
Term
Injestion
Definition
Taking in of food
Term
Compartmentalization
Definition
The organs have been divided into different functions to complete the system. If one part fails, it can become a huge problem
Term
What nervous system does the digestive system function under?
Definition
Autonomic (ANS)
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Found in the muscle layer, aids in the movement of food down the esophagus
Term
Alimentary canal
Definition
From oral cavity to anus
Term
What are the 4 accessory organs of the digestive system?
Definition
-salivary glands
-liver
-pancreas
-gall bladder
Term
Chyme
Definition
Food that has been mixed with gastric juice in the stomach
Term
What part of the brain promotes vomiting?
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Term
What is located on the floor of the oral cavity?
Definition
Tongue
Frenulum (anchors tongue)
Term
Vesiubles
Definition
Spaces between teeth and cheeks on sides and teeth and lips in the front
Term
Mastication
Definition
The chewing and mixing of foods with saliva
Term
What is located between the pharynx and the esophagus?
Definition
Glotis- opening into larynx
Esophageal opening
Epiglottis- flap that closes Glotis
Term
Esophagus
Definition
Tubelike structure used to transport bolus from pharynx to stomach
Term
Sphincters
Definition
Circular bands of muscles that act as valves
Term
Hiatal hernia
Definition
When the stomach tries to push into the thoracic cavity
Term
What are the 4 parts of the stomach from top to bottom?
Definition
-cardiac region
-fundic region (fundus)
-body
-pyloric region (pylorus)
Term
What is located on the roof of the oral cavity?
Definition
Hard palate, soft palate, and uvula
Term
Pharynx
Definition
Common junction in digestive and respitory system
Term
What are the 2 types of cells located in the saliva?
Definition
Serous cells- serous fluid plus enzymes salivary amylase
Mucous cells- mucus
Term
What is intrinsic factor used for?
Definition
Aids in absorption of B12. B12 aids in red blood cell production
Term
What are the functions of the large intestine?
Definition
-limited absorption
-little to no digestive properties
-stores fecal material
Term
What is the deffication reflex?
Definition
Sense of urgency, simple reflex- signal to spinal cord, spinal cord then signals peristalsis
Term
What is the percent of protein in dry body weight?
Definition
60%
Term
Bulimia
Definition
Benge and purge
Term
Anorexia nervosa
Definition
No appetite, doesn't eat
Term
Secondary malnutrition
Definition
Due to individual
Term
Primary malnutrition
Definition
Due to diet
Term
Rudimentary structures
Definition
AKA vestipal structures
Found in body with no known function
Term
What are the 4 parts of the large intestine?
Definition
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Decending colon
Rectum
Term
Colitis
Definition
Any inflammation of the colon
Term
Ulcerative colitis
Definition
Ulcers form in colon
Term
What does chyme become when it enters the colon?
Definition
Fecal material (feces)
Term
What can be found in feces?
Definition
Mucus
Electrolytes
Amino acids
Bacteria
Wastes
Water
Term
What are the 5 sphincters of the digestive system and where are they located?
Definition
Cardiac sphincter- top of stomach
Pyloric- bottom of stomach
Ileocecal- between S.I. and L.I.
Internal anal- above external
External anal- at anal orfice
Term
What is caries?
Definition
Tooth decay
Term
What are the 2 sets of teeth and how many do they include?
Definition
Primary- 20
Secondary- 32
Term
What can the stomach absorb?
Definition
-water
-electrolytes
-alcohol
-medicine
Term
What are the 3 organ systems that control digestion?
Definition
Digestive
Nervous
Endocrine
Term
What are the folds in the stomach and what are their purpose?
Definition
Rugae- increase surface area
Term
What are the finger like ends on the rugae
Definition
Gastric pits
Term
What are located on the ends of gastric pits?
Definition
Gastric bulb glands
Term
How many openings does the human digestive system have?
Definition
2
Term
What sphincter is voluntary?
Definition
External anal
Term
What types of tissues are found in the digestive system?
Definition
Simple columnar epithelial tissue with loose connective tissue underneath
Term
What are the 4 layers of the esophagus?
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-muscle layer
-serosa
Term
What is chemical digestion?
Definition
Breaking down of food with enzymes, HCl and bile
Term
Amylase breaks down?
Definition
Carbs
Term
Protease breaks down?
Definition
Proteins
Term
Lipases break down?
Definition
Lipids/fats
Term
Nucleases break down?
Definition
Nucleic acids
Term
Physical and machanical digestion
Definition
Chewing
Peristalsis
Term
Intracellular digestion
Definition
Digestion inside the cells, found in single cell organisms like bacteria
Term
Extracellular digestion
Definition
Digestion outside of the cell, found in multicellular organisms like humans
Term
Which parts of the S.I. does most if nutrient absorption take place?
Definition
Jejunum
Ileum
Term
BMR
Basal metabolic rate
Definition
Amount of calories required at rest to maintain/sustain life
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